An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought
Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | X | Y
Z
A
Abelard, Peter 47
Abrams, M.H. 472
absolutism 71-2, 213-14, 249-51, 277-80
in France 179-210, 515-16
Bodin, Jean 204-7
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de 201-3
humanism 181-8, 194-6, 199-201
in Italy 179-210
Botero and spread of Machiavellianism 196-9
emergence 179-81
Machiavelli, Niccolò 188-94
state 137-9
Accursius 40, 41, 58
Adamites 163-4
Adrian, Pope 43
Africa 99, 261
African Company 323
Ailly, Pierre d’ 93
Alanus Anglicus 41, 45
Alarm Bell, The (anti-Machiavellian tract) 197
Albericus 40
Albert the Great, Saint 48, 49, 50-51, 52, 53, 64
Albert of Hohenzollern 138
Alberti, Leon Battista degli 184, 515
Albizzeschi, Albertollo degli 83
Alchian, Armen A. 430
Alençon, Due d’ 173
Alexander of Alexandria see Bonini, Alexander
Alexander the Great 7, 20, 22, 35
Alexander of Hales 48, 49
Alexander III, Pope (Bandinelli, Roland) 39, 40, 44
Alexander VI 185
Allen, J.W. 430, 472, 473, 515
Almain, Jacques 94
Althusius, Johannes 172
Amalric 160
Amaurians 160
America see North America
Amish 146
Anabaptism 146-50, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158
communism 159, 514
extremists 164
and mercantilism 216, 312, 339
ancient thought 507-9 see also Greeks
Anderson, Gary M. 468, 472, 474, 528, 531
Andrelini, Fausto 195
Angelico, Fra 86
Angelique, Mère 132
annuity contract 107
Anselm of Canterbury, Saint 43-4
Anselm of Lucca 44
apologists and East India 288-92
Appleby, Joyce Oldham 304, 305, 339, 521
Aquaviva, Claudius 108, 121
Aquinas, Saint Thomas 48, 49, 50, 51-8, 59, 60, 64, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 92, 101, 115, 126, 168, 369, 425
Commentary to the Sentences 51, 52, 54
money theory 73
moral theory 102
Summa Theologica 51, 53, 54, 100
Ardens, Radulphus 47
Argenson, René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d’ 368-9
Aristophanes 76, 94, 514
Aristotelian 4, 5, 48, 50, 51, 79, 80, 92, 140, 141, 143, 166, 362
Aristotle 3, 6, 7, 9, 19, 20, 21, 50, 52, 54, 57, 102, 182, 410, 425, 508
Ethics 16, 51, 52, 73
and exchange and value 15-18
Politics 53
and private property and money 13-15
Rhetoric 17
Topics 17 see also Aristotelian
Arminius, Jacobus 340, 418
Arnauld, Antoine 132
Arthur, Sir Daniel 345
Ascham, Roger 196
Ashcraft, Professor Richard 314, 339, 521, 315
Ashley, Lord see Shaftesbury, Earl Asia 225, 260
assault on population 481-92
Assisi, bishop of see Rufinus
Astesanus 80
Astrain, Father Antonio 122
Auberino, Caio 195
Augustine, Saint (Augustinus, Aurelius) 34, 35, 63, 64, 132
Augustine, Saint (Augustinus, Aurelius), see also Augustinian
Augustinian 139
Augustinus, Aurelius see Augustine, Saint
Augustus, King of Poland 346
Aurifex, William 160
Austria 244, 493 see also Austrian School; proto-Austrian
Austrian School 10, 17, 18, 25, 124, 167
business cycle theory 401
Cantillon, Richard 361
capital and interest theory 395, 396, 402
Middle Ages 46, 50, 61
Middle Ages to Renaissance 74, 88, 89
money theory 429, 430
objective value and cost of production 375
and Smith, Adam 437
Smithian movement 502
time-preference 399-400
utility theorists 405-6
value, exchange and price 390, 391, 392, 393
value theory 452, 456
Azo 40, 41
Azpilcueta Navarrus, Martin de 105-9, 112, 113, 165, 206
B
Bacon. Sir Francis 129-30, 189, 292-6, 305, 411, 520
Advice to Sir George Villiers 296
Apology 295
New Atlantis 293 see also Baconian
Bacon, Sir Nicholas 295
Baconian 309, 314, 315, 480 see also Petty, Sir William
Baeck, Louis 512
Baianism 132
Bailey, Samuel 403, 450
Bailyn, Bernard 521
Bakunin, Mikhail 483
Baldwin, John W. 509
Bandinelli, Roland see Alexander III, Pope
Bank of England 229, 230, 321, 500
Barbarossa, Frederick 179
Barbary Company 225
Barbon, Nicholas 322, 323, 340, 522
Barbon, Praisegod 322
Bastiat, Frédéric 333, 389, 422
Baudeau, Abbé Nicolas 366
Baudot de Juilly, Nicholas 273
Bauer, PT. 209
Baumgartner, Frederic J. 515
Bauny, Étienne 132
Bavarian law 31
Bay, Dr Michael de 122, 132 see also Baianism
Becher, Johann Joachim 493, 502, 533
Becker, Lawrence C. 522
Belesbat, Charles Paul Hurault de l’Hopital, Seigneur de 267-9, 271, 272, 368, 369
Belgium 132, 169, 216, 221, 223, 224
Benedictus Diaconus, Saint 32
Bennett, Henry 289
Bentham, Jeremy 314, 413
Defence of Usury 467, 477
and Wealth of Nations 477
Berkeley, Bishop George 130, 331-2, 523
Bernadine, Saint see San Bernardino Bernardelli, Harro F 525
Bernholz, Peter 533
Bernoulli, Daniel 310, 379-81, 525
Bernoulli, Jacques 379
Bernoulli, Jean 379
Beroaldo, Filippo 195
Besold, Christoph 492
Beza, Theodore 169, 171
Biel, Gabriel 89, 90, 91, 141, 511
Bindoff, Professor S.T. 224-5, 231, 516
Black Death 70
Blackwell, Basil 304
Blackwood, Adam 207, 208 see also Blackwoodian
Blackwoodian 209
Blair, Reverend Hugh 424, 440, 499
Block, Professor Walter 329
Bloomfield, Arthur I. 473, 525
Bockelson, Jan (Bockelszoon, Beukelsz) 152, 154-9
Bodin, Jean 129, 204-7, 208, 210, 257, 281, 288, 515
Response to the Paradoxes of Malestroit 106, 206
Six Books of a Commonwealth 204
Bohemia 418
Bohemian Adamites 163-4
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von 18, 85, 145, 175, 395, 399, 406, 413, 430, 431, 513-14, 526
Capital and Interest 402
Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant, Sieur de 269-73, 348, 368, 371, 518
A Detailed Account of France 269, 270
Bologna, University of 37-42
Bonacina, Martino 132
Bonaventure, Saint 48
Boniface VIII, Pope 68, 69
Bonini, Alexander 79-80, 81, 83
Booth, Cecily 514
Bornitz, Jakob 492
Borromeo, Cardinal San Carlo 107
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, Bishop of Meaux 251
Botero, Giovanni 196-9, 302, 482, 485
Boyle, Robert 298, 315
Bracciolini, Poggio 184
Brachylogus 39-40
Brailsford, H.N. 339, 521
Brearly, Reverend Roger 339
Bresson, Sieur de 258
Brewer, Anthony 524
Brewer, John 517
Brodrick, J. SJ 512, 513
Broggia, Carlo Antonio 474
broken window fallacy 422
Brougham, Henry 478, 479
Brown, A.H. 533
Bruni, Leonardo 184
Brydges, James, Duke of Chandos 310
Buchanan, George 171-3, 207, 515
Budé, Guillaume 200
Buisseret, David 518
Bulkeley, Charlotte 346
bullionist attack and foreign exchange 284-8
Burchard of Worms 37
Burghley, Lord see Cecil, Sir William
Burgundy circle 263-7, 518
Burgundy, Duke of 263, 266, 378 see also Burgundy circle
Buridan de Bethune, Jean 72-7, 80, 89, 94, 167, 325
Quaestiones 73
Bute, Lord 424
C
Cahn, Kenneth S. 509
Cajetan, Cardinal Thomas De Vio 99-101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 141
Commentary 100
De Cambiis 100
Calico Act (1720) 224
Calvin, John 130, 137-9, 140-43, 167, 168, 174, 513-14 see also Calvinism
Calvinism 112, 115, 140-43, 146, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174
