Cronyism
Index
INDEX
Compiled by Roger E. Bissell
A & W Sprague Manufacturing Company, 109
Adams, Brooks, 131
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 79–80, 85, 89–90
Adams, John Quincy, 32, 89
Adamson Act (1916), 265, 267
Aldrich, Nelson W., 117, 123, 171–72, 177–82
Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908), 177
Alleghany Corporation, 274
Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (AEG, German), 337
Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers strike (1901), 199
Amalgamated Copper, 192, 215
American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), 214–15, 229, 241, 311–12
American Association of State Highway Officials, 276
American Automobile Association, 276
American Bankers Association (ABA), 150, 153, 157, 171–72, 175, 183
American Beet Sugar Association, 294
American Bimetallic League, 154, 159
American Chemical Society, 312
American Economic Association (AEA), 24, 115, 131, 176–77, 208, 240, 342
American Farm Bureau Federation, 333
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 25, 116, 133, 198, 214, 230, 239, 241–42
American Iron and Steel Association (AISA), 23, 111, 114–17
American Iron and Steel Institute, 211, 224
American Manufacturers’ Export Association, 215
American Medical Association (AMA), 17n2, 25, 125, 291, 294–95, 298, 302–12
American National Live Stock Association, 287–88
American Petroleum Institute, 236
American Pharmaceutical Association (APA), 291, 294, 298, 304
American Psychological Association, 304
American Screw Company, 104
American Social Science Association, 89
American Sugar Refining Company, 114–15, 117–19, 123, 172, 298
American Steel & Wire, 192, 194–95, 197
American System, 23, 32, 34–35, 45, 48–49, 51–56, 59, 102–103, 113, 132, 162
American Tin Plate Company, 197
American Tin Plate Manufacturers’ Association, 129
American Wholesale Grocers’ Association, 289
Grocery Trade Conference (1928), 289
Ames, Oakes, 66–70, 75
Anaconda Copper Mining Company (originally Anaconda Copper Company), 159, 161, 192
Andrew, A. Piatt, 178–79, 185
Angell, William, 104
Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 238
antitrust and anti-unfair competition, 26, 103, 120, 123–24, 126, 132, 161, 187, 194–96, 199–202, 204–205, 207–211, 213, 215, 217–18, 222–23, 228, 232–33, 235–36, 241, 252, 257–60, 265– 66, 271, 280–81, 287, 290. See also individual legislation; cartels, monopolies, pools, and trusts
public disclosure requirements, 190–91, 199, 208, 212–13, 245–46
state antitrust laws, 119, 124
Arbuckle, John, 294, 298
Archbold, John D., 195–96
Arrears of Pension Act (1879), 116
Armour, Herman, 121
Armour, J. Ogden, 280, 283–84, 286–88
Armour, Philip, 126
Armour & Co., 27, 114, 118, 121, 126, 172, 227, 279–80, 284, 286, 288–89, 317. See also Beef Trust
Army Appropriation Act (1916), 266
Association of Railway Executives (ARE), 24, 270–71, 274, 277
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 65, 89, 94, 96, 98, 250, 253, 261–62, 262, 264, 267
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 68, 89
Babcock, Joseph, 294
Bacon, Edward P., 251, 253, 255
Bacon, Robert, 168, 200
Baker, George F., 149, 159, 168, 176, 178, 323, 325–26, 329
Baker, George F., Jr., 337
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), 55, 88, 99, 249–50, 252, 256, 261–63, 265, 271
Baltimore Plan (1894), 157–58
Bancroft, Edgar Addison, 208
Bangs, Stetson, Tracy & MacVeagh, 156
Bank of Commerce (New York), 137, 144
Bank of England, 17, 174, 177, 322, 338
Bank of France, 322, 339
Bank of North America, 15
Bank of the United States, 15–16
Bankers Trust Company, 176–77, 179, 189, 336, 344
banking, 46–48, 74, 135, 141, 144, 147–49, 155, 157, 162, 167, 169, 171, 178–79, 348. See also banking policies; individual banks
central banking, centralized banking, 19, 23, 31–32, 48, 56, 71, 135, 143, 175, 177–81, 187. See also Federal Reserve System
crises, 59, 174. See also economic crises
elites, 71, 142, 159, 182, 264
financial interests, 22–25, 40, 139, 143, 145, 150, 190, 313, 322
fractional-reserve, 46, 136, 139, 141
free banking, 32–33, 46–47, 140
international banking and wartime profiteering, 315–17, 322, 334, 338
national banking system, 16, 138, 140–41. See also National Banking System
reform, 158, 172, 174–75, 177, 184
reserve pyramiding, 71, 141, 143–44, 146, 155, 174–76, 324, 335. See also banking policies: branch banking prohibitions
system overextension, 147, 153–55
banking policies, 15–16, 31, 54, 72, 104, 106–108, 123, 125, 127, 134, 170, 191, 221, 224, 226, 228, 230– 31, 234–35, 244–45, 323, 330–31. See also banking; Federal Reserve System; individual legislation; money; National Banking System
banknotes (national and state), 47, 142, 144, 146–47, 149, 152–53, 156–57, 169, 171
bimetallic standard, bimetallism, 153
branch banking prohibitions, 141, 178–79, 186
deposit insurance, 178, 330
notes, bonds, and deposits, 17, 45–48, 137–38, 140–42, 144, 146–47, 149–50, 152–54, 156– 57, 168–71, 174–76, 178, 186, 190, 317, 320, 322, 324–25, 328, 343
Baruch, Bernard, 228–29
Beef Trust, 24, 27, 114, 118–19, 121, 126, 129–30, 161, 172, 204, 226–27, 279–88, 290, 317. See also Armour & Co.
