Chapter VI: The Formula of Justice
CHAPTER VI.
THE FORMULA OF JUSTICE
§ 272. After tracing up the evolution of justice in its simple form, considered objectively as a condition to the maintenance of life; after seeing how justice as so considered becomes qualified by a new factor when the life is gregarious, more especially in the human race; and after observing the corresponding subjective products—the sentiment of justice and the idea of justice—arising from converse with this condition; we are now prepared for giving to the conclusion reached a definite form.
Chapter VII: The Authority of This Formula
CHAPTER VII.
THE AUTHORITY OF THIS FORMULA
§ 275. Before going further we must contemplate this formula under all its aspects, for the purpose of seeing what may be said against it as well as what may be said in its favour.
Chapter VIII: Its Corollaries
CHAPTER VIII.
ITS COROLLARIES
§ 281. Men’s activities are many in their kinds and the consequent social relations are complex. Hence, that the general formula of justice may serve for guidance, deductions must be drawn severally applicable to special classes of cases. The statement that the liberty of each is bounded only by the like liberties of all, remains a dead letter until it is shown what are the restraints which arise under the various sets of circumstances he is exposed to.
Chapter IX: The Right To Physical Integrity
CHAPTER IX.
THE RIGHT TO PHYSICAL INTEGRITY
§ 284. For using a title that is so apparently pedantic, my defence must be that no other adequately expresses everything to be included in the chapter. The physical integrity which has to be claimed for each, may at the one extreme be destroyed by violence, and at the other extreme interfered with by the nausea which a neighbouring nuisance causes.
Chapter X: The Rights To Free Motion And Locomotion
CHAPTER X.
THE RIGHTS TO FREE MOTION AND LOCOMOTION
§ 289. As direct deductions from the formula of justice, the right of each man to the use of unshackled limbs, and the right to move from place to place without hindrance, are almost too obvious to need specifying. Indeed these rights, more perhaps than any others, are immediately recognized in thought as corollaries.
Chapter XI: The Rights To The Uses Of Natural Media
CHAPTER XI.
THE RIGHTS TO THE USES OF NATURAL MEDIA
§ 294. A man may be entirely uninjured in body by the actions of fellow-men, and he may be entirely unimpeded in his movements by them, and he may yet be prevented from carrying on the activities needful for maintenance of life, by traversing his relations to the physical environment on which his life depends. It is, indeed, alleged that certain of these natural agencies cannot be removed from the state of common possession. Thus we read:—
Chapter XII: The Right of Property
CHAPTER XII.
THE RIGHT OF PROPERTY
§ 299. Since all material objects capable of being owned, are in one way or other obtained from the Earth, it results that the right of property is originally dependent on the right to the use of the Earth. While there were yet no artificial products, and natural products were therefore the only things which could be appropriated, this was an obviously necessary connexion.
Chapter XIII: The Right of Incorporeal Property
CHAPTER XIII.
THE RIGHT OF INCORPOREAL PROPERTY
§ 303. Even the dog, which not only fights to retain a bone he has found but fights also to preserve the coat or other object left in his charge by his master, can recognize ownership of a visible, tangible object; and hence it is clear that only a small reach of intelligence is needed for framing in thought the right of material property. But a much greater reach of intelligence is called for when the property is neither visible nor tangible.
Chapter XIV: The Rights of Gift And Bequest
CHAPTER XIV.
THE RIGHTS OF GIFT AND BEQUEST
§ 308. Complete ownership of anything implies power to make over the ownership to another; since a partial or entire interdict implies partial or entire ownership by the authority issuing the interdict, and therefore limits or overrides the ownership. Hence, if the right of property is admitted, the right of gift is admitted.
Chapter XV: The Rights of Free Exchange And Free Contract
CHAPTER XV.
THE RIGHTS OF FREE EXCHANGE AND FREE CONTRACT
§ 314. What was said at the outset of the last chapter concerning the right of gift, may be said here, with change of terms, concerning the right of exchange; for exchange may not unfitly be regarded as a mutual cancelling of gifts. Probably most readers will think this a fanciful interpretation of it; but, contrariwise, it is an interpretation forced on us by inspection of the facts.