and mercantilism 277, 278
and the scholastics 119, 129, 132
and Scottish Enlightenment 418, 423, 425
Smith, Adam 457, 466
and usury 143-5 see also Buchanan, George; crypto
Cambodia 152-3
Cambridge Statute of 1388 71
cameralism 437, 492, 493, 494, 498
Campbell, R.H. 529, 530
Cannan, Edwin 442, 445-6, 472, 486, 489, 502, 529, 531, 533
canon law 31, 36-7, 38-9, 40, 41
canonists 37-42
prohibition of usury 42-7
Canterbury, Archbishop of 286
Cantillon, Richard 324, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 341, 345-62, 367, 372, 375, 379, 386, 395, 411, 412, 413, 426-7, 435, 436, 448, 450, 451, 459, 460, 467, 474, 482, 483, 501, 523-5, 531
background 345-7
Essai sur la nature du commerce en général 332, 347, 348, 355, 360, 362, 365, 437
influence 360-61
international monetary relations 358-9
market self-regulation 359-60
methodology 347-9
money and process analysis 354-8
population theory 352-3
spatial economics 354
uncertainty and the entrepreneur 351-2
value and price 349-51 see also Cantillonian
Cantillonian 428
Cantor, Peter 48
capital 61, 402
entrepreneurship, savings and interest theory 395-401
and interest theory 395, 396, 402
capitalization concept 400
Carafa, Diomede 187, 515
cardinal rule (1624-61) 243-5
carentia pecuniae (charging for lack of money) 125-6
Caritat, Marquis de see Condorcet Carloman, Emperor 37
Carlyle, Reverend Alexander (’Jupiter’) 424, 443
Carmichael, Gershom 335, 417-20, 423, 430, 501, 527
Carolingians and canon law 36-7
Carswell, John 362
Castiglione, Baldassare 186
Catherine the Great 371, 498, 499, 533
Catholicism 515
Anabaptists 146-50
Buchanan, George 171-3
Calvin and Calvinism 137-9, 140-43
Cantillon, Richard 345
Counter-Reformation 99, 107, 108
Habsburgs 244
Huguenots 167-70
Luther’s economics 137-40
and mercantilism 244, 277, 298, 316
messianic communism 159-64
Middle Ages to Renaissance 68, 69
Münster and totalitarian communism 150-59
non-scholastic 164-7, 514
politiques 173-4
and scholastics 102, 119, 128, 131, 132, 314, 360, 369
Scottish Enlightenment 418
state absolutism 137-9 see also Leaguers
Cavendish family 296
Cecil, Sir William (later Lord Burghley) 280, 281, 283, 295
Cecil, Thomas, second Lord Burghley 295
census 90, 91, 107, 108, 140
Cesarano, Filippo 527
Chabham, Thomas 48, 49
Chafuen, Alejandro 512
Chalmers, George 474
Chamillart, Michel 270
charging for lack of money 125-6
Charlemagne, Emperor 36-7, 43
Charles I, King 220, 228
Charles II, King 228, 296, 300, 309, 315, 320, 323
Charles IV, Emperor 196
Charles V, Emperor 103, 105, 186, 196, 443
Charles VIII, King 199
Charon, Marie 248
Chasseneux, Barthélemy de 200, 201
Chicago School 78
Ch’ien, Ssu-ma 26-7
Child, Sir Josiah 317-23, 340, 386, 522
A New Discourse of Trade 321, 322
Brief Observations concerning trade and interest of money 318
China 18, 23-7, 43, 174, 175, 491
Chitnis, Anand C. 527, 530, 533
Ch’iu Chung-ni see Confucius
Christian Middle Ages 31-64
Aquinas, Saint Thomas 51-8
canonists 37-42, 42-7
Carolingians and canon law 36-7
merchants, early attitudes towards 32-6
Roman law 31-2
Romanists 37-42
scholastics 59-64
theologians 47-51
Chrysippus 21, 22
Chuang Tzu 24, 25
Church, William Farr 210, 515
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 22, 25, 35, 53, 181, 509
Civil War 298 see also under mercantilism
Clark, J.M. 472, 529, 532, 533
Clement, Father, of Alexandria 33-4
Clément, Jacques 119, 173
Clement VII 185
Cohn, Norman 160, 510, 514
coins and coinage 291, 317-23, 335, 462
Coke, Sir Edward 283-4, 304, 519
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 217-18, 220, 239, 246-9, 259, 261 see also Colbertism
Colbert, M. 274
Colbert, Nicolas 248
Colbert, Odart 248
Colbert, Seinelay 249
Colbertism 216-20, 249, 259, 260, 262
Cole, Charles Woolsey 230, 240, 251, 274, 516, 518
Colet, John 196
collectivism opposition 259-62
collectivist Utopia 10-12
Colonna family 185
Comédle française 248
Comenius, Johann Amos 298, 299
communism
Anabaptism 159, 514
messianic 159-64
totalitarian 150-59
Compagni, Dino 182
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, Abbé de Mureaux 409-10, 412, 526, 527
entrepreneurship theory 411
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de, Marquis de Caritat 478, 479, 483, 484, 487, 488, 489
Confucius/Confucians 23
contracts 77, 81, 88, 91, 143, 201
Cooper, Anthony Ashley see Shaftesbury, Earl
Copernicus, Nicholas 164-5, 206, 514
Copleston, Frederick SJ. 512
Corbière, Samuel 250
Cordemoy, Geraud de 258
Cormoy, Marquis de 219
correspondence theory 277, 296
Cosimo I, de Medici, Duke of Florence 166
cost theory 52
cost-of-production 52, 374-5, 452
theories of value 455
theory of natural price 453
Costello, Frank Bartholomew SJ 133, 511
council of commerce 262
Counter-Reformation 99, 107, 108, 128, 137, 138
Covarrubias y Leiva, Diego de 109, 110, 112
Craig, J.H. 522
Creedy, Professor John 312, 339, 520
Crockaert, Pierre 102
Cromwell, Oliver 298, 299, 305, 313, 314, 345 see also Cromwellians
Cromwellians 313
croquants’ rebellion 255-7
Crowe, Michael Bertram 509, 510, 511
Crusoe economics 390, 392, 421
crypto-Calvinism 115, 122, 128, 132
crypto-deism 273
crypto-Protestantism 137
Culpeper, Sir Thomas 318
D
da Savona, Lorenzo 195
da Signa, Boncampagno 181
da Tiferna, Gregorio 195
da Viterbo, Jacopo 53
Dakin, Douglas 526
Dante Alighieri 179
Dashkova, Princess Ekaterina 499
Davanzati, Bernardo 166-7, 404, 514
Davenant, Charles 309-12, 338, 339, 520
de Bañez de Mondragon, Domingo 112, 113, 115, 123
de Clavasio, Angelus Carletus 90
de Courtilz de Sanras, Gatien, Sieur du Verger 259-60
de Escobar y Mendoza, Father Antonio 131, 132
de Ferreti, Ferreto 180, 182
de Luca, Cardinal Giambattista 132
de Lugo, Cardinal Juan 122-7, 131
de Mariana, Juan 117-22, 133, 168, 172, 314, 512
On the Alteration of Money 119-20, 121
On Kingship 117, 119
de Medici, Catherine 196-7
de Medici family 185, 189
de Medici, Marie 240, 242, 244
de Medina, Juan 105-9, 114, 123, 125
de Mercado, Tomás 111, 112, 380
de Ribadeneyra, Pedro 174
de Seyssel, Claude 199-200
de Soto, Domingo 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, 511
de Vitoria, Francisco 102-3, 105, 109, 112, 114, 115, 511
debt purchase contracts 92
Decembrio, Pier Candido 186
Decembrio, Uberto 186
Decker, Sir Matthew 337, 342
Declaration of Independence 118
Decretalists 39
Decretists 39
deductions from axioms 323-7
Dee, Dr John 305
del Monte, Pietro 195
della Riva, Bonvesin 182
della Scala family 180, 182, 185
demand 309-12
schedule 311
Democritus 10, 13, 17, 19, 20, 507
Denmark 138
Descartes, René 129-30, 297, 302, 325, 418, 419, 425
Descazeaux du Hallay, Joachim 262
desirability or desiredness (complacibilitas) 60-61
Desmaretz, Nicolas 274
Desnitsky, Semyon Efimovich 498-9, 533
Dewar, Mary 519
