The Foundations of Morality
Index
(Numbers in parenthesis refer to footnotes)
Abbott, T. K., 372-373 (6,6)
Absolute, 152
Absolutism vs. relativism, 150-158 See also Relativism
Accident, duties of, 190
Acton, Lord, 267
Act-utilitarianism, 60
Adamson, Joy, 385 (15)
Ad hoc utilitism, 60-61
Adler, Mortimer, 380 (1)
Agnostics, 353
Aid, mutual, 42, 365 (11)
Aims, focal, 135
Allee, W. C, 385 (15)
Altruism, 92-107, 313-315; and egoism, 92-107, 313-315, 356; and mutualism, 102-107, 313-315, 356
Alverdes, F., 385 (15)
Ames, 69, 369 (21)
Amos, 3
Anderson, Benjamin M., Jr., 166, 374(7,13)
Angel, “neither a. nor beast,” 106
Angels, society of, 157, 330
Animals, morality of, 303, 352, 386 (15)
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 343
Appeasement, 299-300
A priori cognition, 250, 252-256
Aquinas, Thomas, 2, 63, 352
Aristocracy, moral, 200-201
Aristotle, 2, 3, 144, 218, 281, 344, 352, 358
Arnold, Matthew, 90
Asceticism, 46-48, 84, 207-222, 357
Athleticism, 47, 220
Atomic bomb. See Nuclear bomb
Attitude, 103, 291-293
Augustine, 2, 352
Austin, John, 81, 367 (2)
“Axioms,” moral, 186
Ayer, Alfred J., 235-241, 277, 378 (25), 381 (21)
Babbitt, Irving, 217-218, 377 (14)
Bacon, Francis, 205
Baier, Kurt, ix, 123-127, 141-142, 366 (14), 371 (21), 373 (9)
Baumgardt, David, 363 (1), 370 (2)
Bebel, F. A., 388
Beccaria, C. B., 19
Becket, Thomas à, 345
Beethoven, 164
Beggar-my-neighbor policies, 289
Behaviorists, 169
Bell, Alexander Graham, 328
Bellamy, Edward, 327-329, 338
Beneficence, and benevolence, 86. See also Benevolence
Benevolence, 50, 176, 187, 250-251; and altruism, 92; and beneficence, 86; and Golden Rule, 250-251; negative efficient, 50, 84, 85; positive efficient, 50, 84, 86; and prudence, 81-91, 176; “self-evidence” of, 187
Bentham, Jeremy, viii, 4, 10, 12, 15-20, 28, 44-51, 53, 60, 63, 64, 66, 69, 81-91, 92, 95, 97-99, 111, 113, 175, 179, 181, 207-208, 218, 252-255, 285, 363 (2,1,2), 364 (11), 366 (12), 367 (1,2,9), 368 (9,5,8), 369 (23,1), 370 (1,2), 373 (13)
Berkeley, Bishop, 169
“Best thing to do, what is the?” 245-247
Better and worse (vs. absolutism and perfection), 154, 300
“Better this than that,” 161
Bible, 91, 177, 347-351
Bill of Rights, 280-281
Blackstone, Sir William, 63
Body and mind, 270-272
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 170, 374 (11), 383 (22), 384 (5)
Borgias, 205
Bowring, Sir John, 19, 363 (1,2), 369 (1)
Bradford, Governor, 333-334
Bradley, F. H., 58-59, 148-149, 373 (13,3), 376 (15)
Brandt, Richard B., ix, 367 (2), 368 (18), 378 (29)
“Bourgeois,” 301-302
Breathing spell, moral, 157
Brierly, J. L., 294-295, 382 (6)
Briffault, Robert, 177
Broad, C. D., 3
Buddha, 3, 200
Burke, Edmund, 80, 281, 307
Butler, Bishop, 26, 97-101, 120
Butler, Samuel, 45
Byron, Lord, 45
Caesar, 206
Calvin, 344
Cancer, 247
Capitalism: ethics of, 301-324; justice of, 315-318
Carlyle, Thomas, 17, 257
Carnap, Rudolph, 236-237
Carpenter, C. R., 385 (15)
Carritt, E. F., 113, 373 (13)
Cary, Joyce, 199
Cassel, Gustav, 384 (1)
Cassirer, E., 363 (4)
Categorical Imperative, 117, 143 ff., 358, 373 (13)
Catholics, Roman, 19, 212, 345
Causation vs. compulsion, 275-278
Celibacy, 144, 145-146, 202
Ceremony, 76-77
Chastity, 84-85, 177
Cheek, “turn the other,” 177, 348, 350
Cheerfulness, 221
“Chemism,” man as a, 232
Christ, Jesus, 3, 200, 343, 344, 348, 349, 350-351, 371 (19)
Christianity, 234, 252, 344-353 passim
Cicero, 205, 281
Circle, legislation as a, 66; law as a, 69
Circumstances, and duty, 118, 188-202 passim
Clark, John Bates, 315-316, 374 (7), 383 (22), 384 (5)
Class theory of ethics, 227-230
Coercion, 266-267. See also Freedom; Liberty
Cohen, Morris R., 236-237, 344-346, 349, 363 (5), 376 (2), 378 (10) Collisions, avoidance of, 73-74, 356
Combination of labor. See Division of labor
Commandment, new, 9, 349-350
Commandments, Ten, 8, 59, 349
Commensurability: of ends, 131; of values, 173-174
Common Law, 9, 64-66, 181-183
Common-sense, morality of, 111-112, 354, 375 (11), 376 (16). See also Consensus morality.
