An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought

INDEX

A  |  B  |  C  |  D  |  E
G  |  H  |  I  |  J  |  K
L  |  M  |  N  |  O  |  P
Q  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U
V  |  W

A

About, Edmond 444

Abrams, M.H. 358, 367, 495-6

absolute advantage theory 97

absolute value 114

abstinence theory 294

of interest 138

Acaster, E.J.T. 488

Adam Smith Society 449, 456

Adams, John 7-8

Adams, John Quincy 144, 212, 216, 222

Addington, Henry 179

Adler, Felix 61, 68

‘Age of Freedom’ 217, 218

Age of Romanticism 357-60

Akhminov, Herman 343

Alcouffe, Alain 502

alienation 425-6

alienation, unity and the dialectic 349-68

creatology 349-51

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 351-3

and politics 353-7

and Romantic Age 357-60

Marx, Karl

and Left revolutionary Hegelianism 360-4

as utopian 364-6

Alison, Sir Archibald 291-2

Allen, W.R. 482

Allende, Salvadore 336

Althorp, Viscount 237

Amato, Sergio 437, 501

American

Economic Association 471

Labor Reform League 399

Revolution

Amsterdam banks 233, 270

Anabaptism 299, 300, 312, 317, 318, 323

anarcho-capitalism 453-5

anarcho-communism 334

Anderson, James 110, 111

Anglo-French treaty of 1860 447

anti-bullionists 161, 168-78

anti-Catholicism 286-7

Anti-Corn Law League 77, 111, 281, 286, 447, 448, 452

anti-imperialism 286

anti-Ricardians 278, 485-7

Argentina 10

Aristotelian (after Aristotle) 397

Ambergt, Johan Walter 450

Amon, Arie 438, 490

artificial wants 21

Ashburton, Lord see Baring, Alexander

Ashton, T.S. 488

Atkinson, Jasper 173, 199-200

Attwood brothers 205-6, 209, 229, 230, 246-7, 248, 252, 263

Augustinian (after Augustine, Saint) 318, 349

Australia 291, 292, 293, 463, 464

Austria 270, 356 see also Austrian

Austrian

National Bank 269

school 79, 443, 464, 471

business cycle theory 177

capital and interest theory 141-8

capital theory time-structure 285

cycle theory 261

and Ricardian system decline 116, 129, 130, 137, 138, 139, 140

and Say, J.B. 22, 23, 24, 36 see also proto

Avrich, Paul 367

axiomatic-deductive theory 18

B

Babbage, Charles 294

Babeuf, François Noël (Caius Gracchns) 305-7, 308, 313

Babeuvists 306

Bacon, Sir Francis 280 see also Baconian

Baconian 13, 109, 120, 280

Baden government 460

Bagehot, Walter 201, 289, 292

Bailey, Samuel 106, 113-18, 127, 129, 130, 133, 137, 154, 242-3, 282, 485, 486

Bain, Alexander 483

Bakunin, Mikhail 309, 334, 340, 361, 378 see also Bakuninite

Bakuninite 335

Balassa, Bela 294

Balsamo, Abbate Paolo 10

Balzac, Honoré de 388

Banfield, Thomas C. 129-30

Bank Act (1844) 264, 265

Bank of Amsterdam 216

Bank Charter Act (1833) 249

Bank of England 81

banking school 260

bullion Report and return to gold 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 203, 206, 211

bullionist controversy 159-63, 165-6, 168, 170, 171, 172, 175, 180, 182-8

currency school 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236

aftermath 256, 257, 258, 259

controversy 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246

triumph 249, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256

laissez-faire 441, 470

Millians 289

rechartering 237-8

Ricardian economics 293

Bank of France 242

Bank of Ireland 182, 184, 185, 186, 193

Bank Restriction Bill 198

Bank of Sweden 217, 218, 450

Bank of the United States 130, 216

banking school 253, 259-66, 432, 489-91

Barber, William P. 482

Baring, Alexander (now Lord Ashburton) 168, 198, 206, 223, 248, 263

Baring, Thomas 264

Barmby, John Goodwyn 209-10, 311

Barncci, Piero 472, 502

Bascom, Reverend John 469-70

Bastiat, Frédéric 281, 501, 502, 503

and French laissez-faire 441-75

decline 470-71

influence in Europe 448-53

Macleod, Henry Dunning 461-3

Molinari, Gustave de 453-5

Pareto, Vilfredo 455-9

plutology: Hearn and Donisthorpe 463-5

Rau, Karl Heinrich 460-61

school 441-4

in United States of America 466-70

Baudrillart, Henri Joseph Léon 442, 443

Bauer 368

Bauer, Bruno 309, 361

Bauer, Otto 415-16

Bauer, P.T. 426

Bazard, Saint-Amand 387-8

Bebel, August 342, 345

Beeke, Henry 199, 200

Belgium 308, 310, 448

Benfield, Paul 162-3

Bennich, Axel Gustafsson 450

Benson, Bruce L. 312, 473, 502

Bentham, Jeremy 44, 49-68, 71, 72, 75, 76, 111, 112, 278, 286, 287, 481-2

‘Circulating Annuities’ (unfinished) 53

Defence of Usury 51, 52

Fragment of Government 49, 50

History of the War Between Jeremy Bentham and George III 66

laissez-faire to statism 49-56

Manual of Political Economy (unpublished) 52

Of Laws in General 50

panopticon 62-7

Paper Management Improved 65

‘Paper Mischief Exposed’ 53

personal utilitarianism 56-60

‘Proposal for... Species of Paper Currency’ 52

Rationale of Reward (previously ‘Essay on Reward’) 52

social utilitarianism 60-62

True Alarm 53, 54, 55, 78 see also Benthamite

Bentham, Samuel 51, 62, 65

Benthamite 54, 57, 62, 73, 74, 75, 91, 115, 120, 135, 277, 278, 394, 400, 401, 481

Bentinck, Lord 264

Benton, Thomas Hart 213, 224

Berardi, Domenico 449

Berlin Stock Exchange 451

Bernholz, Peter 224, 489

Bernstein, Eduard 345

Bertolini, A. 449

Besant, Annie 320, 351

Biddle, Clement C. 11, 479

Billington, James H. 305, 308, 311, 312, 313, 367, 368, 389, 404, 494, 500

bimetallic standard 204

Bingham, William 223

Birmingham Currency Reform Association 263

Bismarck, Otto Edward Leopold von 452

Black, John 74

Black, R.D.C. 295, 485, 493, 502

Blake, William 359

Blanqui, Jérome-Adolpe 442, 452

Blaug, Mark 45, 479

Bloch, Ernst 320, 342

Block, Maurice 443

Blumenberg, Werner 345, 497

Boase, Henry 168-9

Bober, M.M. 403, 431-2, 437, 498, 501

Bockelson, King 301

Boehme, Jacob 351, 359

Bogdanov, Alexander Alexandrovich 319

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von 22, 90, 135, 138, 140, 141, 155, 415-16, 417, 419, 434, 435, 487, 500