Diana, Antonino 132
Dickson, P.G.M. 517, 522
Diggers 313
Diogenes 20, 21
distribution
theory 406, 458-60 see also production and distribution
Ditz, Gerhard W. 531
division of labour 441-4
Dominicans 113, 115
Doneau, Hugues 169, 196
Donne, John 166
Douglas, Paul H. 450, 453-4, 455, 456, 457, 472, 473, 529
Driedo, Johannes 115
du Fail, Noel 210
Du Moulin, Charles (Carolus Molinaeus) 143, 201, 207
Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel 366, 367, 370, 379
Dugué de Bagnols 261-2
Dumont, François 518
Dusentschur 156, 158
E
Eagly, Robert V. 473, 532
East India, 214, 226, 319, 320, 321
apologists 288-92
Company 226, 260, 438, 480
mercantilism from Civil War to 1750 309, 310, 317, 337, 338
mercantilism from Tudors to Civil War 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 304
trade 284-8, 309
eastern Europe 226-7
Eastland Company 225
Eck, Johann 93, 140, 141
economic liberalism 283-4
economic thought 500-502
Edgeworth, FY. 394
Edict of Nantes 174
Edward I, King of England 68
Edward III, King 221
Egmont, Earl 347, 362
Einaudi, Professor Luigi 405, 526
Ekelund, Robert B. Jr 516
El Greco 109
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 498
Elizabeth I, Queen 196, 223, 224, 225, 280, 281, 282, 283, 295
empiricism 292-6
Encyclopédie 292, 388, 443
Engels, Friedrich 149
England 99, 111, 369, 425, 489
absolutism 194, 195, 199
and mercantilism in France 247, 261, 264
Protestantism and Catholicism 138, 142, 167
and Smithian movement 479, 480, 481, 500
textiles and monopolies 221-6, 240
trade 309 see also Bank; mercantilism
Enlightenment 369, 370
in France 292
in Russia 498 see also Scottish
enserfdom in eastern Europe 226-7
entrepreneurship 395-401
theory 411
and uncertainty 351-2
Éon, Jean (Mathias de Saint-Jean) 245
Epicurus/Epicureans 20
equilibrium pricing theory 349
Erasmus, Desiderius 196
escobarderie 132
Eugene III, Pope 44
Eugene IV, Pope 86
Europe see eastern and under individual countries
Evers, Williamson M. 509
exchange 390-93
and value 15-18
Excluded Middle Law 4
extremism 117-22
F
Fabert, Abraham de 258-9
fairs of Champagne 67-8, 69, 99
Fanfani, Amintore 78
Far East 214, 285, 317
Fay, C.R. 530
Fénélon of Cambrai, Archbishop François de Salignac de la Mothe 263-7, 268, 272, 378, 518
Ferdinand, King of Naples 187, 188
Ferguson, Adam 424, 440, 443, 472, 478, 499, 530
Fermat, Pierre de 297
Ferrara, Bishop of see Huguccio
Ferreti, Ferreto 185
Fetter, Frank A. 413, 526
Fetter, Frank W. 533
Fieschi, Sinibaldo see Innocent IV, Pope
Fifth Monarchists 313
Figgis, John 513
Filmer, Sir Robert 279. 519
Finley, Moses I. 16, 27, 508
Fisher, Irving 329
Fitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick 346
Flanders 68, 104, 111, 221
Flemings 68
Fleury, Abbé Claude 263-7, 377
Fludd, Robert 305
Foley, Vernard 509
foreign exchange 79-81, 284-8
Forset, Edward 278, 279
Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth 373, 525
Frame, Donald 515
France 99, 199, 201, 266, 269, 270
Cantillon, Richard 345, 346, 348
Catholicism 138, 142, 143, 167, 174
Colbertism 216-20
commerce 238-9
Enlightenment 292
humanism 199-201
laissez-faire 318, 386
and mercantilism in England 284, 330-31
Middle Ages to Renaissance 68, 69, 72, 94
Paris, University of 47-51
population 491
Protestantism 138, 142, 143, 167, 174
and scholastics 102, 105, 106, 132
Seven Years’ War 336
and Smithian movement 479, 500 see also absolutism; French Revolution; mercantilism; physiocracy
Francesco, the Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany 166
Francis of Assisi, Saint 62
Francis I, King 199, 200
Franciscans and utility theory 59-64
Franklin, Benjamin 482
free trade 386-90
French Quebec 227
French Revolution 255, 378, 379, 478, 483, 485, 488
Friedrich, Carl 378
fronde 257, 267
Fugger, Jacob 140, 142
Furniss, Edgar S. 305, 520
Fusfeld, Daniel R. 519
G
gabelle (salt tax) 220
Gabrielistae 89 see also Ockhamites
Gage, Joseph Edward (Beau) 346
Gaguin, Robert 195
Galiani, Abbé Ferdinando 110, 403-9, 409, 410, 526-7
On Money 404, 406, 407, 408
Garcia, Francisco 112, 380
Tratado utilismo 111
Gardiner, Stephen 199, 280
Garrison, Professor Roger W. 372, 373, 444, 447, 467-8, 473-4, 525, 531, 532
Gassendi, Pierre 297
Gedanken-experiment 348
general equilibrium theory 349
Genovesi, Abate Antonio 410, 482-3, 527
Lessons on Civil Economy 409, 483
Gentillet, Innocent 197
George, Henry 456, 459, 466
Germany 196
absolutism 179, 194
Catholicism 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 158, 160, 167, 169
and mercantilism 224, 241, 313
Middle Ages to Renaissance 91, 94
Protestantism 138, 146, 147, 148, 149, 158, 160, 167, 169
and the scholastics 108, 111
and the Scottish Enlightenment 418
and Smithian movement 492-8
Thirty Years’ War 244 see also Münster
Gerson, Jean 78, 93-4, 168 see also Gersonian
Gersonian 94
Gervaise, Isaac 332, 333, 334, 341, 362, 523, 524
Gesell, Silvio 330
Gibbon, Edward 471
Gide, Charles 347
Giles of Lessines 53, 60, 79
Glanville, Joseph 274, 532
Glorious Revolution of 1688 228
Goddard, Jonathan 299
Godwin, William 483-4, 486-7, 489, 492
On Population 488
Political Justice 483, 485
The Enquirer 485
Golden Age 8, 259
Golden Rule 272, 273
Gordon, Barry 507-8, 509, 511
Gordon, Thomas 521
Gournay, Jacques Claude Marie Vincent, Marquis de 318, 386, 387, 388, 412, 429
grain trade 408
Grampp, William D. 532
Graslin, J.J. 401
Grassaille, Charles de 200
Gratian, Johannes 39, 42, 43, 55
Decretum 37-8, 39, 44
Gray, Alexander 460, 472, 473, 489, 502, 518, 529, 534
Great Britain 94, 139, 143, 167, 345, 479, 481 see also England; Scotland; Wales
Great Depression (1930s) 491
great depression of fourteenth century 67-71
Greece 43
Greeks: philosopher economists 3-27
after Aristotle 18-23
Aristotle and exchange and value 15-18
Aristotle and private property and money 13-15
Hesiod and problem of scarcity 8-9
natural law 3-6
Plato and collectivist Utopia 10-12
politics of polis 6-8
pre-Socratics 9-10
Xenophon and household management 12-13
Green, Roy 341
Greenleaf, Professor W.H. 279, 304, 519
Greenwood, Major 301
Grégoire, Pierre 207, 208
Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino de Segni) 39
Decretals 39, 40, 45
Gregory, James 312
Gregory of Rimini 72, 89, 511
Gregory, Theodore E. 522
Gregory VIII, Pope 36
Gresham, Sir Thomas 282, 283, 285, 287, 519 see also Gresham’s law
Gresham’s law 75, 76, 165, 282-3, 285, 291, 321, 514
Grice-Hutchinson, Marjorie 511
Grocyn, William 195, 196
Groenewegen, Peter D. 413, 526
Grotian 339, 370
Grotius, Hugo 72, 110, 296, 314, 369-70, 417, 418, 419, 442, 473, 528 see also Grotian
Guilford, Francis 323, 340
Guise, Duc de 119, 173
Gustavus III, King of Sweden 379
H
Haak, Theodore 299
Hales, John 280, 281, 282, 519
Hamilton, Bernice 511
Hamowy, Professor Ronald 339, 443, 472, 521, 530