Communism(ists), 288, 292, 295-296, 298-300, 301-324 passim, 325-341
Communist Manifesto, 302, 377 (5)
Comparability: of ends, 131; of values, 173-174
Comparative costs, 290
Competition, 303, 305-308, 315. See also Capitalism
Compulsion vs. causation, 275-278
Comte, Auguste, 237
Conflict: of duties, 148-149; between individuals, 356; of moral rules, 177-178
Confucius, 2, 3, 76-77, 200, 224, 251, 369 (1)
Conrad, Joseph, 218
Conscience, 7, 118, 176
Consciousness, 270-272
Consensus morality, 375 (11). See also Common-sense, morality of
Consequences: and acts, 177; consideration of, 176-177
Consideration: for others, 75; right to, 284-285
Consistency, as end in itself, 109
Constitution, U.S., 280-281
“Consumers’ surplus,” 374 (15)
Contract: moral, 186; social, 186
Cooley, C. H., 374 (7)
Cooperation, international, 288-300
Cooperation, social, 9, 13, 34-42, 174, 255, 288 ff., 303, 309-315, 356, 357, 359, 365 (12), passim; as heart of morality, 356, 359
Cooperatism, 103, 358-360
Copyright, 291
Costs: comparative, 290; as concept of “sacrifice,” 114-116; opportunity c, 114. See also Sacrifice
Courage, 82, 296
Cranston, M., 380 (1)
Critique of Practical Reason, 3
Crusoe, Robinson, method, 379 (13)
Darwin, Charles, 200, 385 (15)
Dawson, Miles M., 369 (1)
Decalogue, 8
Democritus, 2, 344
Deontology, 16, 19, 81-91, 99, 363 (1,2,4)
Description vs. prescription, 11
Desire(s): 12, 21-24, 373 (4); and satisfaction, 32-33
Determinism, 269-278; activistic, 274; and fatalism, 272-274. See also Free Will
Dewey, John, 129-130
Discipline, 218, 366 (10)
Disciplinism, 47
Division of labor, 37-40, 303, 308-309, 356
“Do-gooders,” 202
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 385 (1)
Dreiser, Theodore, 232-233
Dumont, Pierre E. L., 81
Duty (duties): of accident, 190; of circumstances, 118, 190-191; 188-202 passim; of consanguinity, 191; devotion to, 182; division and specialization of, 201; for duty’s sake, 139-149, 358, 373 (13); as end-in-itself, 116; and interest, 99; limits of, 106-107, 117-121, 157, 190-193; to one’s own talents, 198-200; prima facie, 142, 176, 184; of proximity, 191; of relation, 190-191; vs. risk, 110-112; and self-interest, 99; to speak the truth, 201; universal vs. special, 188-190; universality vs. particularity, 196-197; of vocation, 188-202; passim
Eastman, Max, 340-341, 363 (1), 385 (14)
Economics: and cooperation, 312; and Epicureanism, 312; and ethics, 175, 301, 312, 355, 365 (1); marginal utility, 175
Edison, Thomas, 216
Edwards, Paul, 239
Egaltruism, 102, 103
Egoism: 40, 91, 92-107, 313-315; and altruism, 92-107, 313-315, 356; ambiguous conception of, 125; defined, 101; ethical, 92; as inconsiderateness, 101; and mutualism, 102-107, 313-315, 356; psychological, 92
Emerson, R. W., 76, 129
Emotivism(ists), 241-246, 357-358, 379 (49)
Empiricism, 242-243
Employer, and employed, 314
Ends: intermediate, 138; kingdom of, 147; and means, 24-25, 128-138; as “pluralistic,” 128; ultimate, 130, 134-135
Engels, Friedrich, 230, 338, 340, 377 (5)
Engineering, and ethics, 5, 245-246
Epicureans (ism), 2, 17, 131-132, 312, 364 (6)
Epicurus, 3,17, 358, 359, 364 (6)
Equal distribution of income, 120, 317, 329-337
Equality (and Inequality), 251-255, 262-265; of income, 317, 329-337
Ethical skepticism, 223-247. See also Skepticism
Ethics: “absolute necessity of,” 170; autonomous, 351, 358; and economics, 301, 355, 365 (1); everyday, 77; heroic, 77; and jurisprudence, 65-66; and language, 241-245; and law, 62-69; is not linguistics, 243-245; as a means, 34; and wisdom, 52
