The New Deal in Old Rome
Index
INDEX
Actium, battle of, 161
Adam, Robert, Diocletian’s influence on, 11
Adcock, F. E.: on loyalty of provinces, 179
on gilding Golden Age, 209
Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 191–2
Agriculture, see Farm problem
Albertini, Eugène, on Roman tools, 197
Alexander the Great, quoted, 161
Alfalfa, 202
Ammianus, 216–17
Ancyrean inscription, 185–6
Antony, Mark: after Cæssar’s assassination, 155–7
proscribes Cicero, 157
defeat at Actium and death, 161
Appian: on aims of T. Gracchus, 98
on Senate’s loss of power, 117
on assassination of Cæsar, 154
Aqueducts, 14
Arènes de Lutèce, 10
Army: destroyed Republic, 46
reorganized by Marius, 131–2
by Augustus, 171
civilizing agency, 214–15
becomes proletarian force controlling government, 215
plunders, 216
Assembly: early power, 55–7
authority confirmed, 70
developed by T. Gracchus, 103
by C. Gracchus, 117
used by Cæsar, 144
authority abolished, 174
Augustan exposition, 15–16
Augustus (Octavian) : intimidates Senate, 132
after Cæsar’s assassination, 156–7
struggle with Antony, 157
Cicero’s murder, 157–9
Actium, 161
traits, 162–4
comment on Alexander, 162
political problems, 164–5
dislikes grain relief, 187
new form of government, 171–3
problem of succession, 175–6
popularity, 178–80
failure to conquer northern Germany, 181–2
welding Empire, 183
easy-money policy, 183–5
farewell address, 185–6
tax system, 185
boom ye’ars, 186–7
deflationary hard times, 188, 190
Aurelian, Emperor, uses troops against strikers, 210
Aurelius, Marcus: brickyards, 200
sells crown treasures, 209
plague, 220
invites barbarians into Empire, 221
Baalbek, 12
Baker, G. P., on Augustus, 165
Baldwin, Stanley, quoted, 37
Barbarians: overwhelm Britain, 8
France, 35
Empire, 49
filter in, 221–2
Bibulus, consul, 143–5
Books, 31–2
Booms: first century, B.C., 123–4
under Augustus, 184–7
Breasted, J. H.: on ancient New Deals, 4
on Egyptian recruit, 25
on anarchy of third century, 195
Bribery, 46, 137
Cæsar, 142, 170
“Rome for sale,” 230
Bridges, Roman, 13–14
Britain, see Roman Britain
Brutus, M. Junius, extortion, 120
Buchan, John, quoted, 180
Budget-balancing, by Sulla, 113
by Tiberius, 188–9
Business: in politics, 105
in North African war, 121
Pompey and pirates, 121
in Asia, 122
summary, 132–3
Cæsar, C. Julius: traits, 141–3
consul, 143–6
conquest of Gaul, 146–7
crosses Rubicon, 133, 148
measures to check panic, 149
Imperial organization, 150–1
powers, 152
assassination, 152
blunders, 152–3
bribery, 170
Cannæ, battle of, 75
Carthage, second war with, 74–6
Cary, M., quoted, 211
Casson, Stanley, quoted, 34
Catiline, character and conspiracy of, 124–31
Cato: on farming, 91
on old slaves, 92
Catullus, attack on Cæsar, 196
Chapot, V., on war spoils, 198
Charity Ball (Festival of Goddess of Chastity), 65
Chronology: main dates of Roman history, 36
of New Deal, 238–40
of wheat relief, 240
of devaluation, 241
Cicero, Marcus Tullius: on money market, 18
compares Greeks with Romans, 42
on law, 44
as Governor of Cilicia, 77
on vulgar occupations, 95
on debts, 124
house on Palatine, 125
on Catiline, 127, 169
on effects of wealth, 137
character, 158–60
Letters, 158
death, 158
on public indifference, 170
Cicero, Marcus (son), 27–8
Cicero, Quintus (brother), Handbook of Politics, 168–9
Cineas, pacifist, 71
Cities: spending by, 208–9
disintegration of, 223–4
Civil service, under Augustus, 173, 176–7
later, 197
top-heavy, 220
Cleopatra, 160–1
Clodius, runs on free-wheat platform, 113
Considius, Q., financier, 129
