What Adam Smith Left Out of the Pin Factory

Mark Thornton shares his recent Rothbard University lecture on the division of labor, the concept Adam Smith made famous as chapter one of The Wealth of Nations but never fully explained. Smith described workers specializing in tasks and productivity rising, then attributed the result to an invisible hand he couldn’t account for. Rothbard accounted for it: the entrepreneur decides how to organize production, the capitalist funds it, and the price system guides both. Without them, the workers in Smith’s pin factory would have no factory, no pins, and no wages. Mark traces this insight from Sparta versus Athens to feudalism versus Venice to Henry Ford’s assembly line, showing why every system that ignored the entrepreneur failed for the same reason.

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