Ethics and Language, 241-243
Etiquette. See Manners
Eudaemonism, 21, 31-34, 358-359; psychological, 21, 31-34
“Every one to count for one,” 251-255
Ewing, A. C, ix, 136, 137, 146, 176, 370 (5), 371 (8,10), 373 (11,13)
Exception, treating oneself as, 197, 355
Exceptions to rules, 72
“Exploitation” of worker, 315-316
“Eye for eye,” 9, 177, 348
Falstaff, 237
Fatalism, 272-274
Felicitism, 359, 370 (1)
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 364 (11)
Fichte, 3, 137
Fitzgerald, Scott, 76
Flagellantism, 47
Focal aims, 135
Ford, Henry, 69, 216
Foreign aid, 191
Formalism, Kantian, 56
Four Freedoms, 282
France, Anatole, 66-68
Free Enterprise. See Capitalism
Free Markets, 303-305. See also Capitalism; Property
Free trade, 288-291
Free Will, 269-278. See also Determinism; Freedom
Freedom(s), 67, 70, 250, 266-268, 321-324; and coercion, 266-267; “four,” 282; and justice, 248-249; and socialism, 325-326
Freud, Sigmund, 231
Freudian ethic, 231
Future vs. present, 18, 48-49
Galbraith, J. K., 373 (3)
Games, theory of, 308
Garvin, L., 384(11)
General rules: how framed, 104-106; need for, 53-61, 354. See also Rules, need for general
Genius, duties of, 199
God, and ethics, 8, 63, 176, 342-353, 386 (16), passim
Goethe vs. golf, 175
Golden Rule, 105, 158, 224, 250-251; and converse G. R., 105-106; negative G. R., 158, 224, 251
Golf: and ethical theory, 3-4; and Goethe, 175
Good: as “indefinable,” 178, 244; as “intuitively” known, 178; not a property, 171; “the,” 130; as “unanalyzable,” 244
Governments, role of, 289-291
Gray, Lord and Lady, 118-119
Greeks, 367 (2)
Grote, J., 116, 370(6)
Grotius, 63
“Growth,” as the moral end, 130
Hague Tribunal, 292
Hall, W. E., 294
Hamilton, Alexander, 339
Hammurabi, code of, 8
Happiness, 16, 20, 21-34; greatest, of the greatest number, 18, 19; Greatest H. Principle, 16, 45, 66, 90, 370 (1); and justice, 256-257; morality as art of maximizing, 16; vs. pleasure, 20; pursuit of, 281; and satisfaction, 21-34; and social cooperation, 356; and well-being, 24-26, 134, 358
Hare, R. M., 243
Harmony of interests, 313-314, 358
Haydn, J., 307
Hayek, F. A., ix, 59, 67, 192-193, 266, 322-323, 376 (14,1), 380 (4,6), 381 (16,21), 384 (10), 385 (12)
Hazlitt, Frances Kanes, 386 (15)
Hazlitt, Henry, 365 (1), 366 (11), 371 (11), 384 (26,7)
Hedonistic calculus, 18, 83, 173, 374 (16), 375 (19)
Hedonism, 15-20, 92, 358; ethical, 16, 31; psychological, 16, 21, 22, 31-32
Hegel, G. W. F., 3, 184-185, 373 (13)
Heraclitus, 2
Heroes, heroic ethics, 157, 372 (3), 373 (5)
Herrick, Robert, 381 (9)
Hindus, Milton, 377 (14)
Hobbes, Thomas, 92, 109, 180, 276-277, 381 (20)
Hobhouse, L. T., 177
Holmes, O. W., Justice, 285, 286, 382 (7)
Honor, “a word,” 237
Hook, Sydney, 382 (14)
Hornaday, W. T., 385 (15)
Hospers, John, ix, 136-137, 364 (6,11,12), 367 (2), 368 (18), 372 (9,5), 373 (13), 376 (5), 381 (6,20), 382 (2)
Howard, H. Eliot, 385 (15)
Howard, John, 343
Hudson, Manley O., 382 (4)
Human rights: and property rights, 280; Universal Declaration of, 283. See also Rights
Hume, David, viii, 3, 53-60, 68, 70, 91, 150, 152, 170, 223, 259-260, 276, 290-291, 312, 317, 339, 366 (1), 367 (1,2,3,5,9), 369 (1), 370 (3), 372 (10), 374 (12), 380 (18), 381 (19)
Hutcheson, Francis, 19, 366 (1)
Huxley, Aldous, 135, 159
Huxley, Julian S., 271, 385 (15)
Huxley, Thomas H., 68
“Hysteron-proteron,” 21, 26
Ideal law, 63, 206
“Ideal” Utilitarianism, 117, 130, 134, 372 (12)
