Abundance, Generosity, and the State
Index
INDEX
Compiled by Roger E. Bissell
abundance. See under non-economic goods
Acemoglu, Daron, 49
Acton, H. B. (Harry), 131
acts of production. See under claims and obligations
Akerlof, George A., 91n23
Alexander the Great, 281n14
altruism, altruistic, 17, 20, 81, 103, 103n5, 104, 106–8. See also under
donations, motivations of benevolent altruism, 104–9, 118
malevolent altruism, 104–6, 108n7
Al-Ubaydli, Omar, 192n10
Andreoni, James, 65n1, 74n12, 352n11
Appéré, Gildas, 181n3
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 20, 25, 31n1, 40n5, 42, 46, 46n11, 79, 98, 100n2, 160n13, 230–31
Ardrey, Robert, 49n16
Aristotle, 25, 66n2, 97, 112, 112n9, 198, 200, 220–21, 223–27, 229, 231, 238, 327, 330n22, 393, 395–97
Aristotle’s long shadow. See also equivalence postulate
Aquinas and Scholastics, 230–32
Austrian School, 236–37
Classical and Marxist economics, 232–34
concept of “justice itself ” rules out gratuitous element in just market exchange, 230
Neoclassical economics, 234–36
prevented proper understanding of gratuitous good in market economy, 237
Arrow, Kenneth J., 208
Arrow-Debreu (theory of general) equilibrium, 207–8, 208n20, 242
Atatürk, Kemal, 194
Augustine, Saint, 25, 160n13, 200, 280–81, 281n14
Austria, 64
Austrian School of economics, 4, 13–14, 21, 25–26, 26n22, 154n6, 236–37, 237nn17–18, 280, 338
Austrian approach to rent, 237n18
Austrian business cycle theory, 26n22, 26n24, 338
“autistic exchange.” See Fallacy of
Autistic Exchange
Ayittey, George, 326n18
Baader, Roland, 352
Bagus, Philipp, 155n6
Balzac, Honoré de, 331n24
Bardhi, Fleura, 170
Barry, Norman, 132n10
Bartholomew, James, 21, 303–5, 307, 310, 320, 353
Barzun, Jacques, 3
Bassani, Luigi Marco, 266n2
Bassi, Daniela, 173
Bastiat, Frédéric, 10–11, 16, 21–22, 27n24, 205–7, 213, 213n24, 214–15, 219, 254, 263, 284, 303, 315–16, 320, 393, 395
Carey-Bastiat Effect, 211
Proudhon-Bastiat debate, 317
Batthyany, Philipp, 223n4
Bauer, Peter T., 326n18
“Baumol’s disease,” 345n6
Becker, Gary S., 25, 54n23, 69n4
Belloc, Hilaire, 2, 396–97
Benda, Julien, 70, 70n7, 349–50
Benedict XVI, Pope, xv, 125n2, 198, 219, 231, 393
beneficial side effects. See under human action
beneficiary, 31–32, 35–37, 46, 56–57, 69, 71–72, 75–76, 76n15, 77–78, 81, 83, 89–90, 93, 98, 103, 106, 108–9, 111, 119–21, 125, 131n9, 143, 146, 173, 183, 190, 195, 210, 213, 238, 240, 240n19, 241, 252, 255–56, 268–69, 271, 282–83, 288, 293, 299, 301, 304, 306, 308, 312, 318–19, 322–26, 326n18, 334, 336–37, 339, 350, 353, 357–58, 365, 376, 381–83, 395. See also donor
benefit, xi, 7–8, 15, 20, 24, 28, 37, 45, 49, 52–53, 69, 71n8, 72, 75, 77–78, 80–81, 90, 99, 102, 106, 112, 119–22, 128, 130, 132, 160, 162–63, 165, 167–68, 170, 174, 176–77, 180–81, 184, 186–91, 195–97, 199, 202–3, 210–11, 213, 215, 239, 240n19, 243–45, 253, 256, 259, 263, 266, 268–69, 273, 280, 282, 285–86, 293, 296, 301–2, 304–6, 310–11, 316, 318, 320n17, 323, 326, 331, 337, 339, 341, 344–48, 350, 356, 358, 360, 366–67, 369, 373–74, 376, 381–82, 388, 391–92. See also goods
external benefit, 239–44, 247, 298
gratuitous benefit, 6, 11, 27, 34, 36, 39, 45, 81, 92, 169, 179, 181, 186–87, 189, 196, 199, 203–5, 207, 210–11, 213, 213n24, 215, 230, 235–36, 238, 251, 254, 256, 264, 269, 276, 284, 301, 370, 376; see also gratuitous goods
imaginary benefits, 258
immediate benefits, 69n6, 76, 81, 115, 186, 188–89, 211, 214, 337, 367
mediate benefits, 186
real, non-imaginary, 92, 183
ultimate benefits, 70, 76, 115, 119
unintended benefits, 27, 78, 184–85, 195, 202, 245, 365, 393
Bennett, James T. 336n4
Benson, Bruce L., 280n13
bequests, 114–15, 115n10, 156, 355. See also inheritance
Berggren, Henrik, 315n16
Bergson, Henri, 229–30
Berle, Adolph A., 190n8
Bernays, Edward, 278n8
Bevan, Aneurin, 305
Beveridge, William, 21, 310, 311n12
Bidadanure, Juliana U., 315
Blankertz, Stefan, 287, 295, 315, 370
Block, Walter, 237, 298
Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, 161
Boettke, Peter J., 164n17
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 26n22, 119, 234n14, 236, 287
Böhm, Volker, 145n3
Bohm, Peter, 207n19
Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich du, 349
Boldrin, Michele, 348n8, 373
Bolick, Clint, 38
Bonaventura, Saint, 168n21
Bostaph, Samuel, 359
Bouillon, Hardy, 132n10
Boulanger, André, 358
Boulding, Kenneth E., xii, 21–22, 78, 102, 102n3, 113, 156–57, 162–63, 180–81n2, 393
Bourdieu, Pierre, 111n8
Brague, Rémi, 194, 371
Braun, Eduard, 85n20, 339, 389
Brocker, Manfred, 40n5
Bruni, Luigi, 165n20, 222n2
Brunner, Otto, 266n2
Buffet, Warren, 359
Burckhard, Hugo, 70n8
Burke, Edmund, 56n26
Butler, Bishop Joseph, 105
Caillé, Alain, 73n11
Callataÿ, Damien de, 73n11
Campbell, John Y., 158n10, 390
Cantillon, Richard, 273
Cantillon effects, 273
Caplan, Bryan, 370
Carey, Henry Charles, 213
Carey-Bastiat Effect, 211
Carnegie, Andrew, 359
Cates, Diana Fritz, 97n1
Chadwick, Edwin, 304
Chadwick Report, 304–5
Chafuen, Alejandro A., 125n2, 200
charitable organizations, philanthropic organizations, 10, 56, 106, 163–64, 167–68, 305–6, 333, 338, 352–53, 353n11, 355, 358–60, 362. See also under gifts: gift giving, social level of; philanthropy
Chesterton, G. K. (Gilbert Keith), 396
Churchill, Winston. 305
