The Transformation of the American Economy 1865-1914
Index
Agrarian protest, 86–102
Agriculture, 3–4, 16–17, 26, 32, 44–45, 48, 59, 63, 79–106
Alabama, 111
Albany, 70
Alchian, Armen A., 13, 15, 19, 98
Allen, William R., 13, 19, 98
American Revolution, 52
Assembly line, 41
Atlanta, 64
Bacteriology, 38, 67
Baltimore, 65
Becker, Gary S., 22, 118, 120
Bill of Rights, 53
Bingham ton, 70
Birth rate, 22, 24
Blacks: economic condition of, 113–114 120–123; literacy of, 34, 122
Bogue, Allan, 91, 94–98, 103
Bohemians, 115
Boorstin, Daniel J., 54, 55
Boston, 38, 65, 69
Bridgeport, 75
Brokers: farm mortgage, 97–98; in financial markets, 43; information supply and, 11, 43; in labor market, 10
Budd, Edward C, 127
Burnett, A, G., 76
Business fluctuations, 20, 23, 123–124
Business organization, 11, 39–43
California, 82, 111
Capital gains, 99–101
Capital goods, indivisible, 41
Capital stock, see Investment
Carnegie, Andrew, 2–3, 18
Carolinas, 95
Cattle, 80, 85
Central places, 62–65
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 41–42
Chapman, William, 90
Cheung, Steven N. S., 94–96
Chicago, 58, 65–67, 70–71, 82
Cities: advantages of living in, 77; agricultural specialization and, 62–63; commercial, 61–65; concentration of manufacturing in large, 65; hierarchies of, 64–65; number of, 58–59; why they exist, 59–60; see also Urbanization
Civil War: Southern poverty and, 81–82, 114; standards of living and, 18
Cleveland, 66
Colleges, land–grant, 103–104
Colorado, 109
Commodity output, sectoral distribution of, 47
Communications, 45
Competition: among employers, 118; among farm mortgage lenders, 97–98; among machinery manufacturers, 106; market system and, 9
Connecticut, 40, 74–75
Constitution, 53, 56
Contract, law of, 53–54, 56–57, 125
Corn, 80, 84, 88, 105
Corporations: considered legal persons, 57; growth of productivity and, 39–42
Cotton, 51, 80, 82, 83, 88, 104–105
Dakotas, 32, 82, 89, 99
Danbury, 75
Dane, Nathan, 55
Death rate, 22–23, 38–39, 68–72
Deflation, see Price level
Demand patterns, changes in, 15–16, 47, 80
Denison, Edward F., 25
Depression, see Business fluctuations
Des Moines, 64
Detroit, 65–66
Diffusion of technology, 43, 45, 72, 105–106
Discrimination: ethnic, 115–119; racial, 121–123
Disease: crop and animal, 102; human, 36–39, 67–72
Duell, C. H., 12
Duesenberry, James S., 22
Easterlin, Richard A., 49, 108, 113
Economic growth: beginning of, 50–57; changes in price level and, 21; declining birth rate and, 22; defined, 11; distribution of gains of, 16–17, 124–125; measures of, 18–20; sources of, 11–12, 24–25, 126–127; urbanization and, 59, 61–64, 67, 75–76; see also Productivity, growth of
Education, 14–15, 34–36, 109–110
Emancipation of slaves, 18, 113–114, 121
Eminent domain, legal doctrine of, 54
Energy consumption, 47
Engerman, Stanley L., 113
Epidemics, 36, 38, 70; see also Disease, human
Evans, George Heberton, Jr., 40
Experimentation, agricultural, 103–104
Exploitation, 112, 115–118
External effects, 61, 66, 125
Fabricant, Solomon, 25
Fairs, 106
Farmers’ Alliances, 86
Fertilization, 95
Fishlow, Albert, 34–36
Fite, Gilbert C., 3
Fogel, Robert William, 98–99
Friedman, Milton, 7, 15, 20
Frontier, 25–32, 95
Gallman, Robert E., 19, 47
Garland, Hamlin, 79
Gates, Paul Wallace, 90
George, Henry, 1, 26, 77
Georgia, 95
Gold, 20–21
Government: land policy of, 90; public health investments of, 68–69, 71–72; see also Private property rights and Law
Grangers, 86, 106
Green, Constance McLaughlin, 4
Greenback Labor Party, 20
Griliches, Zvi, 25
Gross national product, 18–21; see also Economic growth
Gwartney, James D., 121
Handlin, Oscar, 115
Hartford, 75
Hatch Act, 103
Hayami, Yujiro, 95
Health: a form of capital, 36–39; in cities, 67–72; investments in improving, 58–39, 68, 71–72; returns to investment in, 38–39, 71–72