Idealist, 240
Impartial observer (spectator), 104-106, 113, 118, 255
Imaginary constructions, 370 (1)
Imperative, Categorical, 117, 143 ff., 358, 373 (13)
Importance, judgments of, 237
Inconsiderateness, as essence of egoism, 101
Independence, Declaration of, 281
Individual, and society, 35, 104-106, 108-110, 313, 355
Inquisition, 344
Intentions, 90
Interdependence, of individuals, 313
International Court, 292-293
International ethics, 288-300
International law, 288-300, passim
“Inter-subjective” verification, 169
Intuition(ism) (ists), 9, 63, 176-187, 250, 253-255; and common-sense, 176-187
“Invisible hand,” 310
Is and ought, 11,13
Isaiah, 3
Jacobi, Friedrich H., 22
James, William, 212-217, 219, 220, 377 (8), 386 (16)
Janet, Paul, 376 (7)
Jefferson, Thomas, 281
Jellinek, 66, 368 (9)
Jenner, Edward, 200
Jerome, St., 211
Jesus, 3, 200, 343, 344, 348, 349, 350-351, 371 (19)
Jews, 8, 349
“Johnny and the Tiger,” 293, 361-362
Jonson, Ben, 307
“Judge not,” 350
Jurisdprudence, and ethics, 65-66, 355
Justice, 13, 53-54, 67-68, 103, 206, 248-261; Aquinas on, 352; and capitalism, 306, 316-318, 324; and competition, 306; and equality, 262-265, 335-337; and freedom, 248; and happiness, 256-257; as interest of the stronger, 224-225, 230; as a means, 259-261; per eat mundus, 313; “self-evidence” of, 187; “social,” 317; and social cooperation, 257; and utility, 260-261
Justinian, Institutes of, 248
Kant, Immanuel, 3, 4, 62, 74, 113, 116, 117, 129-132, 137, 139-149, passim; 146, 150, 157, 196-197, 248-249, 358, 372 (6,6), 373 (9,13)
Kantian system, 56, 234, 313
Karamazov brothers, 342, 385 (1)
Katz, David, 385 (15)
Keynes, John Maynard, 49, 133, 366 (2,11)
Khrushchev, 340
Kindness, 75, 91, 104, 106, 350, 360
Kinsey, Alfred C, 231-232
Kirzner, Israel M., 383 (17)
“Know thyself,” 202
Köhler, Wolfgang, 385 (15)
Kropotkin, Prince, 42, 365 (11), 385 (15)
Krutch, Joseph Wood, 271-272
Labor, division and combination of, 37-40, 303, 308-309, 356
Laissez faire, 289-290
Language, 9, 72, 178-180, 241-245, 355
Language of Morals, The, 243
Lao-tse, 3
LaPiere, Richard, 231
Law: and equality, 263-265; and ethics, 62-69, 180, 312, 355; and logic, 285; as a “minimum ethics,” 66; Mosaic, 177; positive, 206; purpose of, 70; requirements of, 67. See also Common Law
Law of nature, 63, 203-206, 286, 376 (2). See also Natural Law
Lecky, W. E. H., 177, 208-212, 377 (4)
Legal rights. See Rights
Legislation and moral philosophy, 66
Leibnitz, 307
Lenin, 340-341
Leonardo da Vinci, 307
Leoni, Bruno, 251, 380 (3,6)
Leveler, and Socrates, 334-335
Liberalism, 288-291
Liberty, 249, 250, 266-268; and “Four Freedoms,” 282-283; “highest political end,” 267; and morality, 268. See also Freedom
Lincoln, Abraham, 200
Lindbergh, Charles, 200
Lindsay, W. L., 385 (15)
Linguistics, ethics is not, 243-245
Locke, John, 3, 21, 67, 70, 177, 281, 286, 364 (1)
Logical positivism(ists). See Positivism (ists)
Long-run, 13, 33, 44-52, 124-127, 354; vs. short-run, 44-52, 124-127; “we are all dead,” 44, 49
Lorenz, Konrad C, 385 (15)
Love, 91, 350, 360; Christian, 104, 106; “one another,” 9, 106, 349-350, 360; “thy neighbor,” 348, 385 (10); “your enemies,” 9, 348, 350
Lovejoy, Arthur O., 386 (2)
“Loving-kindness,” 234
Luther, Martin, 381 (13)
Lying: when justified, 137; Kant’s argument against, 143; universalizability, 145
Machlup, Fritz, 363 (5)
Maine, Sir Henry, 256, 376 (2)
Mandeville, Bernard de, 133, 225-226, 382 (4)
Mankind, and your neighbor, 193 ff.