History and Critique of Interest Theories 142, 146

History of the Theories of Capital and Interest 413

Karl Marx and the Close of His System 414

Bolivia 10

Bonaparte, Louis 390, 473

boom-bust cycle 259, 433

Boot, H.M. 490

Borelli, Pasquale 10

Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von 435

Bosanquet, Charles 197, 200

Bosanquet, J.W. 254

Bosellini of Modena, Carlo 10

Bourbon dynasty 75, 159

Bowley, Marian 152, 155, 481, 485, 486, 487

Bowring, John 50

Boyd, Walter 162-3, 169, 176, 178, 181-4, 186, 188, 190, 231

and anti-bullionist response 168-9

Letter to Pitt 163-8, 172-3

Brahmin caste 380-81, 382

Bramson, Leon 367

Bray, John Francis 397-9, 500

Brazil 10, 443

Bright, John 281, 286, 401, 447, 455, 457

Briscoe, James Bland 404, 499

Bristow, Edward 504

Britain 11, 54, 97, 116, 122, 160, 163, 233

Age of Romanticism 357

banking school 263, 266, 267

bullion Report and return to gold 200, 216, 218

currency school 227, 231, 234, 245, 258, 266, 267

fractional-reserve banking 210-16

Hegelianism 357

laissez-faire 441, 457, 461, 463

Ricardian economics 281, 287, 293

Royal Bank 461

Smithianism 3

Trotskyite movement 372 see also British and under individual countries

British West Indies 171

British Wool Society 201

broken window fallacy 445

Brouckère, Charles de 448, 452, 473

Brougham, Henry 188

Brown, Thomas 11, 480

Bruce, Professor Thor W. 117, 154, 486

Buchholz, Friedrich 388

Bucolo, Placido 457, 474

Buddhism 320, 351

Buller, Cornelius 227

Bullion Committee 170, 171, 178

bullion see under monetary and banking thought

bullionism

culmination 179-84

mechanistic 186-9

bullionist

controversy 163, 487-9 see also under monetary and banking thought

theory 194 see also anti-bullionist

Buonarroti, Filippo Giuseppe Maria Lodovico 307-8

Burgess, Henry 229, 247, 248

Buridan, Jean 410, 462

Busacca, Professor Raffaele 448

Busch, Johann Georg 220-21, 489

business cycle crisis 428-33

disproportionality 431-3

profit 430-31

underconsumption 428-30

business cycle theory 177

Butt, Isaac 124, 126, 129, 134-5, 486

Byron, Lord 207

C

Cabanis, Dr Pierre Jean George 5, 7, 11, 17

Cabet, Étienne 308, 310, 311, 313

Caffé, F. 472

Cagnazzi of Altamura, Luca De Samuele 9-10

Cairnes, John Elliott 289-93, 295, 463, 493, 494

Calvinism 73, 300, 349

Cambodia 333

Cambridge group of four 280

Camden, Lord 50

cameralism 354, 460

Canada 143-5, 147, 287

Cannan, Edwin 154, 483, 486, 487, 493

Canning, George 198, 199, 202, 208, 209, 223, 227, 248

Cantillon, Richard 3, 25, 26, 93, 124, 164, 165, 209, 220, 292, 471

capital 420

accumulation and centralization 417-22

and interest theory 137-41

Austrian 141-8

surplus 287-8

theory 138, 140, 284

capitalism see anarcho; and under Marxian system

‘Caps’ 217, 218, 219, 220

Carlson, Andrew R. 473, 503

Carlyle, Thomas 359-60, 388

Carnarvon, Earl of 206-7

Carpenter, Cecil C. 489

Carritt, E.P. 367, 498

Carroll, Charles Holt 470, 475, 504, 505

Castlereagh, Viscount see Stewart, Robert

catallactics 119, 120, 125, 462

Catherine the Great, Empress 51, 66

Catholicism 180, 349 see also anti-Catholicism

Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet 153

Cazenove, John 294

Cernuschi, Henri 268, 270, 274, 490, 491

Charnley, Paul 498

Channel Islands 311

Chasseboeuf, Constantin François 43

Checkland, Professor Sydney G. 105, 153, 273, 294, 484, 494

Chesterton, G.K. 320, 342, 351

Chevalier, Michel 292, 442, 443, 447, 449, 455

Cheves, Langdon 466

Chile 336

Christiernin, Pehr Niclas 219-20, 489

Chydenius, Reverend Anders 219, 220, 489

Cieszkowski, Count August 360-61

Civil War (England) 299, 300, 317

Civil War (United States of America) 399, 467, 470

Clark, J.B. 99

Clark, J.M. 480

class

analysis, libertarian 75-8

concept

contradiction 380-85

origin 385-91

conflict theory 107, 133

struggle 376-8

theory 380

Clay, Sir William 270

Cleveland, President Stephen Grover 469

Coats, A.W. 502

Cobbett, William 206, 211, 223, 227, 229, 270

Cobden Club of Great Britain 469

Cobden, Richard 75, 246, 248, 272, 281, 286, 292, 401, 442, 447, 452, 455, 457, 472

Cohen, Bernard 494

Cole, Professor G.D.H. 405, 415, 417, 435, 495, 500

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 359, 496

collective bargaining 284-5

Combe, George 274

Combination Laws 401

communism

anarcho- 334

higher 323-35

millennial317-21

raw 321-3 see also Communist; messianic

Communist Correspondence Committee 310

Communist League 310

Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels) 306, 308, 310, 327, 383, 389, 412, 425

Compagnoni, Giuseppe 10

comparative advantage law 72, 94-8

Comte, François Charles Louis 75, 76, 281, 333, 386, 387, 389, 395, 441, 446, 451, 457, 480, 499

concentration of capital law 420

Condillac, Abbé Etienne Bonnot de 5, 11, 20, 301, 462, 468, 480

Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de 4

Congleton, first Baron see Parnell, Sir Henry Brooke

Conspiracy of the Equals 304-8, 305, 306, 307

Continent, the 216-21, 266-70

Conway, Professor David 412, 434, 435, 436, 437, 496, 500

Cooper, Thomas 466

Copland, D.B. 504

Copleston, Reverend Edward 208-9, 210, 223, 489

Coquelin, Charles 442, 454

Corn Laws 97, 110, 111, 180, 200

repeal 91, 207, 248-9, 402, 451 see also Anti-Corn Law

Coser, Lewis A. 480

Cossa, Luiga 502

cost 84, 87, 117

-benefit analysis 59

-of-production theory of value 18, 125, 282, 441, 449

theory 19

theory of value 30, 87, 149, 278

Cotterill, Charles Foster 118

Cotton, William 249, 272, 274

Coulburn, Henry 249

Courcelle-Seneuil, Jean Gustave 267, 268, 463

Cournot, Augustin 480

Craig, John 116, 117, 118, 122, 130, 132, 133, 154, 485, 486

creatology 349-51

credit-worthiness 251-2

crises theories 428

crisis of 1847 264

crisis of 1857 265

Croce, Benedetto 417, 473

Crockett, Davy 216

Cromwell, Oliver 300

Crusoe economy 129

currency principle 230-36, 231

currency school 249, 489-91 see also under monetary and banking thought

Cuthbert, Ann 144

cycle theory 36, 261, 428, 433 see also business cycle

D

D’Arco, Count Giovanni Battista Gherardo 9

Darwin, Charles 362

Daugherty, Marion R. 272, 489

de Salas, Ramon 10

Décade group 4

decentralized banking 269

deductive theory, 460

deflation 174-5, 203-10

Delfico, Melchiorre 10

Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) 341

Demuth, Henry Frederick 341, 345, 496

Derby, Lord see Stanley, E.H.

Destutt de Tracy, Comte Antoine Louis Claude 4-8, 9-11, 43, 44, 137, 212, 446, 480

Dewing, Arthur S. 435

Dézamy, Théodore 311-12, 335

dialectic 321 see also under alienation

Dickens, Charles 152, 153, 487

differential rent theory 85, 109

differential return theory of land rent 135

Diggers 299, 300

diminishing marginal utility 128, 130

diminishing returns 85, 464

disproportionality 431-3

Disraeli, Benjamin 248, 249

distribution 18-25, 82, ‘282-5

theory 20, 107, 122

D’Ivernois, Sir Francis 200

division of labour 23, 140, 332, 349, 354

eradication 323-35

Djilas, Milovan 378

Donisthorpe, Wordsworth 465, 474, 50, 504

Dorfman, Professor Joseph 398, 405, 475, 486, 490, 500, 504, 505

Douglas, Paul 483

Dow, F.D. 495

Draper, Hal 345, 496

Drummond, Sir Henry 104, 233, 270

Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 4, 7, 43

Du Puynode, Gustave 491

Duane, William 7

Dühring, Eugen Karl 437

Dumont, Etienne 50

Dunoyer, Barthélemy Charles Pierre Joseph 75, 76, 281, 333, 386, 387, 389, 395, 441, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454, 457, 480, 499