claims and obligations, rights and obligations, 14, 38, 38n4, 40–45, 82, 98, 112, 118, 122, 127, 129, 132, 134, 160–61, 199, 277, 281, 283–84, 394. See also human action: norms of
acts of production, 36, 40–41, 143–44
contract, 41, 44
convention, statutory (legislated) law, 41, 44
dependence relations, 42
intelligible fact as just ground, 38
limits established by private-property rights, 45
logic of language and argumentation, 43
moral claims (rights, entitlements) as including legal rights, 38n4; see also property rights
moral obligations as including legal obligations, 38n4
principle of priority (home-steading), 42
Coase, Ronald H., 229n9, 241–43, 298n6
Cogan, John F., 21, 309, 325–26
Cohen, Daniel D., 103n5 Cohen, Edward E., 396
the commons, 133, 175–76, 253–54
common-pool resources, 47–48, 130, 172–76; see also under sharing, forms of: intentional
cultural commons, 187–89, 365–68, 370
intellectual commons, 350
privatization of the commons, 254, 366–70
“tragedy of the commons,” 47
Comte, Auguste, 103n5
conditionality, 75–76, 83. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
conflict, 1, 23, 44, 130, 134, 147-48, 175, 188–89, 254, 329, 359, 367–68
causes of conflict, 44n9
conflict of interest, 328, 328n19, 380
consent and gifts, 77–78. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
consumer, consumerist, 7, 27, 36, 69, 80–81, 122, 143, 143n2, 149, 158, 166, 172, 175, 180–81n2, 197, 205–7, 234–35, 239, 242–43, 259, 274, 337, 361n14, 390
consumers’ goods, 36, 69, 122, 143, 143n2, 149, 158, 166, 175, 197, 274, 337, 390
consumer surplus, 7, 197, 235
consumption, 7, 15, 19–20, 26, 26n22, 69, 69n5, 80, 84, 86, 88, 114, 124, 124n1, 143, 143n2, 144, 158, 166, 193n11, 206, 211–12, 243, 249, 259, 308, 317, 338–39
capital consumption, 174–75, 269, 319, 389
theory of consumption, 25, 26n22, 86
contract, 38, 41–43, 82, 122, 179, 188, 199, 207, 318, 387. See also under claims and obligations
social contract, 267, 281–83, 283n16, 292, 351
convention, statutory (legislated) law, 42–43, 294. See also under claims and obligations
Cordato, Roy, 237
Cornuelle, Richard, 165n20, 288, 373
cost-and-benefit analysis, costs and benefits, 175, 191, 303, 344, 347–48, 391
Côté, Stéphane, 132
countervailing forces, 150–53
credit, creditors, 13, 133, 152, 155, 165n19, 180n2, 231, 275, 287, 312–13, 315–21, 330n21, 337, 339, 343, 346, 369, 378, 381, 385–86, 386n13
Creveld, Martin van, 267n4
customary gifts, 251. See also under donations: donations, motivations of
Dalrymple, Theodore, 21
Dao, Mai C., 158n10
Debreu, Gérard, 208n20
Arrow-Debreu theory of general equilibrium, 207–8, 208n20, 242
Degner, Jeffery, 346n7
de la Tour, Bertrand, 168n21
De Nardi, Mariacristina, 373
dependence, 2, 42, 97, 102, 103n4, 105, 111, 259, 286, 293, 303–4, 308, 316, 326, 396. See also under claims and obligations
dependency trap, 102, 304, 307
de Sade, Marquis 108n7
Derrida, Jacques, 20, 131
DiLorenzo, Thomas, 287, 336n4
distributism, distributivism, 396–97
division of labor, 1, 4–5, 7–8, 38, 49, 58, 99, 112–13, 131, 168–69, 187–89, 196, 201, 251, 312, 329, 334, 344
donations. See also gifts
and market exchanges, 8, 28, 70, 117–18, 126n3, 147–48, 160, 257–58
donations, causes and consequences of, 28, 74, 93, 139–40, 170
donations, characteristics of, 66–90, 143, 248–52
donations, motivations of, 18, 72, 95–115
donations, statistical analysis of, 65
donations, theory of, 20, 65
donee, 71n8, 72, 75–77, 86, 89, 101–3, 109–10, 119, 124, 132, 143, 146–48, 251, 283, 306–7
donor, 56, 66, 71, 71n8, 72, 74–81, 83–84, 88, 90, 95–96, 101–2, 109–10, 117, 120, 125, 131n9, 141, 141n1, 143, 146, 163–64, 251, 308, 326n18
false donations, 83, 90
genuine donation, 66, 90, 98, 118, 120–21, 123, 142–43, 248
Doncaster, David, 164n16
Dooley, Peter C., 232n11
Dorobăț, Carmen-Elena, 392
Douglas, Mary, 100n9
Dreher, Axel, 388
Dupeyroux, Jean-Jacques, 20n20, 70n8
Dun, Frank van. See van Dun, Frank
Durkheim, Émile, 14, 74n12, 99, 100n2, 131–32, 311n13, 379
Eabrasu, Marian, 132n10
Earle, Peter C., 295n4
earmarked personal savings, 84–85. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
Ebeling, Richard, 355
Eckhardt, Giana M., 170
economic activity, 19, 22–23, 27, 53, 142–43, 219, 318, 359. See also consumption; donation; exchange; production
economic (monetary) calculation, 140, 156–57, 164–67, 227, 248, 344
economic evaluation, 140–41, 147, 169
economic goods, xv, 8–10, 12, 15, 20–21, 23, 34–35, 35n3, 36–37, 44, 44n9, 49n15, 55–58, 72, 83–85, 87–88, 101, 127, 140, 141, 145–46, 153, 168n21, 171–72, 174, 179, 181, 187, 191, 200, 203, 210, 219, 229, 234–35, 239, 258, 263–65, 276, 281, 284–86, 291, 294, 299, 316, 333, 394. See also under gratuitous goods
economic growth, 1, 5, 7, 44, 95, 148–55, 155n6, 159–60, 219, 247, 251, 253, 255, 259–60, 319, 334n2, 335, 337–38, 342, 380, 389
economic principle, 57. See also division of labor, gratuitousness, priority, privatization, private property, self-ownership
of noninvasion, 228
of spontaneous production of economic goods, 219
economics, xi–xii, 3–4, 6, 12–13, 13n14, 14–16, 16n16, 17, 25, 26n24, 27–28, 69, 71n9, 79n17, 87, 95, 119, 140, 186, 197, 199–200, 229n9, 230, 235–36, 267, 272, 325
as theory of action, not goods, 140; see also human action
Austrian School, 4, 13–14, 21, 25, 26n22, 26n24, 154n6, 236–37, 237nn17–18, 280, 338