Manners, 9; and morals, 75-80, 180, 355; as minor morals, 75; as petty sacrifices, 76
Manu, sacred law of, 8
Marginal: satisfaction, 175; utility, 175
Market economy. See Capitalism
Marshall, Alfred, 374 (15)
Martin, C. E., 231
Marx, Karl, 90, 194, 225, 227-230, 340, 377 (5), 380 (13)
Marxism. See Communism; Socialism
Mary, Queen, 344
Master morality, 144, 226-227
Materialism, 162, 228, 233, 269-273
Maugham, W. Somerset, 199, 233-235
Maxima and minima, 121, 371 (20)
“Maximization” (“maximize”), 27, 171,174, 364 (7), passim
Mayo, H. B., 377 (6)
Meaning of Meaning, The, 244
Means: and ends, 24-25, 128-138, 221-222; exaltation of, over end, 247; “means-ends,” 128; mistaking for ends, 139-143, 221-222, 247; treating others as, 146-147
Medicine, and ethics, 5
Melden, A. I., 372 (3), 373 (5), 376 (8)
Merit, as basis of distribution, 337
“Meta-ethical” problems, 244
Methods of ethics, 10, 243; empirical, 243; experimental, 243; imaginary constructions, 370 (1); not those of physics, 243; but of praxeology, 243; Robinson Crusoe, 379-380 (13); statistical, 243
Michelangelo, 164, 307
Middle-of-the-road systems, 325-326, 384 (27,1)
Middleton, Thomas, 381 (8)
“Might is right,” 224-226, 230
Mill, James, 81
Mill, John Stuart, viii, ix, 28-29, 60, 81, 129, 132-133, 157, 175, 200, 202-206, 342-344, 353, 363 (5), 364 (11), 367 (2,9), 368 (9)
Mind and matter, 270-272
Minima and maxima, 121, 371 (20)
Minimum ethics, 66, 157
Mises, Ludwig von, viii-ix, 37, 114-115, 220-221, 290, 312-314, 320, 364 (11,4,7), 365 (1,2,10), 366 (3), 371 (12,14,1), 373 (1), 374 (5), 375 (18), 377 (3,3), 379 (41), 380 (14), 381 (1,2,14), 382 (1,3), 383 (6,7,9,19,20,22), 384 (27,1,4,5), 385 (15,12), 386 (4)
“Money-making,” 216-217
Montague, Mary Wortley, 381 (11)
Moore, G. E., viii, 22, 29, 116, 132-133, 171, 244, 372 (3), 375 (6)
Moral aristocracy, 200-201
Moral contract, 186
Moral futurism, 230
Moral law, 165
Moral rights, 282, 286-287. See also Rights
Moral rules, how framed, 104-106. See also General Rules; Rules
Moral sense, 9, 176
Moral tradition, 164-165, 354, passim. See also Common-sense ethics; Morality
Morality: as art of maximizing happiness, 16, 83-84, 90; is autonomous, 351, 358; of common-sense, 111-112, 179-185, 354; as conduct each desires others to observe toward himself, 223; of each vs. of all, 156; as the end, 222; everyday, 77, 359; and liberty, 268; and manners, 75-80; as a means, 133-135, 148, 157, 221-222, 354; necessity of, 170; objective and subjective, 162-165; and religion, 342-353, 386 (16); and self-interest, 123-127; sexual, 84, 177; as social, 164-165, 354; tradition of, 164-165
Morals and manners, 75-80
Morgan, C. Lloyd, 385 (15)
Moses, 4, 8, 9, 177, 344, 349
Mozart, 307
Mutual aid, 42
Mutualism, 92, 102-107, 313-315, 356, 359; defined, 102; as name for system, 103. See also Altruism; Egoism
Mystery of morals, 7-10
Nagel, Ernest, 378 (10)
Napoleon, 296
Natural Law, 62-64, 203-206, 376 (2). See also Law of Nature
Natural rights, 281-282
New Testament, 348-349, 350-351, 385 (10)
Newton, Sir Isaac, 307
Nietzsche, 3, 4, 73, 144, 181, 225, 226-227, 229, 365 (11)
Nihilism, 9. See also Skepticism
Nock, Albert Jay, 194, 376 (4)
Noncognitivism, 378 (29)
Non-conformists, 73
Nonfeasance, 111
Nonresistance, 297-300
Nowell-Smith, P. H., 243
Nuclear bomb, 288, 295-296, 298