Haney, Lewis H. 533
Hansen, Alvin Henry 209
hard money response 332-5
Hardenberg, Karl August, Fürst von 498, 533
Harris, James 441
Harris, Joseph 335, 342, 462, 523
Hartlib, Samuel 297-8, 299, 305
Hartmann, Johann 162
Hartwell, Ronald Max 531
Harvey, William 328
Hasek, Carl William 533
Havelock, Eric A. 509
Hay, Paul, Marquis du Chastelet 258
Hayek, F.A. von 25, 347, 352, 358, 362, 397, 413, 421, 523, 524, 527 see also Hayekian
Hayekian 268, 369, 388, 527
Hebert, Professor Robert F 354, 356, 412, 524, 525, 526
Heckscher, Eli F. 213, 230, 515, 516, 533
Hegel, G.W.F. 533
Henneman, John Bell 517
Henry of Hesse see Langenstein, Heinrich von
Henry III, King 46, 119, 173, 204, 217, 244
Henry IV, King (Henry of Navarre) 119, 173, 174, 208, 209, 217, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 255
Henry of Navarre see Henry IV
Henry V, King 195
Henry VII, Emperor 179
Henry VIII, King 138
Heraclitus of Ephesus 5-6
Hesiod 8-9, 15, 19, 507
Hesselberg, A. Kenneth 528
Hieron, Samuel 142-3
Higgs, Henry 523, 525
Hill, Christopher 283
Himmelfarb, Gertrude 534
Hinderliter, Roger H. 514
history of science theory 438
Hobbes, Thomas 279, 296, 297, 305, 314, 339, 341
Hoffman, Melchior 151
Holland see Netherlands
Hollander, Jacob B. 533
Hollander, Samuel 530, 532
Home, Henry (later Lord Kames) 336, 424, 439, 440, 474
Home, John 424
homesteading theory 57
Hooker, Richard 278
Horner, Francis 478, 479-80, 533
Hornigk, Philipp Wilhelm von 493
Horsefield, J. Keith 517
Hoselitz, Professor Bert F. 395, 412, 525
Hostiensis de Segusio, Cardinal Henricus 40, 46, 54, 61, 79, 84
Hotman, François 168, 169
household management 12-13, 19
Hsiao, Kung-chuan 507
Huet, Pierre Daniel, Bishop of Avranches 266
Hugh of St Victor 44
Huguccian doctrine 40, 49
Huguccio (Bishop of Ferrara) 38, 39, 44-5 see also Huguccian doctrine
Huguenots 167-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 196-7, 204, 205, 206, 515
and mercantilism 216, 219, 241, 263 see also Calvinism
Hull, James 196
humanism 114, 515
France 199-201
monarchists 184-8
republicans 181-4
spread in Europe 194-6
Hume, David 332, 333, 335, 341, 342, 360-61, 400, 401, 413, 424, 430, 431, 439, 441, 460-61, 501, 523, 524, 528, 532
A Treatise of Human Nature 425
History of England 425
and money theory 425-30
Political Discourses 426, 430, 440 see also Humean
Humean 462
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 195
Hundred Years’ War 67
Hungary 226
Hurault, Jacques 209
Hussites 162-3, 164, 298
Hut, Hans 150
Hutcheson, Francis 419, 420-23, 425, 435, 436, 437, 439, 441, 448-9, 474, 501
System of Moral Philosophy 420, 422, 423
Hutchison, Terence W. 305, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 410, 413, 520, 523, 527, 530
Hutt, W.H. 427, 431
I
implicit intention doctrine 108
India 18, 43, 310, 491
Indies 260
Industrial Revolution 142, 219, 444, 486
inflation and mercantilism 227-30
inflationists 327-32
Innocent II, Pope (Lothaire de Segni) 39
Innocent IV, Pope (Sinibaldo Fieschi) 41, 45, 46
Innocent V, Pope (Peter of Tarentaise) 48
interest 318, 402
lowering of 321
rate 317-23
return on investments 394, 396
theory 402 see also under capital
Interest of Money Mistaken 319
international monetary relations 358-9
Italy 181, 182
Bologna, University of 37-42
Catholicism 143, 160, 169
humanism 515
and mercantilism 221, 289
Middle Ages to Renaissance 68, 69, 94
Protestantism 143, 160, 169
and the scholastics 102, 111 see also absolutism
Ivo of Chartres, Bishop 37, 43, 44, 55
J
Jacobs, Norman 175, 513
Jadlow, Joseph M. 532
Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von 497-8, 533
James I, King 117, 122, 295
James II, King 323, 324, 346
James III, King 346
James, Patricia 534
Jansen, Cornelius 132
Japan 175
Jardine, John 424, 440
Jászi, Oscar 512, 515
Jefferson, Thomas 314, 369
Jeffrey, Francis 478, 479
Jerome, Saint 33
Jesuits 131-3, 138
Jevons, W. Stanley 16, 312, 347, 361, 523, 524
Joachim of Fiore, Abbot 62-4, 159 see also Joachite
Joachim, H.H. 16, 27, 508
Joachite 160
Johann of Leyden see Bockelson, Jan
John, Duke 147-8
John of Paris see Quidort, Jean John, Saint 33
John of Viterbo 181, 183
John XXII, Pope 59, 93
Johnson, Dr 342
Joly, Claude 257, 518
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 379
Judd, Andrew 225-6
Julius II 185
Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlieb von 493-4, 533
Justinian Code 37, 39
Justinian, Emperor 31, 32
K
Kames, Lord see Home, Henry
Kanisch, Peter 163
Kant, Immanuel 495-6, 498
Kauder, Professor Emil 142, 143, 175, 413, 450, 457, 471, 472, 508, 513, 514, 525, 526, 529, 531
Kayll, John 286
Kelly, Aileen 517
Keohane, Professor Nannerl O. 204, 210, 251, 270, 271, 274, 515, 518
Keynes, John Maynard 330, 357, 429, 437 see also Keynesian; Keynesianism; proto
Keynesian 291, 340, 341, 376
Keynesianism 422
Kindleberger, Charles P. 531
King, Lord Gregory 309-12, 339, 480, 520
Kirshner, Julius 510
Klock, Kasper 492-3
Knies, Karl 413
Knight, Frank 78, 352
Knight, Isabel F. 527
Knipperdollinck, Bernt 152, 155, 157
Knox, John 423
Knox, Monsignor Ronald A. 146, 175, 514
Koebner, R. 531
Kolakowksi, Leszek 509
Kramnick, Isaac 339, 521
Kraus, Christian Jakob 436, 495-6, 497-8, 502-3
Kretzmann, N. 511
Kropotkin, Prince Peter 483
Kuhnian (Kuhn, Thomas Samuel) 438, 502
L
La Guesle, Jacques de 208-9
la Meilleraye, Marshal de 245
labour
-command theory 454
-cost (quantity of labour) theory of value 455
-cost theory 462
theory 57, 316
theory of property 317
theory of value 16, 57, 317, 438 see also division; productive; quantity
laesio enormis 39-40, 42, 47, 52
Laffemas, Barthélemy de 236-9, 242-3, 518
Laffemas, Isaac de 238-9
laissez-faire 13, 24, 281, 283
Christian Middle Ages 31-2, 37, 39
division of labour 442
and free trade 367-8
market self-regulation 359
mercantilism in England 317-18, 319, 333, 335-8, 340
mercantilism in France 261, 264, 265, 266, 267-73
physiocracy 368-9, 377, 378, 379, 525-6
productive versus unproductive labour 446
restriction 40
and Scottish Enlightenment 421-2, 423
single tax on land 371
and Smith, Adam 439, 463-9, 471
and Smithian movement 478, 479, 495
and Spanish scholastics 103, 104, 114
theory of money 425, 429, 430
Tory 323-7
and Turgot 385, 386-90, 403
utility theorists 408
Lambert, Malcolm D. 510
land tax (taille réelle) 220
Landa, Louis A. 305, 522
Landreth, Harry 528
Landsdowne family 300
Langenstein, Heinrich von 77-9, 89, 510 see also Langensteinian
Langensteinian 88, 100
Langholm, Odd 516
Langton, Stephen 47
Lao Tzu 23-4
Laslett, Peter 304, 519, 522
Latimer, William 195
Latini, Brunetto 181, 182, 183
Laughlin, J. Laurence 95, 514
Laures, John SJ 133, 512
law of demand 309-12
law of diminishing marginal utility 380
law of diminishing returns 393
law of diminishing utility of money 310
Law, James 329, 341