“bourgeois,” 26, 351, 385
classical, 236
Marxist, 234n14
monetary, 87
neoclassical, 25–26, 202, 207, 234–36, 244–45, 297, 302
of allocating time, 54n23, 69n4, 377
of forced transfers (incl. welfare state), 21, 229, 235
of gratuitous goods (incl. donations), 6, 10–12, 16, 20–21, 25–28, 67, 95, 139, 153, 282, 397
of markets, xii, 13
of privatization, 253
“Scholastic,” 25, 26n24
Eliade, Mircea, 85
Ellul, Jacques, 349
Elster, Jon, 103n5
Engels, Wolfram, 348n8
equivalence postulate, equivalence criterion (fallacy), 13n14, 198, 219–20, 222n2, 223–24, 226, 229–31, 236–37, 393. See also
positive external effects, theory of
Eriugena, John Scotus, 350n10
Esfeld, Michael, 295n4, 370
evil, 58–61, 106, 108n7, 216, 222, 224, 281n14, 355
gratuitous, 32, 58–61, 82, 105, 181, 210n21, 215–17, 257
vs. bad, 59
Fallacy of Autistic Exchange, 74, 74n12, 75n14, 143
false gifts. See under gifts
false god, 278n8
family, household, 1, 25, 35–37, 71, 64, 85–86, 96, 98–100, 107, 114, 117–19, 121–23, 131, 143, 155–57, 157n8, 158n10, 159, 164n18, 165, 165n19, 166, 168, 170, 189–90, 250, 288, 256, 272, 275, 287–88, 291, 293, 305, 309–310, 312, 314, 319, 325, 329–30, 333, 335, 339–40, 342, 344–45, 345n6, 346–48, 352–55, 357, 359–362, 369, 371, 378, 387, 395
Farchy, Joëlle, 91
Fegley, Tate, 143n2
Ferguson, Adam, 56, 56n26
Ferguson, Niall, 359
Ferry, Luc, 183
Fetter, Frank, 237n18
financial leverage, 152–53, 275, 341–43, 377–78, 382, 384, 386–87, 391
Finn, Chester E., 359
Fisher, Irving, 389
Follert, Florian, 330n22
for-profit, profit making, 24, 49, 107, 148–49, 151, 155–57, 160, 162, 164, 166–67, 169, 209, 234, 238–39, 360, 377, 393, 396. See also nonprofit
Foss, Nicolas J., 190n8
France, 64, 157, 349, 354, 370
Francis, Pope, 48n14, 231, 343
Francis, Saint, 168n21
Frankfurt, Harry G., 351
Frankl, Viktor E., 183–84
Frank, Thomas, 168n21
“free lunch,” 36–38, 263
“free ride,” 239
Frey, Bruno S., 330n22
Friedman, Milton, 4, 209, 390n15
friendship, friend, xi, 36–37, 40, 55, 71–72, 76, 79, 88–89, 97–100, 103, 112, 117–18, 121–22, 124–25, 143, 150, 170, 182, 182n6, 183, 250–51, 255, 297, 306, 378, 380–81, 395, 397, See also altruism; love
Gallup’s World Poll, 64
Garello, Jacques, 287
Garello, Pierre, 287
Garrison, Roger, 339
Gates, Bill, 359
Gbedolo, Catherine, xii, 10, 18n18, 22, 73n11, 145n4, 180n2
genius, 13, 70, 180n2, 185–87
George, Lloyd, 305
Gerloff, Wilhelm, 112–113n9
Germany, 64–65, 157, 163–64, 349
Gertchev, Nikolay, 383
gifts, xi, 5–6, 6n7, 9n12, 10–12, 14, 16, 18–19, 19n19, 21–23, 25n21, 27, 31–32, 37, 46, 46n11, 50–52, 52n22, 53–57, 66, 69–71, 71n8, 72–73, 73n11, 74–76, 76n15, 77, 77n16, 78, 80–83, 83n19, 84, 86, 89–91, 91n23, 92–93, 98, 100–103, 103n4, 104, 109–11, 111n8, 112–14, 115n10, 117–20, 122–23, 124n1, 125, 125n2, 126, 126n3, 127–28, 130–31n8, 132–34, 139, 143, 145n4, 146–49, 156–59, 166–69, 171, 176, 179, 182n4, 183, 185–86, 193, 196, 208–9, 219, 228, 233–35, 238, 244–45, 248, 250–51, 257, 259, 266, 282, 283n16, 288, 306–8, 328, 331, 339–40, 360–61, 361n14, 362–63, 393–395, 397. See also donations
false gifts, pseudo-gifts, 90, 92, 335
genuine gifts, 73, 83, 92, 101, 117–21, 124, 132, 134–35, 183, 250, 266, 306, 308, 335, 362
genuine gifts combined with genuine prices (hybrid), 124–25
gift economy, xii, 101, 104n6, 113, 159, 167–69, 257, 259, 306, 339, 361, 395
gift giving, giver, 19, 39, 46, 55–56, 74, 92, 101–2, 107, 109, 112, 131n9, 168, 174, 335
gift receiving, receiver, recipient, 39, 74, 77n16, 90, 92, 101, 109–11, 130n8, 143
gifts, rejection of, 109–15
gratuitous gifts, 213
non-gifts, 73, 83, 91n23, 92, 134
theory of, 18, 25–26, 393
Gilder, George, 81n18
Gill, Anthony, 161n15
Gillette (razor company), 91
Gimpel, Jean, 3
Girard, René, 67n3, 161n14, 193n11
God, 23, 34, 37, 42–43, 50n18, 54, 60, 67, 67n3, 69, 72, 74, 96–98, 106, 146, 160, 160n13, 161, 182n4, 259, 379, 382. See also false god
good, goodness, 2, 9n10, 28, 34–35, 66, 69, 97, 100n2, 103, 105, 107–8, 108n7, 110–11, 112, 112n9, 114, 123, 160, 163, 174, 184, 221, 223, 224n5, 250, 259, 308, 319, 328n19, 331, 355, 358, 378–80
good examples, 99, 193, 354, 375
“good reasons,” 31, 35 39, 41, 59–60, 73, 82, 98, 240
“without good reason,” 31n1, 32, 34, 59–61, 82
goods, xi, xv, 4, 6, 9–11, 23, 32–34, 34–35n3, 35, 37, 45, 47, 48n14, 50, 50n15, 51n21, 52n22, 54, 57, 72, 85, 100, 117, 121, 123, 127, 133–34, 144–45, 148–49, 160, 160n4, 162, 166, 169, 174, 181–82, 182n4, 184–87, 189, 195, 202, 225, 227n6, 240n19, 245, 252, 255–56, 258–59, 279n9, 283–85, 288, 334, 365, 370, 378, 389. See also consumer:
consumers’ goods; economic
goods; gratuitous goods; noneconomic goods; non-gratuitous goods; producer: producers’ goods; sacrifice: sacrificial goods; side-effects: side-effect goods
goods and services, 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 90, 93n24, 147, 267, 302, 339, 361n14
nonrivalrous goods, 301
patented goods, 375
personal, subjective dimension, 181
privatization of goods, 47, 254, 367, 374, 395
public goods, 28, 292–93, 295–98, 298nn5–6, 299–300, 300n7, 301–2, 320n17
theory of goods, 140
Gordon, David, 77n16
Goschen, Mr. (George Joachim), 355
Gosden, Peter H. J. H., 354
Gottfried, Paul E., 330
Graeber, David, 279n9
Grant, Edward, 3