Objectivism, 162-175 passim
Obligation: limits of, 106-107, 117-121, 190-193; and rights, 279-280, 282
Obligatory and optional ethics, 156-158
Occam’s razor, 187
Ogden, C. K., 244
Ought and is, 11, 13
Old Testament, 52, 344, 347-350, 385 (10)
Optimum (optimific) act, 181
Optional and obligatory ethics, 156-158
“Oversoul,” social, 165
Pacifism, 299-300
Pain, 20
Panphysicalism, 162, 233, 270-272
Paradox of virtues, 296
“Parliament of man,” 292
Pascal, Blaise, 34, 118, 370 (6)
Pasteur, Louis, 200
Patent protection, 291
Paul (the Apostle), 3, 41
Perfect man. See Perfection
Perfect world. See Perfection
Perfection, 151-154, 300, 373 (4)
Perry, R. B., 170, 374 (10)
“Persuasive definitions,” 242
Physics, 243, 374 (14)
“Pig philosophy,” 17
Pilgrim Fathers, 332-334
Ping-pong vs. poetry, 28
Plato, 2, 3, 29, 281, 377 (1)
Pleasure, 15-20; abstract vs. specific, 30; as desired or valued state of consciousness, 174, 364 (11,12), 375 (18); “quality of,” 28-31; “quantity of,” 28-31; sensual, 32, 372 (12), 375 (19)
Poetry vs. pushpin, 28, 175
Poincaré, Henri, 269
Policemen, and soldiers, 297
Politeness. See Manners
Pollock, Sir Frederick, 369 (19)
Pomeroy, W. B., 231
Popper, Karl R., 236-237, 243, 363 (4), 374 (8), 377 (4), 379 (43)
Poor and rich, 317, 350
Positivism (ists), 162, 169, 181, 235-241, 247, 358, 378 (25)
Postal Union, 291, 293
Pound, Roscoe, ix, 69, 74, 248, 368 (1,6,9,10), 369 (20,5)
Poverty, 214-217
Practicality of ethics, 4
“Pragmatisms, Thirteen,” 359
Praxeology, 159
Precedent, importance of, 61, 64, 181-184
Predicament, our human, 127, 148
Predictability of actions, 60, 71; of law, 64
Preference, 173-174
Prescription vs. description, 11
Present vs. future, 18, 48-49
Priestley, Joseph, 19
Prima facie duties, 142, 176, 184, 286
Prima facie rights, 283-287
Principia Ethica, 244
Principle: acting on, 126; adherence to, 287
Private enterprise. See Capitalism
Private property. See Property (private)
“Profit,” in morality, 115
Profit-and-loss system, 302. See also Capitalism
Property (private), 54, 249, 280, 303-305; in means of production, 304-305; wife as, 349. See also Rights; Capitalism
Protectionism, 289
Proverbs, Book of, 52
Proximity, principle of, 196
Prudence, 13, 50, 81-91, 176, 187; and benevolence, 50, 81-91, 92, 176; and egoism, 92; extra-regarding, 50, 84-85; “self-evidence” of, 187; self-regarding, 50, 84
Pseudo-rights, 282-283. See also Rights
“Public” opinion, 164
Punishment: preventive vs. retributive, 275; and responsibility, 277
Pushpin vs. poetry, 28, 175
Pythagoras, 2
Quixote, Don, 119
Rand, Ayn, 92
Rashdall, Hastings, 21, 31-32, 116, 117, 130, 134, 251-255, 284-285, 346-347, 363 (1), 364 (2), 372 (3,12), 373 (13), 374 (16), 375 (19,5), 376 (13,3,6,7,9), 381 (7)
Rate of interest, 50
Rationalism, 3
Reason: law of, 206; and natural law, 206
Red Cross, 291
“Refrain, will to,” 217-218
Refraint, 377 (12)
Relativism, 66; vs. absolutism, 150-158. See also Absolutism
Relevance, moral, 196-197; judgments of, 237
Religion: and morality, 342-353, 358, 386 (16); utility of, 343-344
“Religion of Immoralism,” 340-341
Renunciation, 220-221. See also Sacrifice; Self-Sacrifice
Reputation, 164-165
Responsibility: and determinism, 275-277; and freedom, 277; limits of, 106-107, 117-121, 190-193
Reversibility, of moral rules, 145
Ricardo, David, 290, 312