Dyer, Joseph Chesborough 237

E

Eagly, Robert V. 489

East India Company 34, 65, 104, 168, 188, 278-9, 284

Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 71, 72, 75, 92

and Ricardian economics 286, 287

Eckartshausen, Carl von 304, 312

Eckhart, Meister Johannes 351

Economic Society 450, 451

Educational Society for German Workingmen 309, 310

Edward, Reverend Edward 405

Edwards, Edward 271

Eichtal, Gustave d’ 388

1818 panic 215

1819 panic 130, 214

1825 crisis 227-30, 233

1826 act 236

1833 measure 237

1837 crisis and currency school controversy 238-41

1839 crisis and currency school controversy 242-6

1848 Revolution 452

Eisdell, Joseph Salway 135, 141

Eliot, Francis Perceval 201

Ellis, George 202, 223

Ellis, William 135-6, 138

Elster, Jon 501

Ely, George H. 469

Ely, Richard T. 319, 341, 471

Enfantin, Barthélemy Prosper 387-8

Engels, Friedrich 81, 361, 363, 365, 368, 496-9

Anti-Duhring 324-5, 326, 327, 362, 413, 429

Marx, Karl and capitalism decline 423, 427-30, 431, 434, 436-7

Marx, Karl and communism 312, 328-9, 333, 340-41, 343, 345

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 371-2, 374, 379, 384, 390-91, 403-4

‘Principles of Communism’ 327 see also Communist Manifesto

England 77, 91, 159, 186, 190, 205

Age of Romanticism 359

class 384, 388, 389, 401

communism 308

currency school 228, 229, 238, 240, 250, 255

laissez-faire 442, 450, 455, 462, 463

protectionism 446

Ricardian system decline 106, 130, 145

utility theory 127-30 see also Bank of England

entrepreneurship 25-7, 464

Erigena, John Scotus 351

Europe 36, 309, 470, 471

Everett, Alexander Hill 144, 145

exchange 446, 468

rates 165, 220

value 19, 117

exploitation theory 393

factor

incomes 133-4

pricing 124, 129, 135, 140

Factory Act 207

Faguet, Émile 404

‘false consciousness’ 78

Faucher, Julius 452, 503

Fawcett, Professor Henry 285, 288, 292

Ferguson, Adam 359, 367

Ferguson, Professor Thomas 437

Ferrara, Francesco 146, 448-9, 455, 472, 502 see also Ferraristas

Ferraristas 449

Fetter, Frank Albert 111

Fetter, Professor Frank Whitson 86, 99, 107, 154, 198, 211, 222-3, 228, 241, 270-74, 484, 487-9, 493-4

Feuerbach, Ludwig 362, 363

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 356, 359

Fievée, Joseph 9

Fifth Monarchists 299, 312

Filangieri, Gaetano 9

Fine, Sidney 475, 504

Finer, S.E. 458, 459, 473-4, 503

First Bank of the United States 212

Fitzpatrick, W.J. 154

Fleming, James. 144

Fleming, John 144

Fonblanque, Albany 74

Fontanelli 449

‘forced saving’ 177

Ford, Henry 419

Forssell, Hans 450

Foster, John Leslie 186

Fox, Charles James 161, 179, 180, 248

fractional-reserve banking 210-16

France 200, 204, 212, 242

bullionist controversy 159, 161, 162, 163, 173, 179

Civil War 391

class concept 387, 388, 390

communism 308, 309, 310, 311

currency and banking school 266, 267, 268, 270

laissez-faire 501-5

and panopticon 66

Paris Commune 391

raw communism 322

Restoration 385

and Ricardian economics 281

Socialists 332

Treaty 447

and war with England 184 see also Bastiat; French Revolution; Say, Jean-Baptiste

Franco revolution 336

Franklin, Benjamin 222

Frederick William II, King 304

free

banking 253

banking school 252

trade 103, 245

French Revolution 3-4, 33, 52, 354, 356, 359

bullionist controversy 160, 161, 163, 169

Messianic communism 301, 304, 306, 307

Friedman, Milton 151

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King 355-6, 360

frontier thesis 427

Fullarton, John 244, 250, 254, 255, 272

G

Galbraith see proto-Galbraithian

Gall, Ludwig 389

Gans, Eduard 389

Garcia, J. Justo 10

Garfield, President James A. 469

Garnier, Clément Joseph 442, 443, 452, 454-5, 502

Garnier, Marquis Germain 4

Gay, Jules 309

Geach, Peter 68

Genovesi, Abate Antonio 20, 480

George, Henry 91, 153, 394 see also Georgism; Georgists

George III, King 66, 200

Georgism 286

Georgists 92

Germany 10, 451, 452, 457

Age of Romanticism 357, 359

capital 420

class concept 388

communism 308, 309

currency and banking school 266, 269, 270

Free Trade Union 451

Hegelianism 356, 360

historical school 443, 449, 450, 452, 459

imperialism 371

laissez-faire 471

Rau, Karl Heinrich 460-61

Social Democratic Party 332, 361 see also Hamburg

Gesell, Silvio 36-7

Geyer, Philip Joseph 269, 270

Gilbart, James William 252-3, 254, 255, 273

Gladstone, William Ewart 274, 455 see also Gladstonian

Gladstonian 248

Glynn, George Carr 258

gold 203-10

discoveries 291-3

standard 204, 246-8

Golden Age 312

Goodwin, Crauford D. 295, 494

Gordon, Barry J. 154, 484, 486

Gordon, Dr David 379, 403, 435, 496, 501

Gordon, Scott 500

Gottfried, Paul 312, 495

Gouge, William M. 232-3, 235, 270

Gower, Lord 222

Grattan, Henry 248

Gray, Alexander 93-4, 99, 368, 483, 493-5, 499, 500

and Marx, Karl and communism 325-6, 342, 344, 415-17, 434-5

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 400, 403-5

Messianic communism 301-3, 312

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 283, 294

Ricardian system decline 103, 153

Gray, James 397

Gray, John 395-7, 398, 402, 500

Great Britain see Britain

Greenleaf, W.H. 474, 504

Gregory, T.E. 490

Grenfell, Pascoe 223

Gresham’s law 179, 247, 461

Grey, Lord 237

Gripenstedt, Johan August 449-50

Grote, George 75, 78, 98, 112, 272

Grote, Harriet Lewin 75, 78

Grouchy, Madame de 4

Guevara, Ernesto Che 302

Guillaumin, Gilbert 442

Gurvitch, Georges 500

Gustav III, King 220

Gutierrez, Dom Manuel Maria 10

Guyot, Yves 444, 456

H

Haberler, Gottfried 437, 501

Haggard, William D. 248

Halévy, Élie 405, 481, 483, 499, 500

Hamburg 162, 204, 205, 217-18, 220, 242

banks 233, 270

Hamburger, Professor Joseph 75, 76, 98, 482, 492

Hamilton, Alexander 215-16 see also Hamiltonian

Hamilton, G.K. 450

Hamilton, Robert 41, 45

Hamiltonian 7

Hammond, Bray 214

Hancock, William Neilson 125-6, 127, 289

Harcourt, Vernon 288

Hardcastle, Daniel see Page, Richard

Harlow, John 247

Harris, Abram L. 164, 211, 344

Harrison, William Henry 216

Hart, David M. 472, 473, 502

Hartwell, R. Max 436

‘Hats’ 217, 218, 219, 220

Hayek, EA. von 36, 175-8, 190, 329, 365, 367, 404, 480, 488, 492, 499

Hazlitt, Henry 472

Healy, Gerry 372

Hearn, William Edward 463-4, 474, 504

Heath, J.B. 249

Hébert, Robert F. 26, 481, 502

Heckscher, Eli F. 472, 503

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 321, 324, 337, 349-53, 360, 367, 496, 498

and politics 353-7

and Romantic Age 357-60 see also Hegelian; Hegelianism

Hegelian 321, 322, 338, 343, 345, 355, 359, 365, 375, 389 see also Left; neo-Hegelian; Young