grants, 21, 71n8, 76, 79, 81, 92, 98, 102, 102n3, 162, 162n15, 163, 248, 251, 358, 362–63. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
forced grant, 83, 83n19
imperfect grant, 80
“implicit grant,” 180–81n2
gratuitous evils, gratuitous violence, 32, 58–61, 82, 105, 181, 210n21, 215–17, 257
gratuitous goods, xi–xii, 5–13, 13n14, 16, 18, 21, 27–28, 31–32, 33n2, 34, 36–37, 40, 44–53, 55–61, 63, 65, 76, 81–82, 103, 112, 134, 140, 155, 170, 188, 199, 209, 214–15, 220, 238, 247–48, 254–55, 57–60, 264, 275, 359, 394–95. See also human action
economics of, 20–22, 28, 67, 139, 199, 282, 344, 397
impact of government interventions on, 28, 156, 263–65, 275–77, 284–85, 288, 291–92, 294–95, 321, 366, 374, 392, 395
intentional, 50; see also gifts
gratuitous economic goods, 10, 51, 53, 70, 213
theory of, 16, 25, 27, 203, 237, 296, 352, 393
unintentional, 51, 186, 201
gratuitousness, xv, 6n7, 23–24, 27, 32–33, 39–40, 45, 47, 50n18, 58, 97–98, 112, 135, 199, 210, 230–31, 248–49, 258, 275, 295
abusive, 232–33
intentional, 55
spontaneous, 56, 56n26, 204, 180n2, 196, 210, 259
principle of, 22–24, 27, 53,
theory of, 257
unintentional, 21
Green, David G., 320, 354, 354n12
Greenwald, Bruce C., 208n20
Gregory, Chris A., 14n15
Grice, Paul, 43
Grigsby, Byron L., 3
Gui, Benedetto, 71n9
Guilluy, Christophe, 311
Habermann, Gerd, 21, 133, 287, 303n8
Haidt, Jonathan, 183
Halbertal, Moshe, 67n3, 102n3, 278n8
Haller, Carl Ludwig von, 266n2
Haller, Hans, 145n3
harm, harmful, 58–59, 181, 207, 216–17, 339, 346, 395. See also evil
gratuitous harm, 105, 216–17, 230, 376; see also gratuitous evil
Harris, Stephen, 3
Harvey, Charles (incl. in Maclean et al.), 358
Hatcher, Daniel L., 326n18
Hayek, Friedrich A., 41n6, 56, 56n26, 97, 202–3, 203n18, 352, 368n4, 381, 382n12
Hazlitt, Henry, 15, 326n18, 389n14
Hegel, G. W. F., 394, 313
Heidegger, Martin, 20
Helm, D. R., 145n3
Henry VIII (King), 304, 396
Herbener, Jeffrey M., 389n14
Hieber, Daniel W., 43
Higgs, Robert, 47n13, 287
Hobbes, Thomas, 72–73, 106, 279n9, 293, 350n10
Hobbes Fallacy. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
Hodgson, Geoffrey M., 25n21, 379
Holcombe, Randall, 287
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 42–43, 51n21, 132n10, 228n8, 229n9, 278n8, 280, 280n13, 287, 298n6, 300n7, 330n23, 350, 397
Horváth, Alexander, 40n5
Hubert, Henri, 67n3
Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 287, 339
Hughes, Alan, 164n16
Hughes, Mark D., 16, 324–25, 336n4, 354
Hüllmann, Karl D., 19
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, 16n16, 40n5, 132n10, 142, 153, 154–55n6, 165n19, 169n23, 185n7, 191n9, 212n23, 213n24, 226, 227n6, 229n9, 231n10, 237n17, 242, 244, 268, 272n6, 311n14, 334–35n2, 336, 343, 350, 368n4, 378n10, 383, 389n14, 391–92
human action, xii, 6, 12–14, 16n16, 23, 25, 38–39, 45n10, 49–50, 54, 57, 68, 73–74, 74nn12–13, 101, 106, 140–41, 145–46, 158, 165, 167, 183, 185, 189, 214, 217, 227, 238, 242–43, 248, 394
intentional vs. unintentional effects of, 56
norms of, 38, 38n4, 39, 41, 41n6, 133, 162n15, 188–89, 300n7
theory of, logic of, 13–14, 185
human action, beneficial but unintentional side effects of, 28, 46, 56–57, 79, 88, 162n15, 180, 199, 204–5, 207, 209, 219, 248, 298, 392–94
economic goods spontaneously resulting from leisure activity, 184–86
pervasive within and outside market exchange, 180
pure side effect goods, 182–84
reasons for them overlooked by many economists, 219–20. See also equivalence postulate
human action, harmful but spontaneous side effects of, 207. See also gratuitous evils
human understanding, 55n24
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 56n26, 313
Hume, David, 56n26
Husserl, Edmund, 20
Hutt, William H., 389n14
Ibbetson, D. J., 267n3
idleness, 69, 69n5, 146, 270, 331n24
ignorance trap, 102n3
incentive, 47–48, 100, 103, 115, 130, 148, 154, 156, 161, 174, 186, 190, 259, 272–73, 275, 298, 304–5, 308–12, 314, 330, 338, 341, 343–44, 346–47, 357, 373-74, 377, 380–81, 386, 390–92
income, 8, 11, 56, 64, 74n12, 97, 119, 124, 143, 147–50, 150n5, 152, 155–56, 164, 166, 172, 174–76, 196, 200, 202, 204, 243, 252, 255, 270, 274, 277, 293, 299, 305–6, 309–10, 324, 327–28, 335–37, 344, 346–47, 354, 360, 371, 388, 390–92
income effects, 145n3, 235, 313, 315, 319, 390n15
redistribution of income, 180n2, 181n2, 293, 311, 323, 325, 339, 357–58,
taxation of, 270, 321, 358–59
Indonesia, 64
inheritance, 76, 113–15, 119, 156–59, 170, 197, 284, 334, 394. See also bequests
taxation of, 114–15, 359
intellectual, 1n2, 9n10, 12, 70, 70n7, 103, 108, 111, 129, 204–5, 213, 220, 223, 227, 230, 232, 238, 329, 349, 350, 350n10, 351–52, 359, 382, 394–95. See also genius
intellectual property, intellectual property rights, 133, 204, 372. See also patent
intentional, unintentional. See under donations: donor; gratuitous goods; gratuitousness; human action
interest, 3–4, 210n21, 212, 230–31, 275, 315–18, 338, 341–42, 360, 377
negative interest rates, 317–19, 360, 379
“interest for” vs. “interest in,” 73n11. See also altruism; selfishness
interventionism, 263–75, 287–89
interventionism, impact on donations, 333–63
interventionism, impact on side-effect goods, 365–92
Israel, 363, 389
Israel, Karl-Friedrich, 143n2, 145n3, 200n15
Italy, 64
Jauvert, Vincent. 328
Jesus Christ, 2, 98–99, 297
Jevons, William Stanley, 10, 26n22, 234, 355–56