Constantine, transfers capital, 222
Coriolanus, standpatter, 60–1
Cornelia, mother of Gracchi, 116–17
Corporations: public, 18, 109, 118–20
law of, 199
Crop rotation, 202
Dawson, Christopher, quoted, 147
Dayton, Katharine, quoted, 4
Debts, 58–9
Livy’s story of centurion, 59–60
Coriolanus, 60–1
moratoriums, 63–4, 190–1
imprisonment for, abolished, 68–9
scaling down, 124
Cæsar’s treatment of, 149
Democracy, victory in Hortensian law, 70
Depressions: early, 62
in first century B.C., 123
under Augustus, 184, 188
under Tiberius, 190
Devaluation: traditional, 83
in second war with Carthage, 83
in first century, 124
in Empire, 218
table of, 241
Dictatorships: of Marius, 138–9
of Sulla, 139–40
of Cæsar, 152
development under Augustus, 173
longest period of benevolent dictatorships, 176–7
development and effect, 195–7
of Diocletian and successors, 219–20
Dill, Sir S., quoted, 211
Dio Cassius: on Seneca, 39
on Egyptian treasure, 185
Diocletian: palace, 11
Oriental despot, 176
price-and-wage edict, 219–20
abandons Rome for Nicomedia, 222
Doctors, 33–4
Dole, see Relief
Easy money: first century, B.C., induces speculation, 123–4, 129
under Augustus, 183–7
Education, 27
slave teachers, 93
Eternal City (Tibullus), 180
Ever Normal Granary, 109
Farm Credit Administration, 191
Farm Debt Conciliation Committee, 67–8
Farm legislation: Small Holdings Act, 64, 98, 108
Farm Labour Act, 66
revived by Cæsar, 149
compulsory investment in land under Cæsar, 149
under Tiberius, 190
under Trajan, 192
A.A.A., 191–2
Farm problem: early, 59
similarities to American, 86
effect of Sicilian wheat, 88
of wars, 89
of slavery under Republic, 91
wheat-growing displaced, 91
Cato on farming, 91
soil depleted by slave labour and tenant farmers, 202–4
Farm-to-market roads, 109
Feudalism, 224
Filibuster in Senate, 143–4
Fisher, H. A. L.: on Augustus, 28
on Empire-building, 76
on education, 93
France, see Gaul
Frank, Tenney: on couponcutters, 39
on imperialism, 78
on aliens in Rome, 166–7
on flow of new money, 186
on failure to invent valve, 200
on industrial leadership, 201
Frontinus, Julius, on aqueducts, 14
Gaul: roads in, 24
Cæsar’s conquest of, 146–7
prosperity under Rome, 182
under Julian, 217
General Staff of Civilization, 233
Germany, northern, escapes Romanization, 181–2
Gibbon, Edward, on Age of Antonines, 19
Gladiatorial combats, origin of, 136
Government spending: orgy, 204
Hadrian’s, 205, 208
“Gilding Golden Age,” 209
under Marcus Aurelius, 209
ruins Empire, 231
Gracchus, Gaius: traits, 106–7
organizes democratic coalition, 108–9
cheap wheat, P.W.A., R.A., and social legislation, 108–12
proposes citizenship for Italian towns, 114
death, 115
estimate of, 115
Gracchus, Tiberius: family and engagement of, 96
speech, 97
legislation, 98
veto by tribune, 99
“recall,” 100
Pergamum treasure, 100
death, 101
Greeks: contrasted with Romans, 41–2
influence on Romans, 81–2
Greenidge, A. H. J., quoted: on Gracchi, 115
on Assembly, 174
Hadrian: extravagant spending by, 205
traits, 205–8
poem to his soul, 208
Hadrian’s Wall, 6
Handbook of Politics, 168–9
Hannibal, 74–5
Hanno, pacifist, 74–5
Heating, central, 8, 34
Heitland, W. E., on Catiline, 131
Holmes, T. Rice, on Julius Cæsar; 149
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, 191
Homo, Léon: on Cæsar’s blunders, 152–3
General Staff of Civilization, 233
Horace: on Rome, 29
on Greek influence, 81
Hortensian Law, 70
Inflation in third century, 218
Interest, rate, 69
high rates in provinces, 120
fall under Augustus, 185
F.C.A., 192