Hegelianism 356, 357, 360-64, 394, 496

Heine, Heinrich 388

Helvetius, Claude Adrien 11

Henderson, James P. 483

Henderson, William O. 343, 345, 404, 473, 497, 503

Heraclitus 356

Herder, Johann Gottfried 356

Hermann, Friedrich von 130

Herries, John Charles 199, 200, 264

Herschel, John 294

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich 361

Hess, Moses 312, 363

higher communism 323-35

Hilferding, Rudolf 415, 416, 419

Hilton, Professor Boyd 248, 272, 273, 489-90

Himmelfarb, Gertrude 62, 63, 65, 66, 68, 482, 492, 493

historical materialism 372-6

history theory 83, 85, 88

Hobhouse, Henry William 238, 248

Hodgskin, Thomas 281, 399-403, 500

Hölderlin, Friedrich 359

Hollander, Jacob H. 183, 190, 197, 222, 480, 488

Hollander, Samuel 484, 485, 492-3

Holyoake, George Jacob 281

Horn, I. Edward 267, 268

Horner, Francis 177-8, 184, 185, 187, 194, 197, 198, 202-3, 205, 221, 488

Horsefield, J.K. 272, 489

Houston, Arthur 295

Hübner, Otto 269, 270

Hufeland, Gottlieb 10-11

Hugo, Victor Marie 388

Hume, David 57-8, 73, 164, 165, 182, 183, 210, 211, 216, 220, 480

Hume, Joseph 264

Hunt, Leigh 211

Hunt, Thornton 281-2

Huskisson, William 194, 198, 201, 202, 208, 209, 222, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232

Hutchison, Terence W. 343, 481, 482, 492-3

Hutt, Professor William H. 45, 284, 295, 481, 493

I

ideologues 7, 9

ideology doctrine 378-80

Iggers, G.G. 499

imperialism 285-8, 371, 427

impoverishment, relative 427, 428

imputation and productivity theory 135

Inchbald, John 274

inconvertible paper money theory 181-2

India 66, 92, 286, 287

inductivists 494

Industrial Revolution 4, 205, 458

industrielisme 386, 387

Inner Light Groups 300

innovation theory of profit 25

‘Inspection House’ see panopticon

interest theory 137-48

invariable measure of values 90-91, 114

Ireland 186, 239, 286, 287

currency question 184-6

currency school 240, 248-9, 250, 255 see also Bank of England

iron law of oligarchy 334, 361

iron law of wages 108, 412 see also subsistence theory

Italy 9, 10, 448, 449, 457, 459

J

Jackson, President Andrew 130, 213, 214, 223, 224, 233, 234, 235 see also Jacksonian

Jackson, Randle 201, 202

Jacksonian 213, 215, 216, 223, 232, 235, 256, 265, 268

Jaffé, William 471, 475

Jagetzow, Rodbertus von see Rodbertus

Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von 10

James, R. Warren 155, 486

Japan 420

Jefferson, Thomas 7-9, 12, 43, 212, 213, 214, 222, 480, 489

Jenkinson, Robert Banks, Earl of Liverpool 200, 227

Jevons, William Stanley 103, 105, 125, 146, 290, 291, 462-4, 471, 474, 475

Jewkes, John 435

Joachim of Fiore 299, 300, 304, 319, 320

Johnson, L.E. 484

Jones, Reverend Richard 109, 110, 120, 280

Jones, Richard of Cambridge 230

Joplin, Thomas 172

Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlieb von 220

K

Kant, Immanuel 10

Kauder, Emil 73, 91, 99, 486

Kaufmann, Walter 498

Kautsky, Karl 333, 423, 427

Keats, John 359

Kendall, Amos 130-32, 154, 214, 232, 235, 487

Kennedy, Emmet 6, 43, 480

Keynes, John Maynard 37, 45, 105-6, 174, 186, 285, 295, 481

General Theory 36, 105 see also Keynesian; Keynesianism

Keynesian 15, 41, 79 see also proto

Keynesianism 445

Khadafy, Colonel 335

Kingsley, Reverend Charles 282

Kirzner, Israel M. 154, 472, 474, 475, 485, 502, 503

Knies, Karl 434

Knight, Frank H. 94, 99, 483

Knights of Labor 399

Kolakowski, Leszek 342, 344, 403, 496, 498

Kolko, Gabriel 435

Kollman, G. 481

Kovalevsky, Maxim 389, 500

Kraus, Christian 10

Kriukov, V.M. 326

Kuehne, G. 388

L

labour 88, 89, 90

cost 19, 84

cost theory 117

definition 402

-money scheme 310

quantity 113-14, 392

-quantity theory of cost 87

theory 106-7, 282, 441

of value 18, 87, 98, 103, 107, 123, 124, 137, 278, 328, 395, 400, 401, 409-11, 417, 462 see also division; productive versus unproductive

Laffitte, Jacques 387

laissez-faire 213-14, 218, 301, 360

banking school 262, 266

and class concept 385, 386, 387, 399, 400, 401, 402

currency school 245, 246, 248, 255, 266

France 501-5 see also under Bastiat

government 76

Mill, James and Ricardian system 77, 78, 92, 93

Ricardian economics 278, 281, 286, 289, 293

Ricardian system decline 103, 107, 120, 143

Say, J.B. 3, 4, 9, 26

state and taxation 40

to statism 49-56

Lalor, J. 443

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis 447

Lamoreaux, Naomi R. 435

LaNauze, J.A. 474, 504

landlords 91, 286 see also rent

Larcom, Thomas 126

Lassalle, Ferdinand 107, 343, 393, 434 see also Lassallean

Lassallean 332, 343

Latin America 10, 227, 309

Lauderdale, Lord see Maitland, James

Lawrence, D.H. 358, 496

laws of motion

business cycle crisis 428-33

capital accumulation and centralization 417-22

working class impoverishment 422-8

Lawson, James Anthony 124-7, 485

League of the Just 309, 310

League of Outlaws 308, 309

Lebowitz, Michael A. 501

Left Hegelians 360-64

Leijonhufvud, Axel 45

Lenin, V.I. 71, 74, 81, 96, 288, 303, 305, 320, 333, 335, 344, 361, 433 see also Leninism; Leninist

Leninism 306

Leninist 311, 320, 362, 418, 426, 435

Levasseur, Émile 443

Levy, Alastair 474

Levy, S. Leon 485

Lexis, Wilhelm 434

libertarian class analysis 75-8

Libya 335

Lieber, Francis 466

Liebknecht, Wilhelm 374

Liggio, Leonard P. 44, 480, 494, 499

Link, Albert 481

Link, Robert G. 490

Liszt, Franz 388

Liverpool Currency Reform Association 263

Liverpool, Earl of see Jenkinson, Robert Banks

Lloyd, Reverend Charles 127-8, 209

Lloyd, William Forster 127-30, 154, 485, 486

Locke, John 180, 220, 400 see also Lockean

Lockean 402

Londonderry, Marquis of see Stewart, Robert

Long, Douglas C. 66, 67, 68, 482

Longfield, Samuel Mountifort 110, 121-4, 126, 127, 129, 133, 134, 139-40, 230, 285, 471, 485

‘Banking and Currency’ 241

Lectures on Political Economy 290 see also Longfieldian

Longfieldian 135

Lord King, Peter 169-70, 176, 179, 185, 186, 188, 193, 195, 209, 221, 488

and bullionism culmination 179-84

Thoughts on the Effects of the Bank Restriction 179, 180, 184

Loria, Achille 416, 434, 472

Louis XIV, King 427

Loyd, Samuel Jones (Lord Overstone) 241, 245, 250, 260, 264, 265, 270, 271, 272

Ludlow, John Malcolm 282

Lushington family 189

Lutheranism 337, 349, 352

Luttrell, Clifton B. 480, 489

M

Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 301-4, 312

McCord, Colonel David 368, 466

McCord, Louisa Cheves 466

McCulloch, John Ramsay 12, 44, 278, 284, 486

currency school 229, 230, 241, 265, 269, 274

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 73, 94, 99

and Ricardian system decline 104, 105, 107, 110, 154

Machajski, Jan Waclaw 361, 367-8, 378

Machiavelli, Niccolò 279

Machlup, Fritz 487

McLellan, David 344, 497, 498

Macleod, Henry Dunning 183, 461-3, 468, 474, 503

McMullen, Norma H. 486

macro-income distribution 81-8

McVickar, Reverend John 154

Madison, Bishop James 8

Madison, President James 9, 212

Mai, Ludwig H. 479

Maitland, James, eighth Earl of Lauderdale 186

Malcolm, Charles A. 273

Malthus, Reverend Thomas Robert 82, 97, 162, 230, 343, 412, 486, 494

bullion Report and return to gold 195, 197, 199, 202, 206, 222

Essay on... Profits 97

Essay on Population 34, 107, 132

Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent 110

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 280, 283, 294

Principles of Political Economy 33, 112

Ricardian system decline 104-6, 108, 109, 111, 144

and Say, J.B. 29-32, 35-7, 44 see also Malthusian; Malthusianism

Malthusian 83, 92, 94, 107, 108, 133, 134, 278, 392

Malthusianism 79-80, 132

Malynes, Gerard (or de Malines) 220

man-God see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Mandeville, Bernard de 53