Jhering, Rudolph von, 1n2, 70n8, 74n13 , 329
Joachim of Fiore, 350n10
Johnson & Johnson (pharmaceutical company), 271
Johnson, Lyndon (President), 309
Jones, Larry T. (incl. in Boldrin et al.), 373
Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 21, 315
justice, Aristotelian conception of, 220, 224, 228. See also equivalence postulate. See also under virtue
just distribution, Aristotelian conception of, 221–22, 224–25
justice, Rothbardian conception of, 228–229
Kant, Immanuel, 9n10, 73n10
Kealey, Terence, 192n10, 373
Keenan, Dennis King, 67n3
Keller, Franz von, 3, 132n10, 288
Kelsen, Hans, 279n9
Keltner, Dacher (incl. in Stellar et al.), 132
Kenya, 64
Keown, John, 180n1
Keynes, John Maynard, 190n8
Kim, Iljoong, 47n13
Kinsella, N. Stephan, 33n2, 40n5, 42
Klein, Peter G., 190n8
Knafo, Ariel, 107
Knepper, Lisa, 47n13
Knies, Carl, 312n15, 330n21, 386n13
Knight, Frank H., 196, 202n17, 234
Köpping, Klaus-Peter, 83n19, 127n4
Kraus, Michael W. (incl. in Stellar et al.), 133
Kropotkin, Peter, 354
labor, laborer, 1n1, 2, 3n3, 6, 6n8, 7, 9, 9nn10–11, 32, 35, 40n5, 51–53, 55n25, 69, 69nn4–6, 91n23, 95, 97, 99, 107, 110, 113, 128–29, 146, 163, 169, 172, 175, 188, 196, 206, 211–13, 214n25, 215, 227–28, 231–32, 232nn11–13, 233–34, 242, 251–52, 254, 271, 273–74, 287, 301, 309–10, 328–29, 329n20, 337, 347, 359, 376, 389, 389n14, 391–92. See also division of labor; “mixing labor”
forced labor, 321, 329
labor theory of value, 232, 232n11, 233. See also value: theory of value
Laffont, Jean-Jacques, 207n19
Lalani, Shamin, 76n15
Landry, Craig, 353n11
Lange, Andreas (incl. in Landry et al.), 353n11
Lasch, Christopher, 349
Laum, Bernhard, 18–19, 19n19, 21–22, 72, 83n19, 89, 112–13n9
Lee, Hojun, 47n13
Lefebvre, Mathieu, 311n13
legal, enforceable claims and obligations (rights)
leisure, xv, 15, 20, 54–55, 55n25, 68–69, 69n4–5, 70, 84, 110, 123, 139, 143n2, 181, 184–87, 251, 255, 344, 349, 352, 362n15, 365, 382. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
Lemennicier, Bertrand, 372n7
Leoni, Bruno, 367n3, 369
Leontjeva, Elena, 307n9
Levine, David K., 373
Lévy-Strauss, Claude, 14n15
Lewis, C. S., 97n1, 314
List, John A. (incl. in Landry et al.), 353n11
Łobaczewski, Andrzej, 350
Locke, John, 40, 43n7
logic of language and argumentation. See under claims and obligations
loot, 61, 82–83, 90, 171, 380
loot sharing, 83, 281, 335
love, xi, 2, 21–23, 25, 36–37, 40, 42, 53, 58, 63, 66–67, 70–72, 76, 78, 81, 85, 96–97, 97n1, 98–100, 100n2, 101, 103, 106, 119–23, 141n1, 158–60, 160n13, 161, 169, 171, 182, 182n4, 184, 190, 194, 214, 260, 266, 279n9, 307, 329, 344, 381. See also altruism; friendship. See also under donations, motivations of
Mac Donald, Heather, 359
Machaj, Mateusz, 202n17
Machlup, Fritz, 372n7
Machovec, Frank, 202n17
Maclean, Mairi, 358
Madhavan, Guruprasad, 107
Maistre, Joseph de, 67n3
Malinowski, Bronisław, 351
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 351
Mandeville, Bernard, 56n26, 108n7
mantle (façade)
of fiscal illusions, 321–23
of genuine generosity, 118
of gifts, 90, 92. See also under gifts, donations: false gifts
of justice, 106
of philanthropy, 359
of prices, 124–25,
of private law, 322
of stability, 388
Manzo, Vida M. (incl. in Stellar et al.), 133
marginalism, marginalist, 11, 234
Marginalist Revolution, 10, 236
Marion, Jean-Luc, 20, 131n9
market exchange, xi, 4, 7–8, 11, 15, 28, 41, 46, 70, 92–93, 97, 103, 117–18, 120–21, 126n3, 131, 133, 147–48, 162, 179–80, 193, 198–200, 199n13, 201, 207, 209, 215, 219, 221, 222n2, 222, 224, 228–30, 232, 236, 241, 257–59, 264, 280, 311–12, 352, 359–60, 365, 379–80, 394, 397
market price, 32, 78, 144, 154, 200–201, 233, 283, 291, 294. See also value: desirability
Marshall, Alfred, 1011, 11n13, 14, 16, 26n24, 50, 50n19, 52n22, 207n19, 234, 236, 237n18
Martin, Xavier, 283n16, 295n4, 370n5
Marx, Karl, 15, 26, 26n23, 232–34, 234n14, 294, 313, 349–50, 397
Massin, Olivier, 40n5
Mattison, William C., 97n1
Mauss, Marcel, 14–16, 18, 22, 46, 67n3, 74, 101, 102n3, 111, 111n8, 112, 117–18, 126–27, 127nn4–5, 128–29, 129n7, 130, 130n8, 131n9, 132–34, 311n13, 331 393
Mazzotta, Fernanda, 363
McCann, Duncan, 170
McCully, George, 167
McDonald, Jennifer (incl. in Knepper et al.), 47n12
McGoey, Linsey, 358
McKinnon, Ronald I., 390n15
McQuillan, Lawrence J., 335
McWilliams, Paul, 267n3
Méadel, Cécile, 91
Means, Gardiner C., 190n8
Medina, Juan de, 125n2
Menger, Carl, 5n4, 10, 13, 26n22, 34, 34–35n3, 49n15, 54, 56n26, 85, 85n20, 125, 125n2, 130, 145n4, 187–89, 236–37, 394
Merrien, François-Xavier, 292
methodology
holism (collectivism), 16, 129
hypothetical methodology, 140
individualism, 16, 129
traditional method of political economy, 139
participation methodology, 63–64
Mill, John Stuart, 15, 26n24, 236, 293, 313–14
Mises, Ludwig von, 13, 13n14, 15, 21–22, 25, 26n22, 49–50, 50n20, 52–53, 55n25, 57, 69–70, 74, 74n12, 75, 75n14, 8788, 93n24, 110111, 124, 124n1, 140, 143, 150n5, 168, 168n22, 172, 185, 185n7, 186, 190n8, 196, 213, 227, 229, 234n14, 237, 240n19, 268, 279n9, 287, 308, 316, 334n2, 335n3, 338, 352, 383, 389n14, 393
Mitchell, Mark T., 358
“mixing labor,” 39–40. See also property rights
Mlčoch, Lubomir, 99, 345n6, 346
Molina, Luis de, 200, 228n7
monetary costs, 35, 227, 304
monetary exchange prices, 226–27