Iron industry, 30
Italy, unification of, 40, 70, 71, 73
civil war in, 114, 124, 139
Julian, holds down taxes in Gaul, 217
Juvenal: “bread and circuses,” 19
social satires, 211–12
Kipling, Rudyard: Puck of Pook’s Hill, 6
compared with Virgil, 22
Land investment, compulsory, see Farm legislation
Latin: used in Britain, 9
becomes patois, 224
Lawyers, 32–3
Libraries, 31
Licinius Stolo, 62–4
fined, 65
Livy: on Roman origins and decline, 51–3
story of bankrupt soldier, 59
new nobility, 66
on debt conciliation, 68
on plunder, 78
on farm speculation, 90
on publicans, 119
on demoralization by wealth, 196
Lot, Ferdinand: on Dark Ages, 16
Romans barbarized, 49
only upper classes civilized, 224
Louis, Paul, on exploitation, 80
Lumpenproletariat, 167
Manufacturing: in Rome, 29
in Italy, 29–30
difficulties, 199–200
effect of slavery on, 200
provincial competition, 201
Marius: given command in Africa, 121
army reorganization by, 131–2
victories of, 138
in civil life, 138
proscriptions, 139
Marsh, Frank Burr: on Cæsar’s troops, 145
on senatorial machine, 243
Military anarchy, 195, 216–19
Mithridates, war with, 122
Mommsen, “world of beggars,” 81
Monarchy, revolt against, 52, 55
institutions carried into Republic, 55
Money, 82–5
Moratorium on debts: fourth century B.C., 63–4
in panic, A.D. 33, 190–1
Morgan, J. P., in panic of 1907, 130
Moslems, control of Mediterranean, 223
Murray, Gilbert, on failure of nerve, 40
New Deal Measures, 5
appraisal of, 228–32
chronology, 237–9
and see individual measures
Newspapers, 31
New Testament, denunciation of rich, 212–13
Oertel, F., quoted, 183
Olmsted, F. L., on slavery in America, 203
Orange, France, Roman remains in, 10
Pacifists: Cineas, 71
Hanno, 74–5
Panics: 86 B.C., 123–4 63
B.C., 129–30 49
B.C., 148
A.D. 33, 190–1
Paris, Roman remains in, 10
Peel, Sir Robert, journey of, 25
Philanthropic foundation, 192–3
Piso, protests cheap wheat, 111
Plague, under Marcus Aurelius, 220–21
Pliny, Elder: on Roman peace, 20
on general prosperity, 30
on wine-making, 30
on money-worship, 196
on big estates, 202
Pliny, Younger: correspondence with Trajan, 23
seaside villa, 34
Plutarch: on Coriolanus, 60
on Pyrrhus, 71–2
protests plunder, 79
on Cæsar and pirates, 142
on Augustus and Cicero, 159–60
Pola, Roman stadium in, 11
Polybius: on speculation, 18
on Roman imperialism, 22
on Roman constitution, 53
on fear of gods, 82
Pompey: command against pirates, 121
in Asia, 122
alliance with Cæsar, 143
leads senatorial opposition to Cæsar, 148
death, 148
called Princeps, 172
Pont du Gard, 3
Postumius, works soldiers on estate, 69
Price-Wage edict of Diocletian, 219–20
Provinces: extortion in, 118–19
administration under Augustus, 172–3
welfare increased, 80, 179–80
Public Works Administration: under Gracchus, 109
under Cæsar, 149
under Augustus, 186
Puck of Pook’s Hill, 6
Puteoli, iron centre, 30
Pyrrhus, ambitions of, 71
Rainfall, theory of deficient, 202, 247
Rascoe, Burton, on plunderbund, 22
Recall of elective officials, 100, 122
Relief: low-price wheat, 110–11
further legislation under Republic, 112–13
under Empire, 187–8
chronology, 240
Resettlement Administration: under Tiberius Gracchus, 98–101
under Gaius Gracchus, 101
under Cæsar, 143–5, 149
in general, 202
Roads, 24–5
Roman Britain, 5–10
satisfied with Roman rule, 182
Roman Egypt: reorganized by Augustus, 161
loot from, 185
sit-down strike in, 210
Roman Empire: population, 20
area, 76
accidental growth, 76
economic incentive in growth, 77–8
division and end of Empire, 223