Rich and poor, 317, 350
Richards, I. A., 244
Rights, 279-287; Bill of, 280-281; to consideration, 284-285; imply obligations, 279-280
Risk and duty, 110-112
Robbins, Lionel, 383 (18)
Rockefeller, John D., 69
Röpke, Wilhelm, 299-300, 382 (17)
Romanes, G. J., 385 (15)
Romans, 205-206, 281
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 282-283
Ross, Sir David, ix, 118, 142, 176, 184, 286
Rothbard, Murray N., 320-321, 364 (7), 372 (19), 375 (18), 383 (12)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 186, 194, 218
Rule, Golden. See Golden Rule
Rules: “follow unless,” 184; how framed, 104-106, 354; need for general, 53-61; 193. See also General rules
Rule-utilitarianism, 60, 367 (2), 386 (3)
Rule-utilitism, 60, 136, 354, 386 (3)
Russell, Bertrand, 22-24, 29, 132, 140, 142, 171, 181, 218, 306, 364 (5,6), 365 (9), 375 (6), 377 (14), 382 (14)
Russia, Soviet, 304, 318, 330, 337, 339, 340. See also Communism
Sabbath, 8, 349
Sacrifice(s), 90, 97, 108-127, 220-221, 357; as a “cost,” 114-115; as instrumental, 116; as a means, 116; petty, 76; possible rule for, 113; prudential, 114; for sacrifice’s sake, 113, 220-221; as temporary, 220
Saint(s), 34, 37, 157, 200, 208-212, 311, 321, 322, 345, 372 (3), 373 (5)
Saint-Simon, Comte de, 237
Samaritan, Good, 69, 121, 190
Sanctity, of moral rules, 96
Santayana, George, 22, 29-30, 161, 342, 351, 364 (10), 374 (4), 375 (6), 382 (5,16), 385 (2,13)
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 232
Satisfaction, 21-34, passim; and desire, 32-33; “maximization” of, 171; and happiness, 21-34, 354
Savage tribes, morality of, 72
Schiller, J. C. F. von, 140
Schlick, Moritz, 101, 237, 370 (4), 381 (21)
Schopenhauer, A., 2, 3, 373 (18)
Schumpeter, Joseph, 17, 364 (5)
Schweitzer, Albert, 3, 200, 368 (8), 385 (15)
Science: as determinist, 269; ethics as a, 4-6; as instrumental, 162, 247; as means, 162, 247; presupposes causation, 277; and value, 159-162, 247; “value-free,” 160
Seeley, Sir John, 376 (6)
Self-defense, right of, 293-300
Self-denial, 221. See also Asceticism; Discipline; Sacrifice; Self-sacrifice Self-discipline, 47, 217-221, 357 “Self-evidence,” of moral maxims, 186-187
Self-interest, 40, 51, 123-127
Selfishness, 40, 101, 310-311, 315; as inconsiderateness, 101
Self-love, 97-100; and love of our neighbor, 100 “Self-perfection,” 153-154, 222. See also Perfection
Self-preservation, “right of,” 294-295
Self-restraint, 217-221, 357
Self-sacrifice, 77, 108-127, 220-221; as instrumental, 116; as a means, 116; not good in itself, 220-221; as temporary, 220. See also Sacrifice
Self-subordination, 117
Self-torture, cult of, 207-212
Sellars, Wilfred, 372 (9,5)
Sennholz, Mary, 363 (5)
Sensuality, 17-18
Servetus, 344
Sexual morality, 84, 177, 181, 219, 231-232
Shaftesbury, Lord, 3, 366 (1)
Shakespeare, 30, 164, 251, 307, 323, 376 (1), 381 (10)
Shared judgments vs. solipsistic, 168 ff.
Shaw, Bernard, 199, 384 (6)
Short-run. See Long-run
Sidgwick, Henry, viii, 150, 176, 179-180, 187, 250, 254, 352, 371-372 (2), 375 (2,11), 376 (16,2), 381 (17)
Skepticism, 9, 223-247; haphazard or random, 232-235
Smith, Adam, viii, 37-41, 56-57, 91, 110, 113, 118, 119, 290, 308-311, 368 (10), 370 (3), 383 (4)
Smith, Sydney, 118-119
Social contract, 186
Social cooperation. See Cooperation
“Social justice,” 317. See also Justice
Social mind, 165 ff.