money, 1–2, 4, 5–6n6, 10, 12, 20, 31, 35–36, 48, 63–67, 71–73, 85–89, 91, 93, 103, 115, 117, 119, 126, 130, 142, 146–50, 153–55, 155n6, 156, 160, 166, 169, 171–72, 177, 179, 187–90, 192, 196–97, 199n13, 202–4, 209, 211, 212n22, 225–27, 239, 249, 256–57, 268–69, 271n5, 272–276, 78, 281, 285, 287, 294n3, 296, 299, 302, 306, 308, 316–18, 328, 331, 333–35, 337–41, 343–45, 352, 352n11, 353, 355–57, 365, 367–70, 375n8, 376–77, 379, 381, 384–85, 386n13, 388–89, 391–92, 395–97
“commercial acquisition of money,” 396
“fetishism of money,” 343
fiat money, printing press money, 7, 133, 155n6, 272, 274–75, 287–88, 312, 315, 317–18, 321, 337, 341, 360, 369, 376–79, 381–82, 384, 386, 395
money hoarding, 209–11, 240, 390–91
money lending at interest, 230–31
money supply, 2, 156, 273, 317, 337–38, 396
taxpayer money, government money, 11, 83, 288, 302, 336n4, 352n11, 376–77
moral hazard, 102, 272n6, 308, 350, 376, 382. See also under donations, motivations of
Morelle, Aquilino, 18n17
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 14n15
Mudrazija, Stipica, 363
Mueller, Frank (incl. in Maclean et al.), 358
Mueller, John D., xi, 25–26, 26nn22–24, 27, 70, 73n11, 74n12, 200, 257
Murray, Charles, 311, 348n8
Nanos, Janelle, 170
Naudet, Jean-Yves, 48n14
Nielsen, Waldemar A., 359
Nigeria, 64
Nold, Patrick, 168n21
nonaggression principle (Roth-bard’s), 228, 228n7, 229
noneconomic goods, 58, 87
abundance, abundant, xii, 9–10, 15, 34, 51, 53, 85–89, 105, 148–49, 154, 158–59, 184–85, 201, 204, 206, 214n25, 247–50, 259–60, 306, 310, 315, 355
non-gifts. See under gifts
non-gratuitous goods, 33n2
nonprofit, 149, 156, 164–65, 165n20, 166–67, 235n15, 288, 336n4, 360, 361n13, 377, 395.
See also for-profit; philanthropy in pure gift economy, 168–69 in market economy (“sharing economy”), 169–71; see also sharing, forms of
Nozick, Robert, 352
Oakley, Barbara, 107
Olivi, Pierre Jean, 85n20, 132n10 opportunity costs, 34–37, 40, 55, 101, 149, 151–53, 156, 174–76, 191, 231, 252, 340–41, 395
order, types of. See also social order
deliberately designed order (taxis), system, 56n26, 368n4
spontaneous order (cosmos), 56n26, 368n4
Oresme, Nicolas, 26n24
Osberg, Lars, 69n4
Osterloh, Margit, 330n22
Ostrom, Elinor, 173, 253
O’Sullivan, Richard, 278n3
ownership, owned, owning, 35, 44, 45n10, 46n12, 52n22, 53, 77, 82, 115n10, 133, 170–74, 176, 180n2, 189–89, 191, 230n17, 253, 257, 269, 279, 284–85, 295, 297, 328n19, 330, 367, 383–87
owner, 4, 38, 43–46, 52, 82–83, 90, 119, 127, 130, 158–159, 170-72, 175, 189–90, 190n8, 191–92, 211–12, 228, 252, 256, 266, 268, 271, 276, 285, 288, 295, 302, 328n19, 368, 387, 384, 387
theory of, 190n8
Padioleau, Jean G., 303n8
Palyi, Melchior, 273, 383
Papandreou, Andreas, 207n19, 236n16
Pareto, Vilfredo, 10, 16, 234
Parisi, Lavinia, 363
Park, Hayeon Carol, 335
payment, compensation, 32–34, 41, 80, 90, 92, 120, 127–28, 132, 134, 155, 171, 197, 207, 213–14, 231, 233, 239, 255–56, 264, 282–83, 285, 298–99, 302, 305, 323, 327, 352, 366, 374, 394
forced payment, 83
without payment, without compensation, xi–xiii, 27, 31–32, 37, 57–58, 71, 75-76, 90, 122, 127, 161, 207, 220, 235, 266, 305, 318, 328
Payne, A. Abigail, 61n1, 352n11
Penrose, Edith, 372n7
Pernoud, Régine, 3
Perroux, François, 15–16, 16n16, 22
Pesch, Heinrich 231–32
Pestiau, Pierre, 311n13
philanthropy, philanthropist, 167, 359–60. See also charitable organizations
philanthropic enterprise, 163–64, 167, 249, 305, 333, 358, 361–62
philanthropy myth, 165n20
Pieper, Josef, 9n10, 20, 22, 41n6, 55n24, 66, 68, 88–89, 89n21, 110, 162, 184–85, 349
Piff, Paul K., 132
Pigou, Arthur Cevil, 9n12, 11, 11n13, 21, 236, 310, 311n12
Plato, 1n1, 96, 223, 223n4, 224, 230, 293, 327, 395
Plotinus, 97n1
Pol, Elyse Smith, (incl. in Knepper et al.), 47n12
Polanyi, Karl, 254n1, 397
Polleit, Thorsten, 287
positive external effects, externalities, 235, 237, 239, 242, 245, 255–56, 298n5, 299,
theory of, 209, 237–38, 245, 300n7
Premerstein, Anton von, 329n21
preparedness, 76. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
Price, Michael K. (incl. in Landry et al.), 353n11
prices, xi, 4, 10–12, 17, 31–36, 40, 78, 87, 90–93, 95, 124–26, 140, 142, 144, 145n3, 146, 148–49, 151–52, 154–55, 166, 168–69, 176, 180n2, 181n3, 188–90, 196, 198, 200, 201–3, 203n18, 204–12, 214–15, 223, 226–27, 229–32, 232n12, 233–35, 237, 255–57, 269, 273–75, 282–83, 286, 294, 303, 315–16, 319, 327, 354, 365–66, 368, 374, 376–77, 382, 386, 388–89, 391–92. See also donations: genuine gifts combined with genuine prices
hidden prices, 90, 92, 162, 325, 335, 325, 335
price controls, 180n2
price-deflation, 153–55, 154–55n6, 190, 392
price effects, 193, 200
price inflation, 274–75, 317, 319, 346, 346n7, 386, 389–90, 390n15, 391–92
theory of prices, 11, 125n2, 215, 232, 234
priority (homesteading), 42, 51. See also under claims and obligations
privatization, privatizing, 47, 47n13, 48, 57, 130, 173, 189, 240, 247, 252–56, 365–67, 369–70, 374, 376, 390–91, 394–95
problem of incidence, 119
producer, 40–41, 112, 169, 179, 181n2, 197, 201, 205–6, 238–39, 255, 271, 286, 299, 337, 354, 357, 366, 375
producers’ goods, 337
producer surplus, 197