Mannequin, Th. 491

Mannheim, Karl 380

Mao Tse-tung 302, 344, 433

Marchi, Professor Neil B. de 279, 294, 295, 493, 494

Maréchal, Sylvain 305-6

marginal productivity theory 89, 134, 135, 141

of factor pricing 124, 129, 135, 140

marginal utility 117, 128, 130

theory 123, 129, 290, 449

markets law 27-32

Marsden, George M. 312

Marshall, Alfred 105

Martello, Tulio 449

Martinist 304

Marx, Franziska 341

Marx, Heinrich 337, 340

Marx, Karl 12, 153, 496-500

alienation, unity and the dialectic 349, 354, 358, 368

Capual 327, 336, 384, 409, 413, 415, 18, 422-3, 429, 430, 431, 432, 457

Civil War in France 391

and communism 337-41, 411, 414-15, 417-28, 430, 432-8

Critique of the Gotha Program 332

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 321

Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 390

Labour’s Wrongs and Labour’s Remedy 397

and Left revolutionary Hegelianism 360-64

Manuscripts 323

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 371-2, 374-8, 388-9, 392-5, 398, 401, 403-4

Messianic communism 303, 310-12

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 71, 75, 83, 87, 90, 91, 96

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 279, 292, 294

Oulanem, A Tragedy 339-40

Poverty of Philosophy 328, 373

Principles of Communism. 329

‘Private Property and Communism’ 321, 330

‘The German Ideology’ 325

as utopian 364-6

Wage, Labor and Capital 418 see also Communist Manifesto; Marxian; Marxian system; Marxist

Marxian 23, 81, 89, 107, 334, 337, 393, 416, 418, 422, 423, 425, 428-30

Marxian system 371-405

capitalism economics and demise 409-38

labour theory of value 409-11

laws of motion 428-33

profit rates and surplus value 411-17

class concept 376-8, 380-85, 385-91

historical materialism 372-6

ideology doctrine 378-80

Ricardian socialism 394-403

Ricardo, David 392-4

strategy 371-2

Marxism 306, 319, 322, 354, 365, 416, 426

Marxist 77, 78, 105, 259, 302, 311, 320, 321, 323, 336, 362, 415, 419, 421, 427, 494-501

Mason, John W. 504 see also Masonic

Masonic movement 304

materialism, historical 372-6

Maurice, Reverend John Frederick Denison 294

Mazlish, Bruce 345, 497

Mazzini, Giuseppe 311

Meacham, Standish 190, 488

measurement theory 114

mechanistic bullionism 186-9

Meek, Ronald L. 105, 107, 154, 436, 484

Mehring, Franz 497

Ménard, Claude 480

Mencken, H.L. 153

Menger, Carl 37, 135, 471, 475

Mengotti, Francesco 9

mercantilism 218, 354

messianic communism 299-313

arrival 335-7

burgeoning 308-12

Conspiracy of the Equals 304-8

early communism 299-301

higher communism and division of labour eradication 323-35

Marx, Karl and path to communism 337-41

millenn ial communism 317-21

raw communism 321-3

secularized 301-4

Michels, Robert 334, 361

Milgate, Murray 474

Mill, David 152

Mill, James 11, 33, 44, 471, 480, 482-3

and Bentham, Jeremy 50, 54, 56, 66

bullion Report and return to gold 206, 207, 211, 222

‘Colonies’ 98

Commerce Defended 27, 78, 96

currency school 230, 255, 273

Elements of Political Economy, 98, 105, 137

History of India 71, 73, 92

Impolicy... Exportation of Grain 79

and Leninism 71-5

and libertarian class analysis 75-8

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 381, 385, 386, 394, 395, 400

Observations 97

‘Prisons and Prison Discipline’ 67

Ricardian economics 277-9, 286, 287

Ricardian system 78-81, 81-3, 91, 92, 98, 99

Ricardian system decline 103-5, 107, 115, 120, 154-5 see also Millian

Mill, John Stuart 45, 49, 67, 148-53, 344, 388, 395, 432, 482, 483, 485, 487, 490, 491-4

A System of Logic 279, 283

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 441, 462, 463, 472

currency school 230, 252, 263, 273

Essays on Some Unsettled Questions in Political Economy 150-51

On Liberty 115

‘Paper Currency and Commercial Distress’ 251

Principles of Political Economy 146, 260, 262, 265, 274, 278, 279-82, 284, 288, 289, 293

and Ricardian economics reimposition 72, 75, 77, 78, 277-95

Cairnes and gold discoveries 291-3

impact and importance 277-9

imperialism 285-8

theory of value and distribution 282-5

‘The Currency Question’ 251 see also Millian

millennial communism 317-21

Miller, Harry E. 505 see also Millerite

Millerite 341, 415

Millian 75, 77, 78, 98, 151, 285, 288-91, 293-4, 383, 433, 441, 461, 463, 483

Mills, R.H. 274

Milton, John 358, 359, 367

Mints, Lloyd W. 274, 487, 489, 504

Mirabeau, Comte de 52

Mises, Ludwig von 12, 14, 17, 44, 150, 177, 268, 274, 368, 459, 487, 494, 498-501

and Marx, Karl and communism 329, 335-7, 342, 344, 423, 433-7

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 373-4, 379, 380, 392, 403, 404 see also Misesian

Misesian 381

Mississippi bubble 160

Mixter, Professor Charles Whitney 146

Modeste, Victor 268-9, 274, 490, 491

Molinari, Gustave de 281, 444, 453-5, 456, 457, 459, 473, 502

follower see Pareto, Vilfredo

Moll, Joseph 309

Molnar, Thomas 342, 364-6, 368, 495

monetary and banking thought

bullion Report 193-224

on Continent 216-21

controversy 198-203

deflation and return to gold 203-10

fractional-reserve banking 210-16

Ricardo, David 193-8

bullionist controversy 159-90

beginning 161-3

Boyd, Walter and anti-bullionist response 168-9

Boyd, Walter and Letter to Pitt 163-8

Irish currency question 184-6

Lord King and bullionism culmination 179-84

restriction and emergence 159-61

Thornton, Henry and antibullionists 169-78

Wheatley, John and mechanistic bullionism 186-9

currency school struggle 227-74

aftermath 256-9

Bank of England rechartering 237-8

banking school victory 259-66

currency and banking school thought on Continent 266-70

currency principle 230-36

1825 trauma 227-30

1837 crisis and controversy 238-41

1839 crisis and controversy escalation 242-6

gold standard threat 246-8

triumph and Peel’s Act 1844 248-56

monetary theory 167, 83, 285, 291

money theory 37-40

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat 5

moral incentives 302

moral principles 61

Morelly, Giovanni 301-4

Morris, Robert 223

Mosca, Gaetano 334

Moss, Professor Laurence S. 123, 154, 155, 486

Mueller, Iris Wessel 492

Mundell, Alexander 238, 271

Mundt, T. 388

Munn, Charles W. 273

Muntz, George Frederick 247, 248, 263

Müntzer, Thomas 301

Mushet, Robert 197-8, 235, 236, 261, 271

N

Napoleon, Louis 4, 5, 7, 9, 43, 96, 159, 193, 200, 204, 307, 354, 355, 356, 367, 385, 473, 480