Law, John of Lauriston 227, 328, 329-30, 330-33, 345-6, 500, 522, 523, 524
law of variable proportions 393
Le Blanc, François 266
Le Gendre, Thomas 261, 262, 368
Le Jay, François 208
Le Tellier, Michel 248
Le Trosne, Guillaume François 366
le Vassor, Michel 260
Leaguers 132, 173-4, 204, 205, 208, 209, 278
LeBreton, François 173
Legalists 23
Leibniz, Gottfried 302, 418, 419
Leo I, Pope 43
Leopold I, Emperor of Austria 493
Leopold II, grand Duke of Tuscany 379
Lessius, Leonard 122-7, 132
De Justitia de Jure 123
Letwin, William L. 301, 303, 305, 325, 338, 340, 341, 519, 520, 522
Levant 261
Levant Company 225, 323
Levellers 131, 312-17, 339, 369, 521-2
Levinson, Ronald B. 509
Lewis, John D. 512, 515
Lewy, Guenter 512
liberalism, economic 283-4
liberty and property 312-17
Lilburne, John 313
l’impôt unique see single tax
Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri 377
Link, Albert N. 412, 525, 526
Lipsius, Justus 199
Lithuania 226
Lo Codi 40
Locke, John 56, 57, 118, 130, 279, 312-17, 317-23, 339, 340, 369, 417, 419, 472, 521-2
quantity theory of money 355 see also Lockean Lockean 426
Lombard, Alexander see Bonini, Alexander
Lombard, Peter 48
Sentences 51, 54, 59, 90, 94
Lombards 68
Lopez, Professor Robert Sabatino 67, 510
Loppin, Isaac 257, 258
Lossky, Andrew 518
Lothaire de Segni see Innocent II, Pope
Lottini da Volterra, Gian Francesco 165-6, 514
Louis of Bavaria 179
Louis XII, King 199
Louis XIII, King 240, 243, 244, 245, 255, 256
Louis XIV (the Sun King) 174, 218-19, 239, 246-9, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 267, 271, 316, 331, 345, 348, 371, 516, 518
and absolutism 249-51
Memoirs 250
Louis XV, King 365
Louis XVI, King 378
Lovati, Lovato 181, 182
Lowndes, William 321-2
Lowry, S. Todd 508
Loyola, Ignatius 108
lucrum cessans
Middle Ages 46, 61-2
Middle Ages to Renaissance 79-80, 84, 88, 91
Protestants and Catholics 140, 144, 145
Spanish scholastics 101, 108, 124, 127
Ludwig, Karl 418
Lueder, August Ferdinand 496-7, 498
Lulli, Jean Batiste 247-8
Luscombe, D.E. 511
Luther, Martin 93, 100, 130, 131, 137-9, 146, 147, 148, 167, 174, 513-14
his economics 139-40 see also Lutheranism/Lutherans
Lutheranism/Lutherans 129, 146, 147, 152
M
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 409
McCulloch, John Ramsay 324, 457, 478, 480
McGrade, A.S. 511
Machiavelli, Niccolò 138, 188-94, 263, 264, 294-5, 515
... the First Ten Books of Titus Livy 189, 192-3, 194
The Prince 188-9, 192-3, 194, 196 see also Machiavellian; Machiavellianism
Machiavellian 202, 250, 257
Machiavellianism 196-9, 272, 408, 413
McKnight, Stephen A. 305, 520
Mackworth, Sir Humphrey 341
McLain, James J. 526
Macleod, Henry Dunning 411-12, 413
Macpherson, C.B. 339, 521
Mai, Ludwig H. 507
Maintenon, Marquise de, Madame Françoise d’Aubigne 264, 274
Maitland, James, Earl of Lauderdale 478
Major, John (1478-1548) 93, 94, 102, 168, 169, 171
Malament, Barbara 519
Malestroit, M. de 106, 206
Malthus, Daniel 483, 485
Malthus, Reverend Thomas Robert 197-9, 352, 353, 403
and assault on population 481-92
Essay on the Principle of Population 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490
and population 533-4 see also Malthusian
Malthusian 197, 458-9
Malynes, Gerard de 286-7, 288, 289, 290, 519
Mandeville, Bernard de 422, 430, 441, 527, 528
Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices, Public Benefits 421, 422
Letter to Dion 421
Manetti, Giannozzo 184
Manley, Thomas 340
Mantua, Duke of 188
marginal utility 61, 380
Marian exiles 167, 168
Marillac, René de 261
market self-regulation 359-60
Marmontel, Jean François 412
Marshall, Alfred 16, 311, 402, 413, 437, 438
Marsiglio of Padua 71, 72, 180
Martin, Sir Richard 283, 519
Martineau, Dame Magdelaine-Françoise 385
Marx, Karl 5, 52, 329, 435, 442, 453, 455, 456, 472
labour theory of value 57 see also Marxian; Marxism; Marxist
Marxian 160, 528, 531 see also proto
Marxism 312. 339, 453, 501
Marxist 18, 149, 283, 317, 435, 448, 518, 525
Mary, Queen 167, 171, 199, 280, 282, 320
mathematical economics 379-81, 525
Mathias, Peter 518
Matthew of Cracow 78
Matthys, Jan (Matthyszoon) 151, 152, 153, 154, 155
Matthyszoon see Matthys, Jan Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 244-5, 247, 248, 249, 257, 518
Mechelen, van family 286
medieval thought 509-11 see also Christian Middle Ages
Meek, Ronald L. 526
Melchiorites/Melchiorism 151 see also Hoffman, Melchior
Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire (anonymous) 259
Menger, Carl 74, 167, 175, 392, 406
Mennonites 146
mercantilism 213-31, 516-18
as economic aspect of absolutism 213-14
in England 214, 216, 219, 220, 227-8, 229, 230, 231, 519-20, 522-3
from Civil War to 1750 309-42
Child, Sir Josiah 317-23
Davenant, Charles 309-12
deductions from axioms 323-7
hard money response 332-5
inflationists 327-32
King, Lord Gregory 309-12
laissez-faire 335-8
law of demand 309-12
Levellers 312-17
liberty and property 312-17
Locke, John 312-17, 317-23
North brothers 323-7
Pettyites 309-12
rate of interest and coinage 317-23
Tory laissez-faire 323-7
Townshend, Charles 335-8
Tucker, Dean Josiah 335-8
from Tudors to Civil War 277-305
absolutism 277-80
Bacon, Sir Francis 292-6
bullionist attack on foreign exchange and East India trade 284-8
Coke, Sir Edward 283-4
East India apologists 288-92
Petty, Sir William 296-304
Smith, Sir Thomas 280-83
textiles and monopolies 221-6
enserfdom in eastern Europe 226-7
in France 216-20, 221, 222, 223, 224, 230, 231, 235-51, 255-74, 518
absolutism 249-51
Belesbat, Seigneur de 267-9
Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant 269-73
Burgundy circle 263-7
cardinal rule (1624-61) 243-5
Colbert and Colbertism 216-20, 246-9
collectivism opposition 259-62
croquants’ rebellion 255-7
Fénélon of Cambrai 263-7
Fleury, Abbé Claude 263-7
the fronde 257
Joly, Claude 257
Laffemas, Barthélemy de 236-9
laissez-faire 267-9, 269-73
Louis XIV (the Sun King) 246-9, 249-51
merchants and council of commerce 262
Montchrétien, Antoine de 240-41
Noyer, François du 241-3
ruling élite 235-6
single tax 257-9
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune Baron de Rosny, Duc de 239-40
Vauban, Marshal 262-3
and inflation 227-30
in Spain 214-16
Merchant Adventurers 223-4, 283, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 304
Merchant Staple 221, 285
merchants
and collectivism opposition 259-62
and council of commerce 262
early attitudes towards 32-6
Mercier de la Riviere, Pierre François 366, 370, 371
Mersenne, Father Marin 297
Mesopotamia 18, 43
Mettayer. F. 256
Meules, Monsieur 227
Michels, Robert 205
Middle Ages
to Renaissance 67-95
absolutism 71-2
Buridan de Bethune, Jean 72-7
great depression of fourteenth century 67-71
Langenstein, Heinrich von 77-9
natural rights, active 93-4