production, productivity, 3–4, 7–8, 10, 12, 18–19, 23, 25, 26n22, 35–37, 39–42, 49, 51, 88, 108, 134, 141, 143–44, 148, 152–54, 155n6, 157–61, 166, 168–69, 172, 175–76, 183, 186, 188, 192n10, 196, 201–2, 203n18, 206–7, 211–12, 214n25, 215–16, 219, 232, 234, 239, 248, 252, 264, 272–73, 275, 280, 285–86, 292, 295–98, 298n5, 299–300, 300n7, 301–2, 305, 315, 333–34, 337–38, 352, 354, 368, 375–76, 385, 392, 394
cost of production, 215, 231–34, 239, 256, 263, 300, 376,
law of roundabout production, 158, 168
means of production, 180n2, 233, 268, 302, 319, 384
underproduction, non-production, 238, 242, 301
profit-and-loss, profits and losses, gains and losses, 13, 164, 195–97, 222–23, 235, 243–44
losses, 191, 195, 231, 339
profit motive, 103, 131, 169, 201. See also for-profit; selfishness
profit, profitable, 3–4, 23–24, 107, 124, 124n1, 141–42, 148, 151, 165–66, 176, 189, 191, 195–97, 203, 205–6, 212, 232n12, 233–34, 250, 252, 293, 296–97, 299–300, 318, 329, 341, 353n11, 374, 387. See also for-profit
taxation of, 321
property, private property, 5n4, 7n9, 38, 40n5, 44, 44n9, 45–48, 48n14, 49, 49nn15–16, 57, 60, 67n3, 70, 75, 83, 88, 96–97, 109–10, 112–15, 115n10, 117, 120, 135, 149, 168n21, 170, 172–74, 176, 190–92, 215–16, 228, 248, 253–54, 256–258, 266–69, 275–77, 284, 287, 308, 366, 369, 380, 384–86. See also intellectual: intellectual property
property law, 12, 128, 130
property relation, 40–42
taxation of, 285
theory of property, 228–29
property rights, private-property rights, 5n4, 8, 16n16, 28, 40, 43–46, 48–50, 52, 61, 71, 78, 82, 112, 132–134, 140, 200, 204, 228, 228nn7–8, 229, 247–48, 258, 264, 268, 276, 278–79, 279n9, 280, 283–85, 287–88, 335–336, 344, 366, 372, 394, 396–97. See also under claims and obligations
proportionality, proportional, 67, 149, 221. See also under donations: donations, characteristics of
Proudhon, Pierre, 22, 313, 315–17
Proudhon-Bastiat debate, 317
Prouteau, Lionel, 71
Prychitko, 164n17
Puviani, Amilcare, 320–21
Rand, Ayn, 132n10
rationality, rational, 4, 25n21, 183, 259, 345, 387, 390
contrived rationality, constricted rationality, 381–82, 384, 386
rational beings with capacity to choose, 38
rationalism, 344–45, 382n12, 384
rationality traps (prisoner’s dilemmas), 272, 319, 377, 377n9, 378
reciprocity, reciprocation, 14, 75–76, 117–18, 120–21, 162n15, 222n2, 248, 250
reciprocate, 120–21, 126
unreciprocated, 111n8
Reinach, Adolph, 38n4, 40n5
Reisman, George, 172, 234, 389
responsibility, responsible, 48, 103n4, 184, 190–91, 231, 254, 310, 314, 327, 382, 385–87, 395
irresponsibility, irresponsible, 7–8, 268, 272, 333, 380, 383, 394
restitution, 83
return on capital (ROC), effects of, 148–153. See also financial leverage, causes of
Rhonheimer, Martin, 21, 48n14, 81n18, 108, 132n10, 161n14, 172, 180n1, 359
Ricardo, David, 9n12, 10, 26n24, 52, 213n24, 214n25, 232, 232n13
Rickenbacker, William, 370
rights. See claims and obligations;
property rights
Riley, James C., 354n12
Rimbaud, Arthur, 351
Robin Hood, 83
Robinson Crusoe, 201
Robinson, James A., 49n17
Röpke, Wilhelm, 13n14, 236, 311n12, 383–84
Romer, Paul, 192n10
Rothbard, Murray N., 21, 43n7, 51n25, 69, 119, 149, 159n12, 168n22, 216, 228, 228n7, 232n11, 237n18, 266n2, 287, 297, 302, 309, 330n23, 334n2, 366, 389n14
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 15, 283n16, 293, 313
Ruys, Philip, 337
Rupp, Nicholas G. (incl. in Landry et al.), 353n11
sacrifice, 20, 23, 66–67, 67n3, 68, 80, 84–86, 88–90, 113, 117–18, 122, 129, 141–42, 146, 160–61, 161n14, 162, 191, 212, 259, 272, 278n8, 297, 300, 317, 344–46. See also self-denying motives; self-sacrifice
sacrifice trap, 102n3
sacrificial abundance, 87–88, 249; see also under donations: donations, characteristics of
sacrificial goods, 84–85; see also earmarked personal savings
Sagot-Duvauroux, Dominique, 372n7
Sahlins, Marshall D., 14–15, 86, 129n7
Saint Paul, 2
Salerno, Joseph T., 79n17, 145n3, 155n6, 237n17
Sales, Francis de, 66
Salin, Pascal, 287, 302, 320n17
Samaras, Thanassis, 68
Sammeroff, Antony, 315
Samuelson, Paul A., 208n20, 297–98, 298n5, 300
Sanchez, Kathy (incl. in Knepper et al.), 47n12
Santa Claus theory of the state, 263
Savigny, Friedrich Karl, 56n26
savings, 4, 48, 66, 84, 86, 90, 111, 113, 133, 148–49, 151–53, 155–157, 175, 190–91, 209–13, 249–50, 255, 286, 316–18, 337–41, 343, 365, 371, 377, 389–92, 394
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 6–7n9, 9–10, 16, 22, 26nn22,24, 86, 213n24, 214n25, 251
scarcity, scarce, 15, 23, 34–35, 37, 47, 84, 87, 154, 171, 201, 204, 212, 232n13, 247, 253, 263, 314–15, 317, 319, 389. See also economic goods
cause of conflict, 44n9
tension scarcity, 34
Schelsky, Helmut, 352
Schneider, Friedrich, 388
Schoeck, Helmut, 132
Schönfelder, Bruno, 254
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 79n17, 105, 107, 249, 258
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 159, 237n17, 344–46, 348, 384–86
Seldon, Arthur, 21
self-denying motives, 74–75n13
self-gratification, 66, 69, 69n6, 79, 81, 84–85, 88, 249, 292
self-interested behavior, 78–79, 81, 187, 248, 352
selfish, egoistic, 57, 67, 72–73, 75n13, 97, 103, 106, 122, 191, 201, 248, 278n8, 327, 330, 358
self-ownership, 43, 43n7. See also ownership
self-sacrifice, 132, 331
Sennholz, Hans, 287
servile state, 396
sharing, 19, 76, 99, 170–72, 174–177, 256, 317
“sharing economy.” See under non-profit organization
Shaw, Edward S., 390n15
Shearmur, Jeremy, 17