Napoleonic wars 35, 106, 111, 160, 163, 212

National Anti-Gold Law League 263

natural law and natural rights 447

natural liberty 460

Nazism 319

Neate, Charles 274

neo-Hegelian 324

neo-Newtonian 67

Netherlands 216

New Deal (American) 27

New Left 309

New Socialist Man 302, 303, 319

Newman, Peter 504

Newmarch, William 272, 289, 291, 292

Newton, Isaac see neo-Newtonian

Nicholas I, Csar 11

Nilan, H.A. 271

Nock, Albert Jay 390, 459

non-competing groups theory 290

non-monetary cycle theory 261, 433

non-monetary over-investment theory 261, 432

non-productive classes 386

Norman Conquest 299

Norman, George Warde 241, 245, 249, 260, 270, 271, 272

North, Gary 345, 435, 497-8, 501

Novalis, Friedrich von Hardenberg 359, 496

Nozick, Robert 335

O

O’Brien, Denis P. 154, 482, 486

O’Connor, Michael J.L. 480

oligarchy 334, 361

Oppenheimer, Franz 390, 459

Orwell, George 307

Otinger, Johann Christoph 304

over-investment theory, non-monetary 261, 432

Overstone, Baron see Loyd

Owen, Robert 281, 308, 328 see also Owenites

Owenites 281, 308, 309, 310, 313

P

Packe, Michael St John 492

Page, Richard (writing as Daniel Hardcastle) 233, 248

Palme, Johan Henrik 450

Palmer, John Horsley 233, 239, 240-41, 242, 271

Palmer rule 239, 242, 246

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Third Viscount 248, 274

Palyi, Melchior 480

Panic of 1818 215

Panic of 1819 130, 214

panopticon 62-7

Pantaleoni, Maffeo 449, 456

paper money theory 181-2

Pappe, H.O. 492

Pareto, Marchese Raffaelle 455

Pareto, Vilfredo Federico Damaso 151, 455-9, 471, 473, 474, 503

Paris Commune 391

Parker, John Williams 282

Parkes, Joseph 74

Parnell, Sir Henry Brooke, the first Baron Congleton 185, 186, 198, 236, 237, 238, 242, 261, 271

Parnell, Sir John 185

Passy, Frédéric 455, 473

Patrides, C. 495

Paul, Ellen Frankel 481, 483, 492

Paul I, Czar 304

Payne, Robert 345, 497

Peach, Terry 484

Peake, Professor Charles F. 193, 195, 196, 221, 222, 488

Pearse, John 201

Peel, Robert (father of Sir Robert Peel) 207, 208

Peel, Sir Robert 127, 207-9, 223, 229, 238, 246-50, 253-5, 272, 274, 451, 489-90 see also Peel’s Act

Peel’s Act 207, 232, 245, 248-56, 258-60, 263-6, 433, 441

Pennington, James 230-33, 240, 241, 265, 272, 490

Perceval, Prime Minister Spencer 198, 199, 200, 202, 222

Perlman, Morris 273, 483

Perry, Reverend Arthur Latham 466-71, 475, 504

personal utilitarianism 56-60

Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich 11

Pettman, Captain William R.A. 154

Phillippe, Louis 390

philosophes 7

physiocracy 3-4, 18

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 336

Pitt, William 50, 51, 161-8, 172, 201, 207, 222, 223, 270

Place, Francis 115, 400

Plamenatz, Professor John 59, 67, 375-6, 403, 481, 498

Plant, Professor Raymond 355, 367, 498

Plato 356

Plekhanov, George V. 403

Plotinus 349, 350, 351, 364, 496

Plough, Patrick 154

plutology 463-5

Pol Pot 333, 433

Pole, Sir Peter 171, 227

political economy 13-19, 28, 82, 229, 432

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 446, 448, 460, 466, 468

Ricardian system decline 119, 120, 150, 151

Political Economy Club 104, 106, 115, 294, 453, 471

currency school 230, 231, 236, 239, 241, 243

Political Economy Society 266, 441, 442

Polk, James K. 213, 233, 235

Poor Law 54, 92

Popper, Karl R. 356-7, 365, 367, 498

postwar depression 205

praxeology 12-18, 79, 148-53

Price, Bonamy 292

price/pricing 124, 129, 135, 140

level 189

theory 167

Priestley, Joseph 62

Prince Smith, John 450-52, 460, 472, 503

process analysis 292

process theology 350

production 18-25; 375-6, 465

productive classes 386

productive versus unproductive labour 107, 133, 395, 445

productivity

analysis 135

theory 83, 133, 135

of factor incomes 133-4

of pricing 20

of profit or interest 139

of wages 133 see also marginal

professional revolutionaries 306

profit 86, 88, 132-7

or interest theory 138

rates 411-17, 430-31

theory 25, 107, 138, 283, 294

Progressive Party 451

protectionism 446, 449, 450

Protestantism 299, 312, 318

proto-Austrian 21, 462, 465

proto-Galbraithian 21

proto-Keynesian 53, 106, 217, 247, 291, 445

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 322, 403

Prussia 355, 356-7, 450, 451, 452, 471

Pryme, George 105

Puller, Richard 405

purchasing-power-parity theory of exchange rates 165

Puritanism 300

Q

Quandt, Jean B. 341

quantity of labour 113-14, 392

quantity theory 180, 292

Quincey, Thomas De 110, 114, 153, 292

R

Rabbeno, Ugo 502

Raddatz, Fritz J. 341, 345, 497

Rae, Eliza 147

Rae, John 141-8, 464, 486, 487

Principles on the Subject of Political Economy 141, 142, 144, 145

Raguet, Condy 214, 215, 224, 232, 235

Raico, Professor Ralph 389-91, 404, 472, 473, 499, 503

railroad investment theory 263

Ramsay, Sir George 136-7, 141, 485

Randolph, Thomas 212-13

Ranters 299, 300-301

Rashid, Professor Salim 154, 208, 223, 485, 489

Rau, Karl Heinrich 460-61, 474, 503

Rauner, Robert M. 154, 485

Ravenstone, Piercy (pseudonym) 400, 405 see also Ravenstonian

Ravenstonian 401

raw communism 321-3

Raymond, Daniel 215, 216

real wants 21

Recktenwald, H.C. 503

Reform Bill (1832) 73-4, 77

Reformation 299, 300, 312, 318, 319

Reid, Dr Thomas 51-2

Reisman, David A. 488

relations of production 375-6

rent 84-5, 86, 88, 89, 91

land 135

theory 83, 85, 91, 107, 108-11, 278, 401

reservation demand 465

Restoration 385, 386, 441

Restriction Act 185, 198, 227

Resumption Act 205, 206, 239 see also Peel’s Act

return to gold 203-10

Revolution of 1848 452

Ricardian 199, 310, 328, 343, 482, 500

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 448, 449, 471

currency school 241, 243, 250, 263

distribution 87

economics 105-8 see also under Mill, John Stuart

Marx, Karl and communism 411, 414, 428, 432

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 384, 392, 401, 404

Say, J.B. 12, 22, 23, 27, 44

socialism 394-403

system 18, 73, 78-81, 483-5

macro-income distribution 81-8

and Mill, James 78-81

theory of value 88-94

system decline 103-55

Bailey, Samuel and subjective utility theory of value 113-18

Kendall, Amos and utility theory in America 130-32

Lloyd, William Forster and utility theory in England 127-30

Mill, John Stuart 148-53

praxeology 148-53

Rae, John and Austrian theory of capital and interest 141-8

Senior, Nassau 148-53

theory of capital and interest 137-41

theory of rent 108-11

Thompson, Colonel Perronet 111-12

wages and profits 132-7

Whately connection and utility theory 118-27

Vice 79, 88, 132 see also anti-Ricardians

Ricardianism 251, 273

Ricardo, David 54, 56, 343, 401, 479-85, 488, 493, 494

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 446, 462, 472

bullion Report and return to gold 193-200, 202, 206, 209, 211, 221-3

bullionist controversy 169, 183, 189, 190

currency school 229, 239, 241, 246

Economical and Scarce Currency 234

and Marx, Karl and communism 409, 411, 413, 417-18, 428, 430

Marxian system 392-4

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 75, 78-80, 93

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian

economics 278, 280, 282-5, 293, 294

Plan for the Establishment of a National Bank 234

popularity 103-5

‘Price of Gold’ 193

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 19, 42, 71-2, 81, 95-6, 97, 98, 103, 105, 207