nominalism 71-2, 93-4
Oresme, Nicole 72-7
San Bernardino of Siena 81-5
Sant’Antonino of Florence 85-8
Swabian liberals 88-93
Thomism break-up 71-2
usury and foreign exchange 79-81
usury prohibition 88-93
utility and money 72-7 see also Christian
Middle East 261, 289, 323
Mill, James 324, 403, 437, 442, 457, 478, 480, 500
Mill, John S. 402
Millar, John 498
Milles, Thomas 285-6, 519
Millward, Robert 517
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, Marquis de 365-6, 375, 378, 379
The Friend of Man 365, 482
Theory of Taxes 366
Mirror for Magistrates 278
Mises, Ludwig von 18, 75, 122, 324, 348, 352, 397, 401, 406, 515
Theory of Money and Credit 74
Miskimin, Professor Harry A. 222, 226, 230, 231, 510, 511, 512, 516, 517
Misselden, Edward 288, 289, 290, 519
Mississippi bubble 331, 332, 341, 346
Mitchell, Neil J. 522
Molina, Luis de 112-13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125, 131, 133, 511
Molinaeus, Carolus see Du Moulin, Charles
monarchists 184-8
monarchomachs see Catholicism; Huguenots
monetary
theory 100, 112, 329, 358 see also international; money
money and credit theory 74
money and process analysis 354-8
money theory 73, 105, 401-2, 460-63 see also quantity theory
monopolies 221-6
Monroe, Arthur Eli 357, 362, 514, 524
Montaigne fallacy 236, 246
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de 201-3, 204, 210, 290, 325, 411, 515
Essay Number 22 203 see also Montaigne fallacy; Montaigne-type
Montaigne-type 250, 263, 269
Montausier, Duc de, Charles de Sainte-Maure 266
Montchrétien, Antoine de 240-41, 518
Mora, José Ferrater 528
moral restraint and population 488
moral theory 102
Morel, Father Jean (‘Colonel Sandhills’) 256-7
Morellet, Abbé André 412, 429
Mornay, Philippe Du Plessis 168, 169-70, 171, 172
Morton, A.L. 339
Mosca, Gaetano 205
Mousnier, Roland 518
Mun, John 289
Mun, Sir Thomas 289, 290, 291, 519 see also Munian
Munian 309, 310
Münster 150-9, 162, 164
Münsterites 154, 155
Müntzer, Thomas 146-50, 151, 162, 164, 339
Murphy, Antoin E. 341, 362, 523, 524, 525
Muscovy Company 225
Mussato, Alberto 182
N
natural,
law 3-6, 296, 369-71
needs 14
price 453
property rights theory 316
rights, active 93-4
Navarrus analysis 281
Navigation Act 299, 342
NcNulty, Paul J. 509
Nef, John Ulric 516
Netherlands 94, 194, 264, 318, 418
Catholicism 138, 142, 158, 167
laissez-faire and free trade 388
linen manufacture 240
mercantilism 216, 219, 222, 224
and mercantilism in England 286, 289, 313, 330
and mercantilism in France 247, 260, 261
Protestantism 138, 142, 158, 167, 316
New World 99, 102, 104, 106, 111, 113, 165
absolutism 206, 210
mercantilism 214, 261, 270, 288
Newton, Sir Isaac 272, 302, 312, 323, 365, 370, 522
Nicholas of Basle 161
Nicholas I, Czar 500
Nicholas III, Pope 59
Niclaes, Henry 339
Nider, Johannes 88, 89, 109
nobles and collectivism opposition 259-62
nominalism 71-2, 93-4, 102
Non-Contradiction Law 4
non-scholastic Catholicism 164-7, 514
Noonan, Professor John T. Jr. 87, 92, 95, 108, 126, 133, 144, 145, 175, 510, 511, 513
North America 121, 128, 142, 479, 486, 491
and Cantillon, Richard 353
colonial tradition 316
Massachusetts 227
and mercantilism in England 331
population 489
Protestantism and Catholicism 146
and the scholastics 111
North, Charles 340
North, Dudley 323-7, 340, 522
North, fourth Baron 323
North, Gary 139, 174, 513
North, John 340
North, Roger 323-7, 340, 522
Noyer, François du 241-3
O
Oberman, Heiko A. 511
objective value and cost of production 374-5
Obrecht, Georg von 492
O’Brien, Patrick K. 517, 518
Occitan 515
Ockhamites 89, 102, 168
O’Connell, Marvin R. 512
Odofredus 41
Olivecrona, Karl 522
Olivi, Pierre de Jean 60-61, 62, 79, 81, 82, 88, 510
O’Mahony, Count Daniel 346
O’Mahony, Mary Anne 346
O’Mahony, Professor David 349-51, 352, 524
opportunity costs 391
optimum population 482, 483
Order of the Templars 68
Ordinance of 1349 70
Oresme, Nicole 72-7, 89, 165, 514
Orleans, Duchess of 362
Orleans, Duke of 331, 345-6
ÓSúilleábháin, Micháel 524
Oswald, of Dunnikier, James 431, 439
Overton, Richard 313
P
Palmerston, Viscount 478
Palmieri, Matteo 184
Palyi, Melchior 533
Panaetius of Rhodes 22
Pao Ching-yen 25-6
paradigms theory 438
Pareto, Vilfredo 205
Paris, University of 47-51
partnership (societas) 55-6
Pascal, Blaise 132-3, 297
Paterson, William 229
Patrizi, Francesco 187-8
Paul, Ellen Frankel 532
Paul, Saint 33
Peasants’ War 149, 150
Pelham family 340
Pell, Dr John 297, 298
Perkins, Reverend William 143
Perrin, Abbé 247
Perroy, Edouard 510
Peter the Great 498
Peter of Poitiers 47
Peter of Tarentaise see Innocent V, Pope
Petrella, Professor Frank 461, 473, 532
Petty, Sir William 296-304, 305, 480
Political Arithmetic 301, 302
Treatise of Taxes... 300, 301, 303 see also Pettyites
Pettyites 309-12
Philip of Hesse 138
Philip II, King of Spain 117, 199, 215, 216
Philip III, King of Spain 117, 119-20, 121, 123
Philip IV, the Fair, King of France 68, 69, 517
Philip, King 7
physiocracy 411
in France 365-81
Bernoulli, Daniel and mathematical economics 379-81
laissez-faire 367-9
natural law and property rights 369-71
objective value and cost of production 374-5
the sect 365-6
single tax on land 371-4
strategy and influence 377-9
Tableau économique 375-7
laissez-faire 367-9, 389, 525-6
in Russia 498
Pius V, Pope 107-8
Placentinus 41
Plant, Raymond 533
Plato 5, 6, 7, 15, 19, 20, 21, 73, 182, 202, 205, 370, 425, 508-9
and collectivist Utopia 10-12
The Laws 10
The Republic 10, 11, 13
Plotinus 5, 161
Pocock, John G.A. 314, 339, 521 see also Pocockian
Pocockian 314, 339
Poland 226, 346
Pole, Cardinal Reginald 196, 199
polis 6-8, 11, 12, 21, 35, 57, 73
political arithmetic 296-304, 310
Political Discourses (anonymous) 168
political economy 240, 241, 437-8, 478, 500
political theory of order 277
politiques 72, 173-4, 180, 204, 205, 207, 209, 216
and mercantilism in France 244
Pompadour, Madame de 365, 366, 378
Pomponius 31
Pontano, Giovanni 188
Poor Law 487
Popham, Colonel Alexander 314
Popper, Karl R. 508, 509
population
and Cantillon, Richard 352-3
and Malthus, Reverend Thomas Robert 481-92, 533-4
positive/preventive check 488
Portugal 99, 102, 105
Posidonius of Rhodes 22
Possevino, Antonio 174
Potter, William 327, 328, 329, 330
praxeology 324
Presbyterianism 423-5
Preu, James A. 305, 522
price 390-3
-fixing 77
theory 123, 349
and value 349-51
Priézac, Daniel de 250
private property and money 13-15
probability theory 379
process analysis and money 354-8
production and distribution theory 393-5
productive versus unproductive labour 444-8
profit ceasing see lucrum cessans Prometheus 20
property
and liberty 312-17
rights 31-2, 58, 59, 369-71
theory 316
Protestantism 99, 137-75
Anabaptists 146-50
Buchanan, George 171-3
Calvin and Calvinism 137-9, 140-43
Huguenots 167-70
Leaguers and politiques 173-4