Hiestand, Dale L., 120
Higgs, Robert, 4, 64–65, 74–75, 87–88, 116
History and theory, 6–7
Hoffman, Frederick L., 38, 69
Hogs, 80, 84
Holmes, George K., 79
Homestead system, 90–93
Howells, William Dean, 58
Hoyt, Homer, 67
Hurst, Willard, 56–57
Illinois, 89, 94, 97
Immigrants, 22–24, 114–119, 123
Income: distribution of, 17, 123–125; farmers’ relative, 100–101; regional differences in, 107–114; see also Gross national product and Economic growth
Indianapolis, 64
Industrial Revolution, 48; see also Transformation
Information: business supplying, 10–11, 43, 97; costs of, 51, 73–74; dissemination of, 72, 105–106; economics of, 9–11; investment and, 12; search for in agriculture, 94; summarized by relative prices, 8–9; telegraph and telephone and, 45
Innovation, 43; see also Invention
Institutions, and economic growth, 57; see also Private property rights and Law
Interest rates, 96–99
Invention: economics of, 13–14; important examples of, 43–47; income distribution and, 124; natural resource endowment and, 32; urbanization and, 72–76; of water filters, 70
Investment; economic growth and, 11–15; in human capital, 14–15, 34–39, 109–110; information and, 12; in material capital, 25–34, 81, 111–112; interdependences among different kinds of, 12, 35, 68–69
Iowa, 89, 94, 97, 103
Jefferson, Thomas, 26
Jorgenson, Dale, 25
Kansas, 25, 32, 82, 89, 97, 98
Kansas City, 4, 65
Kendrick, John W., 80, 81, 127
Kent, James, 55
Kentucky, 109
Klein, Judith L. V., 44
Koch, Robert, 38
Koopmans, Tjalling C., 60
Kuznets, Simon, 23, 33
Labor force: growth of, 21, 24, 81; sectoral distribution of, 48
Land: agricultural inputs of, 80; diminishing returns and, 26, 32; improved, 32; value of, 66–67, 100–101 ;see also Territory
Law: of contracts, 53–54, 56–57, 125; of incorporation, 40; of property, 50–57, 125; writers on, 54–55
Lawrence, 70
Learning from experience, 12, 102–106, 112, 118–119
Lebergott, Stanley, 21, 35, 38, 48, 124
Lerner, Eugene, 81–82
Lewis, W. Arthur, 50, 57
Life expectancy, 38–39, 72
Limited liability, 39–40
Lincoln, Abraham, 18, 114
Lipsey, Richard G., 8
Literacy: of whites, 34; of blacks, 34, 122; of immigrants, 116–119
Los Angeles, 66
Machinery industry, 14–15, 42
Machine tools: productivity of, 47; technological progress and, 42
Machlup, Fritz, 14
Madison, James, 52–53
Manufacturing: concentration in large cities, 65; growth of, 47–49; technological progress in, 46–47
Markets: growth of, 14–15, 24, 40, 51, 56; organization of, 7–9
Marshall, John, 53, 55–56
Massachusetts, 39
Meat–packing industry, 41, 46
Meeker, Edward F., 72
Mencken, H. L., 65
Merger movement, 41–42
Meriden, 75
Mexican Cession, 25
Miasmatic contagion, 37–38
Middle town, 75
Migration, interregional, 49, 111–112, 120, 123–124
Milling industry, 46
Mills, Edwin S., 60
Minneapolis, 65
Minnesota, 25, 82
Missouri, 89
Money stock, 20–21
Monopoly, 9, 90–91, 97
Morrill Act, 103
Mortgages, farm real estate, 96–99
Nadiri, M. Ishaq, 25, 127
National Banking Act, 114
Nebraska, 25, 32, 82, 97, 99
Nevada, 107, 109
New Britain, 75
New Hampshire, 40
New Haven, 75
New London, 75
New Orleans, 38, 69
New York, 40
New York City, 37–38, 58–59, 65, 69
North, Douglass C., 52
North Carolina, 107
Norwalk, 75
Norwich, 75
Nott, Charles C., 4
Nugent, Walter T. K., 99
Oats, 80
Ohio, 16, 82
Oklahoma, 32, 82
Okun, Bernard, 22
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 58
Omaha, 4, 65
Opportunity cost, 8, 13, 22, 35, 92
Oregon, 25
Parker, William N., 6, 44
Parsons, Theophilus, 54
Partnerships, 39
Pasteur, Louis, 38
Patents; Commissioner of, 12, 14; Constitutional provision for, 53; granted to urban people, 74–75; law of, 54; private property in ideas and, 13–14
Patrons of Husbandry, see Grangers
Paullin, C. O., 27–31
People’s Party, see Populists
Perloff, Harvey S., 65, 109
