IX. Digression on Keynes
IX
BENJAMIN M. ANDERSON was born in 1886 and died in 1949. He took his doctor’s degree in economics, philosophy, and sociology at Columbia University in 1911. Between 1911 and 1918 he was on the economic faculties of Columbia and Harvard universities. He became economist of the Chase National Bank in 1920. His chief works are Social Value (1911), The Value of Money (1917: reprinted 1922, 1926, and 1936), and Economics and the Public Welfare (1949).
X. The Philosophy of Lord Keynes
X
PHILIP CORTNEY, a life-long student of economics, is president of Coty, Inc., and of Coty International. He was graduated as an electrical engineer from the University of Nancy, France, and began his career in the steel business. He has been decorated as an officer of the French Legion of Honor and has been president of the United States Council of the International Chamber of Commerce.
XI. Beveridge’s “Full Employment in a Free Society”
XI
R. GORDON WASSON was born in Great Falls, Montana, in 1898. He was instructor of English at Columbia College in 1921 and 1922, a financial reporter for the New York Herald-Tribune from 1925 to 1928, and became vice-president of the banking firm of J. P. Morgan and Company in 1943.
XII. John Maynard Keynes
XII
GARET GARRETT was born in Illinois and brought up in Iowa. At the age of 25 he became a staff writer for the New York Sun, and then successively for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and New York Evening Post. In 1912 he became the first editor of The New York Times Annalist, a weekly magazine of finance and economics. He later became executive editor of the New York Tribune. At 38 he retired from the newspaper business and between 1920 and 1932 wrote eight books and numerous articles.
XIII. The Fallacies of Lord Keynes’ General Theory
XIII
JACQUES RUEFF was born in Paris in 1896, and studied at the École Polytechnique. In 1927 he joined the League of Nations Secretariat as a member of the economic and financial section. In the following years he served as financial attaché to the French Embassy in London, as professor of economics at the École libre des Sciences politiques, as assistant director in the Ministry of Finance, and finally, in 1936, as head of the French Treasury. From 1939 to 1940 he was vice-governor of the Bank of France.
XIV. Appraisal of Keynesian Economics
XIV
JOHN H. WILLIAMS, born in Wales in 1887, took his master’s degree in 1916 and his doctor’s degree in 1919 at Harvard University. He was assistant professor of economics at Harvard from 1921 to 1925, associate professor from 1925 to 1929, and full professor from 1929 to 1933. He has been Nathaniel Ropes professor of political economy at Harvard since 1933. He was also vice-president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1936 to 1947 and has been economic adviser since 1933. In 1951 he was president of the American Economic Association.
XV. Continental European Pre-Keynesianism
XV
L. ALBERT HAHN, born at Frankfort-am-Main in 1889, is a German banker and economist whose theories anticipated those of J. M. Keynes.
XVI. Stones into Bread, The Keynesian Miracle
XVI
LUDWIG VON MISES was born in Lemberg, in what was then Austria-Hungary, in 1881. He studied law and economics, the latter partly under the great Böhm-Bawerk, at the University of Vienna, and in 1906 that university conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Law and Social Sciences. He was professor of economics at the University of Vienna from 1913 to 1938, and during part of the same period, from 1926 to 1938, he was acting vice-president of the Austrian Institute of Business Cycle Research in Vienna.
XVII. Lord Keynes and the Financial Community
XVII
JOSEPH STAGG LAWRENCE was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1896. He was brought to the United States in 1903, attended high school in Buffalo, served as a private in the U. S. Army in France, was discharged as a first lieutenant, became a student at the University of Grenoble in France for a few months in 1919, and graduated from Princeton University in 1923. He taught at Princeton from 1924 to 1926, and at New York University from 1927 to 1929.
XVIII. The Economics of Full Employment
XVIII
WILHELM RÖPKE was born near Hamburg, Germany, in 1899. He taught at the universities of Jena and Marburg in Germany, of Graz in Austria, and of Istanbul in Turkey. From 1926 to 1927 he visited the United States as a professor sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1933 he was one of the first German professors dismissed by Hitler for his liberal convictions. In 1937 he accepted the chair for international economics, which he still occupies, at the Graduate Institute of International Studies at Geneva.