Luther’s economics 137-40
mercantilism 216, 261, 286, 314
messianic communism 159-64
Münster and totalitarian communism 150-59
natural law and property rights 369
non-scholastic Catholics 164-7
Reformation 99, 131, 194
and scholastics 102, 114, 128, 129, 130, 369, 417
state absolutism 137-9
proto-Austrian 52, 356, 395, 451
proto-Keynesian 235, 328, 329, 330, 427, 481, 500, 528
proto-Marxian 438
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph 25
Prussia 226
Pufendorf, Samuel, Baron von 418-19, 442, 473
purchasing-power parity theory 104
Puritans 141, 142, 146, 277, 313
Pyms (Pym, John) 298
Pythagoras 9 see also Pythagorean
Pythagorean 15, 16
Q
quantitative law 309
quantity theory of money 105-6, 165, 288, 355, 426, 462
quantity-of-labour-pain theory 453
Quesnay, Dr François 365-6, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373-4, 375, 378, 482, 526
Tableau économique 366, 375-7, 394, 396
Quidort, Jean 57
R
Rae, John 530
Rahe, Paul A. 509
Ranters 313
Rashid, Professor Salim 337, 342, 430, 471, 523, 528, 530, 531
rate of interest 317-23
Ravaillac, François 119
Reagan, Ronald 435
real cost 391
Reformation 138, 146, 159, 164, 167, 196, 316
mercantilism in England 284 see also Protestantism
Regino of Prum 37, 43
Reid, Thomas 478
Reiss, Timothy J. 514
Renaissance see Middle Ages to Renaissance
Republican Army 313
republicans 181-4
Restoration 313
Revolution of 1688 320
Ricardian 412, 455, 456
Ricardo, David 317, 326, 345, 349, 351, 353, 361, 375, 403, 407, 428, 437, 438, 453, 455, 457, 458, 472, 480, 490, 500, 529 see also Ricardian
Richard of Middleton 60, 73
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de 239, 243-4, 245, 250, 256, 257, 518
Ridolfi, Lorenzo di Antonio 80-81
Rima, Professor Ingrid Hahne 446, 472, 531
Rist, Charles 341, 463, 473, 522, 524, 532
Robbins, Caroline 305, 521
Robbins, Lionel 520
Robert of Courçon, Cardinal 47, 49, 55
Roberts, Clayton 518
Robertson, Hector M. 457, 472, 473, 512, 513, 527, 529
Robertson, Reverend William 424, 440, 443, 499, 502
Roebuck, Dr John 444
Rohr, Donald G. 533
Roman law 31-2, 37, 39, 40, 41, 168
Romanists 37-42
Romulus 193
Roover, Professor Raymond de 79, 87, 95, 510, 511, 513, 515, 519
Roscher, Wilhelm 78
Rosen, Marvin 518
Rosenberg, Nathan 472, 531
Rosicrucian movement 294, 305
Ross, W.D. 508
Rossi, Joseph 413, 527
Rossi, Paolo 520
Rothbard, Murray N. 94, 340, 474, 512, 516, 517, 525, 532
Rothkrug, Professor Lionel 71, 94, 268, 274, 518
Rothmann, Bernt 151, 153, 157
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 483 see also Rousseauan
Rousseauan 464
Royal Company 242-3
Royal Mint 287, 462
Royal Society 300, 301, 305, 478
Rucellai, Cosimo 189
Rucellai, Fra Santi 100
Rufinus 38
Russell, Bertrand 20
Russell, J.G. 510
Russia 225, 255, 498-500
Russia Company 284
S
Sacchi, Bartolomeo 188
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 196, 197
St Clair, Oswald 413, 527
Saint-Cyran, Abbé 132
Saint-Jean, Mathias de see Éon, Jean
Saint-Péravy, Guérineau de 393, 394, 396
Sainte-Maure, Charles de see Montausier, Duc de
Salamancans 112-16, 122-7, 380 see also School of Salamanca
Salerno, Professor Joseph Thomas 341, 359, 362, 429, 430, 431, 473, 522, 524, 528
Salmasius, Claudius see Saumaise, Claude
salt tax (gabelle) 220
Salutati, Coluccio 184
Samuelsson, Kurt 513
San Bernardino of Siena 62, 81-5, 86, 87, 88, 106, 109, 110, 122
Sant’ Antonino of Florence 85-8, 122
Sapori, Professor Armando 67
Saravia de la Calle Veroñense, Luis 110, 111
Sartorius, Friedrich Georg, Freiherr von Waltershausen 494-5, 498
Saumaise, Claude (Claudius Salmasius) 144, 145, 514
savings see under capital
Say, Jean-Baptiste 324, 403, 437, 500 see also Say’s law
Say’s law 397, 422, 525
Scaccia, Sigismundo 131-2
Scandinavia 94
scarcity 8-9, 60
Schlettwein, Johann August 378
scholastics 59-64, 137, 141, 314, 374
late 511-13 see also Spanish
school of Cynics 20, 21
School of Salamanca 131
Azpilcueta and Medina 105-9
first generation 101-5
late Salamancans 112-16
middle years 109-12
Schröder, Wilhelm Freiherr von 493
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 79, 94, 187, 199, 209, 214, 291, 304, 305, 340, 352, 394, 402, 413, 437, 438, 464, 471, 472, 473, 487, 490-91, 493, 500, 502, 510, 514, 515, 525, 529, 533
Scotland 68, 171
Catholicism 138, 142, 167
Protestantism 138, 142, 167
Smithian movement 479, 480, 498, 499 see also Scottish Enlightenment
Scott, William Robert 530
Scottish Enlightenment 342, 417-31, 439, 527-8
Carmichael, Gershom 417-20
Hume, David and money theory 425-30
Hutcheson, Francis 420-23
and Presbyterianism 423-5
and Russia 498, 499
and Smithian movement 479, 501
Scotus, John Duns 59, 72, 78
Scoville, Warren C. 516
Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig von 493
secularism 99
Sekine, Thomas T. 341, 523, 524
Senior, Nassau W. 324, 490
Servin, Louis 208
Seven Years’ War 336
Shafarevich, Igor 175, 514
Shaftesbury, Earl (Lord Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper) 315, 316, 320, 321, 323, 521 see also Shaftesburyite
Shaftesburyite 315
Shelburne family 300
Shelton, George 342, 523
Sher, Richard B. 527
Shirras, G. Findlay 522
shoemaker-builder ratio 52
Shughart, William F. II 472, 531
Sighs of an Enslaved France, The 260
Sigismund I, King of Poland 165
Simon of Bosignano 42, 44
Simon, Pierre, Marquis de Laplace 381
Simon, Walter M. 533
Singh, Raghuveer 339
single tax 257-9, 262-3, 371-4, 378, 466
sixteenth century, commercial expansion of 99
Sixtus IV, Pope 188
Sixtus V, Pope 119
Skinner, A.S. 473, 529, 530, 532
Skinner, Professor Quentin 138, 168, 172, 174, 175, 190, 192, 194, 202, 209, 210, 512, 513, 515
Small, Albion W. 492, 502, 533
Smith, Adam 61, 74, 213, 274, 317, 326, 329, 336, 341, 349, 351, 353, 372, 373, 375, 393, 395, 403, 407, 410-12, 418, 420-25, 428, 430, 431, 435-74, 477, 478, 481, 482, 483, 486, 487, 495, 497-502, 508, 526, 528-32
background 438-41
distribution theory 458-60
division of labour 13, 441-4
laissez-faire 463-9
Lectures on Jurisprudence 436
money theory 460-3
mystery 435-8
productive versus unproductive labour 444-8
on taxation 469-71
Theory of Moral Sentiments 436, 440, 447, 465
value theory 448-57
Wealth of Nations 345, 352, 361, 366, 409, 435-45, 448, 449, 450, 451, 455, 456, 460, 461, 463, 465, 470, 477, 478, 479, 480, 494, 495, 496, 498 see also Smithian movement
Smith, Adam (father of Adam Smith) 438
Smith, Canon Sydney 478, 479
Smith, Charles 471
Smith, Hercules Scott 439
Smith, John 471
Smith, Sir Thomas 225-6, 280-83, 285, 519
Smithian movement 477-503, 533
Bentham, Jeremy 477
and economic thought 500-502
in Germany 492-8
Malthus and assault on population 481-92
in Russia 498-500
Stewart, Dugald 478-81
Smithianism see Smithian movement societas (partnership) 55-6