court removed to Milan and Ravenna, 223
reasons for decline of, 226–34
Roman law: foreigners’ court, 44
Twelve Tables, 62
Roman Peace: majesty of, 20
under Augustus, 178–82
Roman remains, 3–14
Roman Republic, 38
individualism in, 39
monarchy and revolution, 54–5
army control of, 46, 130–2
failure of, 153
self-government impossible, 165
alien population, 166–7
indifference of people, 170
Romans: characteristics of, 41
readiness to compromise, 53
social differences of, 49–51, 57–8
hardened by conquests, 78
demoralized by Greek influence and by wealth, 81–2, 137
lack of inventiveness, 197–8
loss of nerve, 218–19
language becomes a patois, 224
“not Romans left,” 225
Rome: population of, 16
government under Republic, 55–7
number of slaves in, 93
price of real estate, and rents, 135–6
alien population, 166
government under Empire, 171–7
and see Assembly and Senate
Romulus and Remus, 51
Roosevelt, Theodore: in convention of 1912, 127
as opportunist, 146
Rostovtzeff, M.: on magnificence of Roman buildings, 12
appraisal of A.A.A., 192
aim of economic activity, 197
cities as hives of drones, 209
Sallust, quoted on relief, 166
Segovia, Roman aqueduct in, 10
Senate: early days, 55–7;
admits new members, 66
opposes expansion, 76–7
attack on prerogatives by T. Gracchus, 100–1
defeated by business interests, 117, 121–3
quarrel with Cæsar, 144–5, 148, 151–2
relations with Augustus, 171–2
authority fades, 173–4
chooses Nerva as Emperor, 176
Senatorial machine, 104–5
Sulla gives it last chance, 140
Senators, forbidden to engage in foreign trade, 90
Severus, Septimius, 215
Shipping, 26
Sicily, wheat production in, 88
civil war in, 95
Sidonius, quoted, 34–5
Slaves and slavery: brutal treatment, 92
war captives, 92–3
number in Rome, 93
effect on agriculture, 93, 202–3
slave revolts, 95
effect on progress, 200
Small Holding Acts, see Farm legislation
Social bitterness: throughout Roman history, 49
first century B.C, 95–6
speech by T. Gracchus, 97
by Catiline, 128
slum-dwellers, 210
Juvenal’s tirades, 211–12
New Testament writers, 212–13
produces public indifference, 218–19
Spalato, Diocletian’s palace, 11
Strabo, on Britain and Ireland, 8–9
Strikes, general: for tribunes, 60–1
for recognizing Assembly, 70
Strikes, sit-down, in Roman Egypt and in Roman mint, 210
Sublime, treatise on the, 196
Suetonius: on Cæsar, 141–3
on Augustus, 162–4, 180
on relief, 187
Sulla, character and career of. 139–40
Tacitus: on Britain, 9
on imperialism, 79
on growth of Imperial power, 173
on Augustus, 179
on Tiberius, 189–90
on autocracy, 196
Tax contracts: general trading in, 18
abuses of, 119
Taxes: abolished in Italy in second century B.C., 91
under Augustus, 185
become heavy, 216
in later Empire, 220–1
Tertullian, description of Empire, 194
Tiberius: economy of, 189–90
deals with panic of A.D. 33, 191
denounces senators, 196
Tibullus, 180
Timgad, remains of, 11
Trajan: correspondence with Pliny, 23
deals with farm problem, 192
philanthropic foundation, 193
Tribunes: origin of, 61
veto power, 99
Twentieth Legion, 9
Two-price system for wheat, 111
Unification of Italy, see Italy
Velleius Paterculus: on Cicero, 158
on Augustus, 179
Virgil: on Rome’s mission, 21–2
“such a toil to found,” 134
War: profitable, 106, 118, 122, 131
spoils from Egypt, 185
from Dacia, 192, 198
Wells, H. G., on “Væ victis,” 63
on incuriousness of Romans, 197
Wheat: competition with new lands, 87–9
prices, 110
Wilson, Hugh, Education of a Diplomat, quoted, 227
Wine: exports, 30–1
legislation on, 191–2
“Woe to the vanquished,” 63
