Did the United States Have Only One Founder?

I know not whether any man in the world has had more influence on its inhabitants or affairs for the last thirty years than Thomas Paine. There can be no severer satyr on the age. For such a mongrel between pig and puppy, begotten by a wild boar on a bitch wolf, never before in any age of the world was suffered by the poltroonery of mankind, to run through such a career of mischief. Call it then the Age of Paine. — John Adams

What Happened to the Profit and Loss System?

In a free market, the profit-and-loss system plays an essential role. It signals how resources should be allocated, enabling entrepreneurs to pursue productive avenues and make long-term plans. By the same token, a system of profit and loss identifies those entrepreneurs able to synthesize market information, gather required inputs at a certain cost, and sell the output above that cost. Good entrepreneurs are rewarded with profits while the bad entrepreneurs experience losses and ultimately fail.

The Short-Lived German Free Trade Movement

In even the most reasonably-informed accounts of classical liberalism, those that eschew the inclusion of the likes of Mill and Rousseau, the spotlight almost invariably falls on Britain and France—on the likes of Adam Smith, Richard Cobden, Frédéric Bastiat, and Benjamin Constant. Yet the German tradition of liberalism—so often overshadowed by the rise of Bismarckian statism, Marxism, and social democracy—played a critical role in shaping the transnational liberal movement of the 19th century.