Socrates 6, 11, 73 see also Socratics
Socratics 7-8, 21
Sombart, Werner 78
Somers, Sir John MP 321, 322, 323
Somerset, Lord 280
Sommer, Louise 525
Sonnenfels, Baron Joseph von 494
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 9, 302, 305
Sorrento, Archbishop of (Rufinus) 38
Soudek, Josef 16, 508
South Sea bubble 341
Spain 94, 244, 255, 316
mercantilism 214-16, 224, 284 see also Spanish
‘Spanish Fury’ 216
Spanish Inquisition 121
Spanish scholastics 99-133
Cajetan, Cardinal Thomas De Vio 99-101
commercial expansion of sixteenth century 99
decline 127-31
Jesuits 131-3
last Salamancans: Lessius and de Lugo 122-7
late Salamancans 112-16
Mariana, Juan de 117-22 see also School of Salamanca
spatial economics 354
Spengler, Joseph J. 272-3, 274, 507, 508, 518, 523, 525
Spiegel, Professor Henry W. 340, 373, 431, 507, 525, 533
Spinoza, Baruch or Benedictus de 302
state absolutism 137-9
state reform 258
statistics 497
Statute of Artificers 223, 284
Statute of Labourers of 1351 70
Statute of Monopolies (1623) 284
Stayer, James M. 514
Stein, Baron Karl von 496, 533
Stein, Heinrich 498
Stephens, Meic 515
Steuart, Sir James Denham 437-8, 528, 533
Stewart. Dugald 457, 478-81, 502, 533
Stewart, James, Earl of Moray 171
Stewart, Matthew 478
Stockton, Constant Noble 528
Stoics 21, 22
Storch, Heinrich Friedrich Freiherr von 499-500, 533
Storch, Niklas 147
Strauss, Leo 339
Strayer, Joseph R. 517
Stuarts 313, 316, 320, 345
absolutism 277-80
monarchy 300
pretender 346
Restoration 303
Suarez, Francisco 115-16, 117, 118, 122, 131, 314, 418, 511, 512, 528
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Baron de Rosny, Duc de 239-40, 518
Summenhart, Conrad 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 107, 108, 114, 125, 128, 141, 144
and usury 104, 105
Sun King see Louis XIV Supple, Barry E. 305, 519
Supreme Court 128
Surigone, Stefano 195
surplus value theory 455
Swabian liberals and prohibition of usury 88-93
Sweden 298
Swift, Jonathan 303-4, 309, 522
Switzerland 138, 167
T
Tableau economique see Quesnay
Taborites 162-3, 164
Tacitus 166
taille reelle (land tax) 220
Taoism 23-7
Tarascio, Professor Vincent 349, 352, 353, 524, 525
Tassie, James 435
Tawney, Richard Henry 52, 64, 78, 139, 141, 174, 513
taxation 300, 301, 303, 366, 389, 469-71 see also single
Taylor, C.H. 517
Taylor, William Leslie 457, 472, 473, 527, 529, 530
terms-of-trade argument 287-8
Terray, Abbé 388-9
Tertullian 33
Teutonicus, John 55
Tew circle 305, 339
textiles 221-6
Theodosian Code 31, 37, 39
Theodosius, Emperor 31
theologians 47-51, 51-8
Thimoleon, François, Abbe de Choisy 267
Third World countries 491
Thirty Tyrants, Rule of the 6
Thirty Years’ War 244
Thomism 51, 59, 72, 80, 85, 88, 102, 115, 143
break-up 71-2
and the scholastics 128, 129, 131 see also Aquinas, Saint Thomas; Cajetan, Cardinal
Thornton, Henry 480
thought experiment 348
Tillot 409
Timberlake, Richard H. Jr 529
time-preference 399-400
Titus, Colonel Silius 319
Todd, W.B. 529
Tollison, Robert D. 472, 516, 528, 531
Tory laissez-faire 323-7
Townshend, Charles, the third Viscount 335-8, 342, 523
trade 309, 318, 321, 322, 324
balance of 309-10, 311
England to East Indies 289, 291
free 288
grain 408
Trenchard, John 521
Tretyakov, Ivan Andreyevich 498-9
Trevor-Roper, H.R. 305, 520
True Warning, A (anonymous) 170
Tuck, Professor Richard 58, 59, 64, 95, 115, 133, 305, 339, 510, 511
Tucker, Dean Josiah 335-8, 342, 523
Tudors 277-80 see also mercantilism
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de L’Aulne 85, 261, 266, 333, 335, 360, 366, 367, 378, 379, 425, 429, 430, 436, 437, 441, 448, 451, 459, 467, 478, 479, 483, 500, 501, 522, 526
background 385-6
capital, entrepreneurship, savings and interest theory 395-401
Elegy to Gournay 386
influence 402-3
laissez-faire and free trade 386-90
Letter to the Abbé Terray on the Duty on Iron 388-9
money theory 401-2
Observations on a Paper by Saint-Péravy 394
Paper on Lending at Interest 399
Plan for a Paper on Taxation in General 389
production and distribution theory 393-5
Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth 385, 392, 393, 395, 396, 400, 402, 403, 412
value, exchange and price 390-93
Value and Money 390, 401
Turgot, Michel-Étienne 385
turpe lucrum 40-41, 43
Tuscany, Duke of see Leopold II
two-person exchange 390, 392
U
Ugolino de Segni see Gregory IX, Pope
United States see North America unnatural wants 14
Urban III, Pope 44, 104
usefulness (virtuositas) 60
usury 79-80, 81, 83, 87, 91, 92, 104, 105, 107, 108, 128, 140, 143, 201, 318
and Calvinists 143-5
defence 467, 477
in fourteenth century 79-81
laws 318
prohibition 42-7, 88-93, 141
utility
and money 72-7, 310
-scarcity theory of value 501
theory 59-64, 403-12
costs and distribution 410
of value 52, 403 see also Franciscans; Turgot
V
value 390-93
of money 101
paradox 61
and price 349-51
theory 448-57
Van Dyke Roberts, Hazel 518
Vanderlint, Jacob 335, 341, 523, 524
Money Answers All Things 334, 462
Vasa, Gustav, King of Sweden 138
Vauban, Marechal Sebastian Le Prestre, Seigneur de 262-3, 270, 371, 469, 518
Vaughn, Karen I. 340, 522
Vaughn, Rice 291, 292
Venturi, Franco 527
Venusti, A.M. 110
Vergerio, Pier Paolo 184, 185
Verri, Count Pietro 474
Verulam, Baron, Viscount St Albans 295
Vickers, Douglas 362, 473, 532
Villiers, Sir George 296
Villiers, Sir John 304
Viner, Jacob 213, 214, 230, 341, 342, 473, 519, 523, 527, 531, 532
Violet, Thomas 286
Virginia Company 284
Visconti family 184, 185-6
Visigothic law 31
Vitelli, Cornelio 195
Vittels, Christopher 339
W
Waddell, Professor D.A.G. 310, 338, 520
Wales 68
Wallace, Dr Robert 424, 484, 485
Waller, Edward 319
Walpole, Robert 340
Walrasian (Walras, Leon) 349, 351, 437
Walwyn, William 313
Walzer, Michael 175, 513
Ware, Professor Norman J. 374
Watner, Carl 304, 519
Watt, James 444
Weavers’Act (1555) 222
Weber, Max 141, 142, 168-9, 174, 513 see also Weberian
Weberian 175
Wedderburn, Alexander 424, 440
Wei, King 24
Wesley, John 342
West, Professor Edwin G. 446-7, 468, 472, 474, 531
Whately, Dr (Archbishop) Richard 412
Wheeler, John 286, 289
Whewell, William 312
Whigs 313, 316, 322, 323, 324, 340, 438, 479, 480
White, Horace B. 520
Wicksell, Knut 120, 396, 413
Wild, John 509
Wildman, Major John 316
Wilkins, Dr John 299, 305
William of Auxerre 47, 49-50
William and Mary government 228
William of Ockham 72, 93 see also Ockhamites
William of Rennes 40
William the Silent, Prince of Orange 170
Williams, George Huntston 514
Wilson, T. 473, 532
Witt, Johan de 388
Wolfe, Don M. 339, 521
Wolfe, Martin 210, 517
Wood, Neal 521
world trade 332
Worsley, Dr Benjamin 299, 301
Wren, Christopher 299
Wu, Chi-Yuen 341, 362, 473, 520, 523
X
Xenophon 12-13, 19
Y
Yanov, Alexander 517
Yates, Frances 305, 520
Young, Arthur 471
Z
Zeno of Clitium 21
Zizka, John 163
