Does Correlation Mean Causation?

Most economists use correlations among the various pieces of unique historical data to empirically estimate the future direction of an economy. For instance, it was observed that the lagged changes in money supply were positively correlated with the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP). Based on the correlation, some economists mistakenly attempt to assess the prospects for economic growth in terms of GDP via past changes in money supply. According to this line of thinking, it would appear that the lagged money supply growth causes economic growth.

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Profits or Perish: Survival Depends on Economic Gains

A common critique of capitalism is that it places “profits over people.” But this implies a false choice—the idea that we must choose one or the other. But the reality is that people can’t survive without profits. Every living creature must make a net energy profit—if it doesn’t consume more calories than it burns, it dies. Living organisms have a built-in alarm—hunger—that warns them when they’re running a deficit, but organizations have no such mechanism.

The Cultural Consequences of the Welfare State

The foundations of the welfare state can be found in Bismark’s idea of the social state, which, at first, was used to fight socialists on a political level, but hell is full of good intentions. Bismark in the 1880s created compulsory insurance for accident, health, disability, and age (pensions). He called them “state socialism” and explained that all measures were socialist, and the state had to adapt to a little more socialism.

The Elusive Meaning of Equal Opportunities

When liberals argue in favor of equal opportunities, they often presume their meaning to be self-evident. They insist that they do not demand equal outcomes, only equal opportunities. Their aim in demanding equal opportunities is usually to ensure that everyone has an equal starting position in life, or at least that nobody is explicitly prevented from participating in any activities of their choice. This is what liberals mean when they say everyone should have an equal opportunity to get an education or an equal opportunity to enjoy access to good healthcare.