This latest gold surge follows President Trump’s weekend threats of new tariffs on eight countries unless they support a U.S. purchase of Greenland.

Over the past decade, a number of social democrats and left-libertarians have taken to claiming that open borders would be an unmitigated boon for any country that allows limitless numbers of foreigners into its territory.

I know that hyperinflation of the US dollar seems like a remote possibility, but alerting yourself to the possibility of a phenomena can improve your understanding of the phenomena and related issues, allow you to make cautionary considerations, and permit yourself to be psychologically toughened to the entire class of remote, but dangerous, events. During the actual occurrence of such phenomena fear and paralysis can occur. Therefore, prior rational thought, learning, and action can help displace such paralysis and make you better prepared to act in the real world.

This week, ISIS (the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), also known as ISIL, IS, or Daesh, has reappeared in the headlines following the killing of two Iowa National Guardsman—Sgt. Edgar Brian Torres-Tovar and Sgt. William Nathaniel Howard—in an ISIS airstrike in Palmyra, Syria. These two American men are only the latest of the over 40,000 soldiers, from numerous different nations, who have lost their lives in the war against ISIS—a war which America’s supposed greatest ally against terrorism, Israel, has not assisted.

In his article “The Irrepressible Conflict,” the historian Frank L. Owsley argued that the doctrine of “State Rights” is a political philosophy of decentralization, a worldview that is provincial rather than national in its orientation. It is concerned not only with the interests of states but also with the interests of regions within states.

Comparative political theorists and historians occasionally describe the early Ming dynasty (1368-1644) as one of the least intrusive periods of governance in Chinese history since the Han. Tax burdens were relatively light, bureaucratic penetration into village life was shallow, and much social regulation was left to families and local elites. These features have led some observers to characterize early Ming rule as “restrained,” or even proto-liberal, especially when contrasted with the later fiscal and administrative expansion of the Ming state.

What is probability? The probability of an event is the proportion of times the event occurs out of a large number of trials. For instance, the probability of obtaining heads when a coin is tossed is 0.5. This does not mean that when a coin is tossed 10 times, five heads are always obtained. However, if the experiment is repeated a large number of times, then it is likely that 50 percent will be obtained. The greater the number of throws, the nearer the approximation is likely to be.

After briefly topping $94 this morning.