Proposals for an Economical and Secure Currency 207

Reply to Mr. Bosanquet’s Practical Observations 197

Say, J.B. 12, 18, 21, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39

The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Banknotes 193, 194, 197 see also Ricardian; Ricardianism

Ricardo, Samson 241

Rice, Thomas Spring 245

right-wing populism 77

Rintoul, S. 74

rising classes 376-7

Rist, Charles 474, 487, 503

Rivadavia, Berardino 10, 44

Rives, Willam Cabell 8, 212

Rivière, Mercier de la 302

Robbins, Lord Lionel 230, 270, 271, 272, 485, 486, 490

Roberts, Paul Craig 344, 366, 501

Robinson, W.R. 257

Roche, George Charles III 502

Rodbertus, Johann Karl 328-9, 343, 437

Rodrigues, Olinde 387, 388

Roebuck, John Arthur 74-5

Roemer, John 501

Rohr, Donald G. 472, 474, 503

Romano, Richard M. 486

Romantic Age 357-60

Romilly, Sir Samuel 50

Rose, George 200

Rosicrucian movement 304

Rothbard, Murray N. 68, 154, 273, 344, 473, 474, 480, 481, 482, 485, 487, 489, 494, 497, 503, 504

Rousseau, Jean Jacques 303

Royal British Bank 461

Royal Mint 235

Ruge, Arnold 312

ruling class 376-7, 382, 383, 386, 457

Runeberg, Edward 218

Russell, Dean 472, 501

Russia 11, 51, 66, 171, 221, 326, 331, 342, 343, 344

Ruyer, Raymond 499

S

St Clair, Oswald 20, 44, 99, 153, 481, 483

Saint Simonians 308, 313

Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de 304, 312 see also Martinist

Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude Henri de Rouvroy 387, 499 see also Saint-Simonian

Saint-Simonian 387, 388, 389, 404, 442, 499, 500

Salerno, Professor Joseph T. 165, 167, 169-70, 175-6, 190, 195, 222, 472, 474, 488, 501, 503, 504

Samuelson, Paul 435

Sand, George 388

Sandeen, Ernest R. 341

savings and capital theory 285

Sawers, David 435

Say, Horace-Émile 443

Say, Jean-Baptiste 53, 206, 212, 234, 479-81, 495

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 441-3, 446, 448, 455, 471

Catéchism d’Économie politique 8

Cours complet d’économie politique 8

France and Smithian conquest 3-45

and Destutt de Tracy 4-8

entrepreneur 25-7

and Jefferson, Thomas 7-8

law of markets 27-32

praxeology 12-18

state and taxation 40-43

theory of money 37-40

utility, production and distribution 18-25

Letters to Malthus 29, 31, 35

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 385, 386, 392

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 75, 78, 80-82, 86, 89, 90, 93

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 266, 280, 281, 283, 285

Ricardian system decline 118, 124, 129, 133, 135, 144, 148

Treatise on Political Economy 3, 4, 67, 8-12, 13, 33, 39, 113, 117, 466 see also Say’s law

Say, Jean-Baptiste Léon (grandson) 443, 444

Sayers, R.S. 488, 490

Say’s law 33-7, 52, 54, 72, 78, 79, 92, 96, 105, 106, 107, 138, 263, 287-8, 294, 295, 428

Schapper, Karl 309

Schelling, Friedrich von 356, 359, 496

Schiller, Friedrich von 354, 356, 359, 367, 496

Schlegel, Friedrich von 356, 496

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel 356, 496

Schlesinger, Arthur Jr 214

Schmidt, Conrad 434

Schmoller, Gustav 459

scholastics 292, 410

Schopenhauer, Arthur 357

Schumpeter, Joseph A. 176, 222, 263, 368, 426, 436, 449, 472, 481, 483, 484, 486, 501

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 80-83, 85, 88, 96, 98, 99

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 283, 284, 294, 295

Ricardian system decline 103, 108, 110, 142, 153, 154

and Say, J.B. 12, 26, 41, 44, 45

Schuster, Theodore 308, 309

Schwartz, Pedro 492

Schwarzchild, Leopold 497

Schwegler, F.J.C. 356

Scotland 159, 202, 228-9, 461-3

banking school 263

currency school 250, 255, 256, 258

Scott, Sir Walter 223, 229

Scrope, George Poulett 106, 138, 236, 271

Sechrest, Larry J. 273

Second Bank of the United States 212, 213

Secret Directory of Public Safety see Conspiracy of the Equals

Seligman, Edwin R.A. 128, 154, 485

Senior, Nassau William 180, 183, 230, 463, 471, 485, 486, 487

Lectures on Political Economy 129, 149

and Mill, John Stuart and Ricardian economics 280, 283, 290, 292, 294

Outline of the Science of Political Economy 118, 138

Ricardian system decline 104-5, 107-10, 118-27, 133, 135, 139, 141, 145-6, 148-53, 155

Two Lectures on Population 107-8

Seven Years’ War 218

Seventh Day Adventists 415

Shafarevich, Igor 403, 495

Sharp, Richard 198, 222

Sheehan, James J. 503

Shelburne, William Petty, Second Earl of 50

Shelley, Percy Bysshe 359

Sher, Richard B. 367

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 161

Sicily 10

Silberling, Norman J. 161, 190

Sinclair, Sir John 201-2, 235

single tax 92, 126

Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de 31, 32, 33-4, 44

Skinner, B.P. 66

Skousen, Mark 223, 489, 504

Sleeman, Sir William Henry 154

Smith, Adam 51-6, 284-5, 367, 393, 395, 481, 483, 484, 488-90

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 446, 460, 462, 475

bullion Report and return to gold 212, 216, 218

bullionist controversy 163, 165-6, 173, 177, 180, 183, 190

currency school 228, 244, 270

and entrepreneur 25, 26

and Marx, Karl and communism 409, 411, 413, 417-18, 430

and Mill, James and Ricardian system 72, 79, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96

Ricardian system decline 111-12, 120, 129, 133, 135, 140, 144-5, 15, 1-2

and Say, J.B. 5, 18, 19, 21-4, 33-4, 39

Theory of Moral Sentiments 4

Wealth of Nations 3, 4, 8, 9, 11-12, 14, 50, 81, 128, 143, 164, 193, 241, 279 see also Adam Smith Society; Smithian; Smithianism