Philadelphia, 38, 59, 65, 69
Pittsburgh, 65
Popper, Karl R., 7
Population: growth of, 21–24, 51; regional distribution of, 27–31, 49
Populists, 86, 89, 98–99
Pred, Allan R., 66, 74
Present value, 13, 111
Price level, 20–21, 87, 98–99
Prices, relative, 8–9, 87–90, 99–101
Printing and publishing industry, 65–66
Private property rights: development of, 52–57; distribution of income and, 125; economic growth and, 51, 56–57; emancipation and, 113–114; in ideas, 14; insecure for blacks, 121; market system and, 8
Productivity: growth of, 16, 24–49, 81, 100, 126–127; problems of measuring, 24–25, 126–127; regional differences in, 85–86, 107–114
Proprietorships, 39–40
Railroads: freight rates of, 87–90; mileage of, 34; water transportation and, 43–44
Refrigeration, 46
Regional differences: in agriculture, 81–86; in economic growth, 4, 107–114; in population, 49; in urbanization, 62–63
Rental arrangements in agriculture, 94–95
Rents of urban land, 66
Resource endowment: changes in, 16; natural, 32; regional income differences and, 110–112; technological ingenuity and, 32
Ricardo, David, 26
Riis, Jacob, 115
Risk: agricultural experimentation and, 104; interest rates and, 97; investment and, 24, 52, 124; migration and, 2; rental arrangements and, 94; speculation and, 91
Rosenberg, Nathan, 42, 104
Rubin, Ernest, 23
Rutner, Jack, 98–99
Ruttan, V. W., 95
Sacramento, 64
St. Louis, 66
Sandburg, Carl, 65
San Francisco, 66
Scale, economies of, 41–42, 60, 64
Schwartz, Anna J., 20
Sewing machine, 46
Shannon, Fred A., 95
Sharecropping, 93–96
Shaw, Lemuel, 54
Shays’ Rebellion, 52
Silver, 20–21
Simonds, W. E., 14
Sinclair, Upton, 41
Slavery, 113–114, 121
Solmon, Lewis C., 110
South, economic development of, 81–82, 108–114
South Africa, 21
Specialization: among regions in agriculture, 82; city size and, 66; economic growth and, 11; in meat–packing industry, 41; in textile industry, 42; population growth and, 24; promoted by Constitution, 53
Speculation, 45, 91
Spokane, 64
Stamford, 75
Stare decisis, legal doctrine of, 54
Steamboat, 43–44
Steel industry: growth of, 2–3, 16, 46; technological progress in, 46–47
Steiner, Peter O., 8
Story, Joseph, 55
Sylla, Richard, 114
Technological progress: disembodied, 45, 81; economics of, 12–14; embodied in capital goods, 43, 45, 106; important examples of, 43–47; natural resource endowment and, 32; urbanization and, 72–76; see also Productivity, growth of, and Invention
Telegraph, 45
Telephone, 45
Temin, Peter, 46
Tenure, agricultural land, 93–96
Territory, expansion of, 25–32
Texas, 25, 32, 82, 97
Textile industry, 42
Theory and history, 6–7
Tostlebe, Alvin S., 86, 105
Towboat–barge system, 44
Transaction costs: decline in, 42–43, 45; transfer of land titles and, 92
Transformation: agricultural, 79–106; economics of, 15–17; main patterns of, 47–49; urban, 58–67
Troy, 70
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 26
Twain, Mark, 43–44
Unemployment, 10, 102, 124
United States Department of Agriculture, 103–105
United States Immigration Commission, 117–118, 121–122
Urbanization: an aspect of transformation, 58–67; decling birth rate and, 22; economic growth and, 59, 75–76; health and, 67–72; invention and, 72–76; investment in material capital and, 33; problems of, 76–78
Usury laws, 98
Vermont, 4
Washington, D. C., 59
Waterbury, 75
Water supplies, 38, 69–71
Water town, 70
Watkins, J. B., 98
Wealth, redistribution of, 16–17, 92–93, 124–125
Welch, Rodney, 4
Welfare: economic growth and, 17, 123–125; health and, 39; urbanization and, 76–78
Wells, David A., 17, 45, 107, 124
Western Union, 45
West Virginia, 109
Wheat, 80, 82, 83, 88
Whipple, George C., 38, 70–71
Wichita, 4
Wilson, Harold Fisher, 4
Winslow, C.–E.A., 37, 68, 71
Woodward, C. Vann, 112
Wrigley, E. A., 22
Yukon, 21