side effects, 6, 37, 92, 169, 180, 182n6, 183, 187, 189, 195, 204, 215, 219, 255, 259, 302, 347, 367, 376, 389–90, 394, 397
side-effect goods, 27, 181–82, 188, 207-208, 219, 248, 254–55, 257–59, 285–86, 306, 365, 365n1, 366, 370, 374–78, 391–92, 394–95. See also human action: beneficial but unintended side effects of
side-effect harms, 215, 21. See also human action: harmful but spontaneous side effects of
Sidgwick, Henry, 236
Simonet, Maude, 91n22
Sintomer, Yves, 330n22
Sire, Guillaume, 91
Slee, Tom, 177
Smiles, Samuel, 354
Smith, Adam, 4–5, 5n5, 6, 6n6–8, 9, 9nn10–11, 10, 15, 25, 26n24, 46n12, 52, 56n26, 79, 93, 107, 213n24, 214n25, 232, 232n12, 284, 293, 296–97
Snowden, Edward, 388
social order, 10, 46, 49, 56n26, 247, 257, 265, 266n2, 336. See also types of order: spontaneous
social relations, 14, 37, 44, 93n24, 98, 113, 115n10, 117–18, 121, 127, 133–34, 139, 175, 240, 264, 271n5, 284–85, 289, 292, 312, 366, 369
normative context of, 37–38
Socrates, 233n4
Sombart, Werner, 3, 384
Somin, Llya, 47n13
Spencer, Herbert, 74n12, 115n10, 264, 284
Sraffa, Piero, 26n23
Stancata, Daniel M. (incl. in Piff et al.), 132
Stark, Rodney, 2–3
state as provider of gratuitous goods
charity versus welfare state, 302–13
enabling state, 313–19
exceptions to rule of law to increase popular support, 292
fiscal illusions, 319–25
gratuitous goods to increase popular support, 292
legal monopolies, 294–95
political public goods, 295–302
selfless state agents, 325–31
Steiner, George, 18, 76, 123, 349, 351
Stellar, Jennifer E., 133 Sternberg, Robert J., 132n10, 383
Stiglitz, Joseph E., 208n20
Strigl, Richard von, 26n22
subjective value, universal laws of, 145. See also under value
Sumner, William Graham, 47n13, 358
Tarde, Gabriel, 193n11
Taylor, Charles, 161n14
Thomas, Michael D., 161n15
Thrasymachus, 223n4
time, allocation of, 54n23, 377
tit for tat, 81, 90, 92–93, 101, 109, 112–113, 113n, 115, 117–18, 120–22, 125–26, 129–32, 161, 248, 282–83, 292, 296, 327, 359, 388. See also gifts: false gifts; mantle: mantle of gifts
Titmuss, Richard, 16–18, 21
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 288, 353–54
Tolkien, J. R. R., 368n4
Tooley, James, 295
Trägårdh, Lars L., 315n16
Tucker, Gideon, 284
Tullock, Gordon, 324
Uhlaner, Carole Jean, 71n9
unintended consequences, 70, 181, 201, 302. See also human action, beneficial but unintentional side effects of; human action, harmful but spontaneous effects of
United Kingdom, 64, 274, 357
United States, 64, 102, 353–54
Vainė, Aneta, 307n9
value, 6, 6n8, 9, 9n10, 10, 35, 70n7, 71, 82, 113, 141–42, 144, 149, 160, 173, 181, 181n3, 182, 197–98, 201, 213, 213n24, 214n25, 225–27, 227n6, 233, 238, 241, 255, 299, 300n7, 316, 318–19, 342, 352, 354, 382, 384–85, 386n13, 392
economic value, 23–24, 201, 205, 227n6, 232, 232n11, 244, 375
equivalent value, 15, 20n20, 219, 221–23, 230; see also equivalence postulate
desirability (exchange value, market price), 78, 144, 229, 232, 232n13, 233
inversion of values, 2, 319, 378–379
moral values, traditional values, 2, 25n21, 251
standard of value, measure of value, 225–27, 227n6, 232n11
subjective value, personal value, 12, 35, 67n3, 78, 140–41, 144–45, 145nn3–4, 146, 160, 162n15, 167, 198–99, 229, 243, 249–50, 391
theory of value, 67n3, 228–29, 232nn11–12
usefulness (use value), 78, 251
value effects, 197–200, 235, 255
van Dun, Frank, 41n6, 44n9, 280
Vaubel, Roland, 326n18
Veal, A. J., 69n4
Veblen, Thorstein, 3n3, 69n5, 193n11
Veyne, Paul, 358
virtue, virtuous, 20, 57, 86, 99–100, 106, 132, 160, 160n13, 161–62, 168, 182, 182n6, 184–85, 220, 227, 244–45, 259–60, 305, 314, 327, 328n19, 344, 370, 381, 394
Voegelin, Eric, 266n2, 350n10, 382n12
Vyšniauskaitė, Marija, 307n9
Walras, Léon, 10, 15, 202n17, 215, 234, 243
“verbal Walrasians,” 237n17, 242
Watson, Szpindor, 74n12, 77
wealth, wealthy, 1–2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 15, 56–57, 63–64, 68, 84–86, 88–89, 133, 147, 149, 150n5, 151, 154, 156–57, 159, 174–77, 204, 213, 224, 249, 271n5, 273–75, 297, 305, 316–17, 324, 328, 333–36, 339, 343, 356, 358–60. See also additions to wealth
artificial wealth, 333, 360
inequality of wealth, 113, 316–17
inherited wealth, bequest of wealth, 113–14, 156, 158, 158n10, 159, 334, 360, 377, 381, 396; see also bequests; inheritance
redistribution of wealth, 180n2, 196, 242, 278, 293, 311, 323, 357–58, 374, 388, 395
wealth effects, 200–201, 235, 255–56, 258, 365–66, 389, 391–92
Weber, Max, 92, 122, 264, 277, 277n7, 329n20
welfare state, 7, 21, 110, 128, 134, 281–83, 285, 289, 303, 303n8, 304, 306–11, 311n12, 313, 319, 322–27, 34, 346–48, 348n8, 352–53, 357, 363, 365, 381, 386, 390. See also under economics; state as provider of gratuitous goods
Bismarckian welfare state, 293
Canadian welfare state, 324–25
Elizabethan welfare state, 304, 306
international welfare state, 326n18
theory of, 28
West, E. G. (Edwin G), 295, 306, 370
Wicksteed, Philip, 6n6
Wieser, Friedrich von, 10, 16, 236, 237n17
Wilson, David Sloan, 107
Wojtyla, Cardinal Karol, 43n7, 97n1, 121–22, 141n1
Wolff, François-Charles, 71
Woods, Tom, 3
Wright, Karen, 353n11
Wu, John C. H., 267n3
Yang, Roumei (incl. in Maclean et al.), 358
Zamagni, Stefano, 162n15, 222n2
Zimbabwe, 64
Zitelmann, Rainer, 352
Zuiderhoek, Arjan, 358
Zunz, Olivier, 165n20
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