Smith, J.G. 295, 485, 493

Smith, John Benjamin 245-6, 272

Smith, Vera C. 224, 267, 270, 274, 490

Smithian 51, 221, 262, 480

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 445, 460, 468, 470

bullionist controversy 166, 169, 178, 181

Marxian system: historical materialism and class struggle 393, 401, 402

Mill, James and Ricardian system 81, 82, 97

Ricardian system decline 117, 130, 154 see also under Say, Jean-Baptiste

Smithianism 11, 129

social utilitarianism 57, 60-62

socialism 281

France 332

Ricardian 394-403

thought 494-501

Societé d’Économie Politique 266

Society of Apostles 288

South Africa 383

South Sea bubble 160, 197

Southey, Robert 106

Soviet Communist Party 326

Sowell, Professor Thomas 45, 416, 435, 436, 437, 497

Spain 10, 336

Spence, William 96

Spencer, Herbert 60, 67, 281, 390, 402, 457, 458, 474, 500

Spencer, John Charles, Viscount Althorp 271

Spengler, Joseph J. 482, 487

Spiegel, Henry V. 479, 486

Spiethoff, Arthur 437

Spooner, Richard 247, 248, 264

Sraffa, Piero 479, 482, 483, 484

stagnation thesis 427

Stalin, Joseph 326, 333, 433 see also Stalinist

Stalinist 320, 433

Stanley, E.H. (later Lord Derby) 288

Stark, Werner 67, 482

state and taxation 40-43

statism 49-56, 450, 452

statistics 13, 14

Steele, David Ramsay 435, 497

Stein, Lorenz von 322, 342, 364

Stephen, James Fitzjames 288

Stephen, Leslie 288, 292

Stephenson, Matthew A. 366, 501

Stern, J.P. 320, 341

Steuart, Sir James 21, 354, 367, 498

Stewart, Dugald 11, 13, 73, 178

Stewart, Robert, Viscount Castlereagh, Marquis of Londonderry 200

Stickney, W. 487

Stillerman, Richard 435

Stirling, Dr J. Hutchinson 357

Stockholm Economic Society 450

Stockholm Euskilda Bank 450

Storch, Heinrich Friedrich Freiherr von 11, 44, 129, 211, 460, 480, 489

Sturges, R.P. 494

subjective theory of value 18, 122, 128

subjective utility theory 113-18, 130, 463

subsistence theory 107, 133

Sue, Eugène 388

Sullivan, Eileen P. 493

Sulzbach, Walter 499

Sumner, William Graham 471

supply and demand theory 180

Suranyi-Unger, Theo 474

surplus capital 287-8

surplus value 395, 409, 411-17, 428, 431

Swabian 304

Sweden 216-20, 449, 450

Sweezy, Paul M. 415, 435

T

Talmont J.L. 313, 495, 500

taxation 40-43, 92, 126

Taylor, Harriet 492

Taylort John 212, 213

technical neoclassical theory 456

technological determinism 373-4

technological unemployment 424-5

Teilhac, Ernest 44, 479

Tellkampf, Johann Louis 269, 270, 490

Thierryt Augustin 76, 386, 499

Third World countries 287, 371, 426, 427

Thomas, Professor William 49-50, 67, 73, 98, 481, 483

Thompson, Colonel Thomas Perronet 107-12, 230, 263, 397, 398, 452, 486 see also Thompsonian

Thompson, William 394-5, 500

Thompsonian 396

Thomson, George see Scrope

Thoreau, Henry David 43

Thornton, Henry 179, 181, 183-5, 187-8, 190, 193-6, 198, 202, 221, 227, 488

and anti-bullionists 169-78

Paper Credit 172-3, 176, 177, 178 see also Thorntonian

Thornton, William Thomas 284

Thorntonian 222

Thünen, Heinrich von 129

Thweatt, Professor William O. 96, 98, 154, 482

Tierney, George 208, 209

Timberlake, Richard H. Jr 484

time-preference theory 137, 138

time-structure

of capital theory 285

of production 465

Tocqueville, Alexis de 390, 404

Tooke, Thomas 104, 231, 244-5, 250, 254, 255, 257, 263, 272, 274, 291, 432, 438, 490

History of Prices 243, 244, 289 see also Tookean

Tookean 262

Torrens, Colonel Robert 99, 104, 106, 111, 118, 155, 239, 243-4, 250, 254, 259-60, 264-6, 270-72, 274, 284, 291, 295, 486, 490

Economists Refuted 96

Essay on the External Corn Trade 97, 98, 109, 110, 115

Letter to Lord Melbourne 240-41

The Budget 115

trade cycle theory 36

transition demand 77

Treaty of Amiens 179

Trentowski, B.F. 361, 367

Tribe, Keith 474, 503

Trotsky, Leon 333 see also Trotskyite

Trotskyite movement 372

Tucker, Professor Robert C. 43, 322-4, 330, 336, 342-4, 352-3, 366-8, 404, 434, 435, 437, 496-8

Tugan-Baranowsky, Mikhail Ivanovich 432, 437, 501

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de L’ Aulne 51, 53, 54, 79, 93, 111, 134, 164, 284, 285, 392, 432

and Bastiat and French laissez-faire 455, 464, 471

and Say, J.B. 3, 4, 8, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31, 32

Tuveson, Professor Ernest L. 317-18, 337, 341, 344, 495

two-class system 381, 383, 384, 423

U

Uhr, Carl G. 489

underconsumptionism 428-30

unemployment

cyclical 425

technological 424-5

United States of America 9, 11, 35, 52, 130, 200, 212, 216, 234

banking school 265, 268, 269

capital 420, 421, 427

Civil War 11

class concept 389, 391

communism 310

currency school 232, 233, 245, 248, 256, 268, 269

fractional-reserve banking 210-16

gold discoveries 291, 292

laissez-faire 457, 466-71

millennial communism 318

Second Bank 212, 213

utility theory 130-32 see also American

unity see under alienation

Universal Communitarian Society 310

Untouchables 381

use-value 18, 19

Utechin, S.V. 341

utilitarianism 400

personal 56-60

social 57, 60-62

utility 18-25

analysis 135

theory 20, 118-27, 129, 137

in England 127-30

subjective 113-18, 130, 463

in United States of America 130-32

of value 106, 135 see also marginal

V

value 18, 19, 392

absolute 114

and cost 30, 87, 149, 278

and distribution theory 282-5

invariable measure 90-91, 114

paradox 18, 19, 56, 88, 131

subjective 18, 122, 128

surplus 395

theory 19, 88-94, 116, 122, 123, 133, 467

utility theory 106, 135 see also cost; labour

Van Buren, President, Martin 213, 224, 233, 234, 235, 270

Van Duzer, Charles Hunter 480

Vanderlint, Jacob 211

Vansittart, Nicholas 199, 200, 203, 205, 206, 209, 223

Veatch, Henry B. 68

Veblen, Thorstein 145, 153

velocity of circulation 176

Verri, Count Pietro 9

Viner, Jacob 271, 487, 489

Voegelin, Eric 319, 495

Volney, Comte de 7, 43

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 340

W

Waern, Carl Freidrich 450

wages 83, 85, 86, 89, 132-7

fund 283, 284

iron law 108, 412

and population theory 278

productivity theory 133

rates 174-5

subsistence theory 107

Wagner, Professor Adolph 474

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 287-8, 494

Wales 228

Walker, Francis Amasa 183, 466-9, 474-5, 504

Wallenberg, A.O. 450

Walras, Léon 456, 471, 475, 480 see also Walrasian

Walrasian 79

Walsh, Richard Hussey 289

wants 21

Warren, Josiah 310, 328

wealth, concept of 468

Weatherall, David 483, 488

Weinburg, Mark 480, 481

Weitling, Wilhelm 309, 310-11

Welch, Cheryl B. 480

Wesley, John 170

West, Sir Edward 110, 111

Westphalen, Baron Ludwig von 341, 389, 500

Westphalen, Jenny von 338, 341

Whately, Reverend Richard 118-27, 154, 230, 462, 468, 471, 485 see also Whatelyan

Whatelyan 125, 135, 139

Wheatley, John 169, 186-9, 193, 195, 196, 197, 488

Whewell, William 120, 280, 494

Whigs 50, 78, 161, 180, 235, 237

White, Professor Lawrence H. 252, 253, 255, 271, 272, 273, 490-91

Whitmore, John 201

Wicksell, Knut 177

Wicksteed, Philip 465

Wilberforce III, William 171, 172

Wilbrandt, Robert 417

Wild, John 59-60, 67

Williams, Thomas 223

Willis, William 75

Wilson, James 215, 256, 260, 262-5, 267-8, 273-4, 281, 289, 402, 452, 490

Capital, Currency and Banking 255, 261 see also Wilsonian

Wilson, Major L. 270

Wilsonian 285

Winstanley, Gerrard 299-300

Wittreich, J. 495

Wolf, Julius 434

Wolowski, Louis 443, 452

Wood, Elmer 270, 489

Wooler, Jonathan 211

Wordsworth, William 358-9, 496

working class 382, 422-8

Wright, Thomas B. 247

Wu, Chi-Yuen 487

Wurmbrand, Pastor Richard 345, 497

Wyllie, Robert Crichton 147

Y

Young, G.P. 280-81

Young Hegelians 360, 361, 388, 389