Social objectivity, 165
Social value, 164 ff. See also Value
Socialism: vs. capitalism, 301-324, passim; as coercion, 337-340; and communism, 326; ethics of, 325-341; Utopian, 326-329
Society, and individual, 35, 104-106, 108-110, 313, 355
Socrates, 2, 3, 27-29, 200, 224-225, 230, 334-335, 343
Soldiers, and policemen, 297
Solipsistic judgments vs. shared, 168 ff.
Spencer, Herbert, 1, 92-97, 113, 150-156, 177, 248-250, 253-254, 256-258, 297-298, 365 (11), 373 (1), 385 (15), 386 (4)
Spinoza, 3, 22, 200, 344
Stalin, 304, 341
Statistical theory of ethics, 232, 243
Stevenson, C. L., 135, 239, 241-243, 372 (13)
Stoics, 2, 3, 206
Strauss, Leo, 382 (4)
Stylites, St. Simeon, 210-211, 222
Subjectivism, 162-175, passim
Sumner, William Graham, 177
Supererogation, ethics of, 157
Superman, 144, 229
Sympathy, 75, 90-91, 104
Teleotism, 358, 368 (9), 386 (1)
Temperance, 18, 45, 85, 296
Ten Commandments, 8, 59, 349
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 175, 292
Thompson, E. P., 385 (15)
Thomson, James, 118
Thorndike, E. L., 385 (15)
Thrasymachus, 181, 224-226, 228
Tiger, Johnny and the, 293, 361-362
Time discount, 50
Toulmin, Stephen, ix, 127, 170, 371 (23), 386 (16)
Traffic rules, and moral rules, 70-74, 183
Treason, 296
Trotsky, Leon, 339
Truthtelling, 79
Twain, Mark, 184
Twilight zone: of duty, 122; in solving problems, 371 (20)
Unanimity, 36, 357
Uneasiness, 21
United Nations, 283, 292-293, 294
Universalizability of moral rules, 143 ff., 196-197, 355-356, 373 (9); generality vs. specificity, 144; vs. particularity, 196, 355-356
Urmson, J. O., ix, 157, 372 (3), 373 (5), 376 (8)
Utilitarianism, 18, 56, 72, 132, 175, 179-180, 234, 286-287, 313, 330, 354, 358-359, 367-368 (9), 370 (1), 373 (13); act-, 60, 179; ad hoc utilitism, 60, 287, 359; “ideal,” 117, 130, 134, 372 (12); naive, 72; rule-, 60, 359, 386 (3); rule-utilitism, 60, 287, 354, 386 (3)
Utilitism, 60, 287, 368 (9). See also
Utilitarianism Utility, principle of, 15
Valuation, all human action implies, 245
“Valuative,” as substitute for “emotive,” 379 (49). See also Value; Value-judgments; Value-words
Value(s), 25, 159-175; commensurability of, 173-174, 374 (16), 375 (19); comparability of, 173-174; “exchange-” vs. “use-,” 170; of “gold” vs. “bread,” 175; as “intrinsic,” 162 ff.; judgments of, 159-162, 238 ff., 245-247, 357-358; marginal, 175; as measurable, 171-175; multifaceted nature of, 169-171; not a “property,” 170-171; as objective, 162 ff.; “paradox of,” 175; quantification of, 173-174; as a relation, 162 ff.; as “relational predicate,” 171, 374 (10); social, 164 ff.; as subjective, 162 ff.; “transvaluation of all,” 182, 355
Value-judgments, 159-162, 238 ff., 245-247, 357-358, 379 (49)
Value-words, 237 ff., 245-247, and passim
Veblen, Thorstein, 97
Verdi, 307
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul, ix, 369 (4), 376 (2), 381 (1)
Virtue(s): and happiness, 24; as means, 133-135, 221-222; paradox of, 296; as positive, 218; as useful to others, 218
Vocation: choice of, 197-200; and circumstances, 188-202, 356, 376 (3); moral, 200
Voltaire, 154
Voluptuary’s fallacy, 44-45
Wagner, Richard, 307
War, ethics of, 297-300
Washington, George, 200, 296, 343
Weber, Max, 159
Webster, Daniel, 294
Well-being and happiness, 24-26, 134
Wheeler, William Morton, 385 (15)
“Why should I (we) be moral?” 123-127
Wicksteed, Philip, 37, 40-41, 311-312, 313, 318-323, 373 (12), 383 (4,13,18)
Widgery, Alban G., 371 (2)
Wilde, Oscar, 73
“Will to refrain,” 217-218
“Will to power,̵ 227
Williams, Roger J., 380 (1,2)
Wilson, Mr. Justice, 63
Wisdom, and ethics, 52
Witch, “not suffer to live,” 349
Wittgenstein, 237
Yerkes, R. M., 385 (15)
Zarathustra, 3