Beer, William, 202
Belmont, August, 40–43, 45, 49, 135
Bethlehem Iron Company, 115
Bethlehem Steel, 231, 238, 322
Bevan, Arthur, 307, 309, 311
Beveridge, Albert, 283
Big Four labor unions, 25, 100, 255, 264–65, 268, 270
Big Four of California, 23, 60–61, 64–65, 67–68, 74–75, 77. See also Charles Crocker; Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington; Leland Stanford
Bigelow, Erastus, 110
Bigelow Carpet Company, 110
The Birth of a Nation, 282
Blaine, James, 73, 75, 131
Blanchard, George, 92–93
Bland-Allison Act (1878), 152–54, 160
Board of Patent Control, 130, 193, 211
Boston Associates, 34, 40, 43
Boston Board of Trade, 106
Boston, Hartford, & Erie Railroad, 71
Boston Sugar Refinery, 104
Brandeis, Alfred, 261
Brandeis, Louis D., 215, 261–63
Breckinridge, John, 49
Brookings Institution, 231
Brookings, Robert, 228
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen strike (1909), 268
Bryant, William Cullen, 48
Bryan, William Jennings, 100–101, 132–33, 158–59, 161, 178, 183, 185, 210, 266, 318–19
Bryanite Populism, 162
“Bryanized Banking Bill,” 185
Buchanan, James, 43–44, 49, 105 Bureau of Chemistry, 24, 293–96, 299–302
Butchers’ National Protective Association, 119, 126
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, 210
Caledonia Iron Works, 63
Cambria Iron Works, 109
Cameron, Simon, 51, 86
Campbell, William, 126
Canadian Pacific Railroad, 89
capitalism, capitalist. See free markets, laissez-faire
Carey, Henry, 49, 103, 105, 111, 115
Carey, Mathew, 49
Carnegie, Andrew, 111, 118, 123, 132, 307
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 307–309
Carnegie Steel, 129, 194, 197
Carroll, Charles Holt, 46
cartels, monopolies, pools, and trusts, 21–27, 86–88, 90, 92–94, 97–99, 101, 103, 114, 116–24, 126–27, 154, 167, 194–96, 198, 207, 251, 253, 256, 260, 262, 264–65, 267, 270–71, 278. See also antitrust and unfair competition; individual entities
cartels, cartelization 16, 19, 21–22, 24–27, 86–88, 90, 93–94, 99–101, 103, 114, 116– 18, 127, 129–30, 133, 150, 163, 167, 169, 173, 179–80, 187, 190–92, 194–96, 203–204, 206–208, 210, 212–13, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223–25, 228, 232–40, 246–47, 249–50, 252–54, 259, 265–69, 271–72, 274–75, 278–80, 288, 290, 300, 302, 304, 306, 310, 312, 315, 319, 343, 347–48
community of interest, 100, 168, 250–51, 257–59, 263, 272–73
corporate merger movement, 127
“good” trusts and “bad” trusts, 202, 204–205, 207, 302
interlocking directorates, 168, 187, 216–18, 273
mandatory consolidation, 245, 271
monopolies, monopolization, 15, 21–24, 26, 33, 38, 50, 71, 81, 89, 103–104, 114, 116–18, 119, 123–24, 127–28, 130, 133, 139, 143–44, 158, 172, 187, 192, 195, 197, 210, 213, 219, 232, 235, 237, 271, 273, 290, 297, 302, 317, 319
pools, pooling agreements, 86–88, 90, 92–94, 97–99, 101, 103, 251, 253, 256, 260, 262, 264–65, 267, 270, 278, 287
trusts, 114, 116–24, 126, 154, 167, 172, 194–96, 198, 302
voluntary consolidation, 273, 275
Cassatt, Alexander, 250–51, 253, 256–57
Central Pacific Railroad, 59, 61–70, 74–75, 77, 79, 82, 89, 101
Chandler, William, 145
Chandler, Zachariah, 109
Chase, Salmon P., 48, 109, 136–37, 139–40, 142
Chase National Bank, 142, 274, 288, 329–30, 344
Chemical National Bank, 157
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, 262, 274
Cheney, O. H., 237
Cherington, Paul, 237
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, 51
Chicago Banker, 174
Chicago Board of Trade, 91
Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy Railroad, 65, 79, 88, 94, 277
Chicago Daily Tribune, 106
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 100
Choate, Joseph, 132
Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 44
Cincinnati & Chicago Railroad, 51
Civil War, 23–24, 55–56, 59–60, 72, 86, 89, 102–103, 106, 113, 116, 120, 134–35, 148, 154, 162, 295
The Clansman, 282
Clark, Edgar Erastus, 260
Clark, John Bates, 212
Clay, Henry, 32, 45, 51, 105, 132
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 217–18, 225, 263
Clayton, Henry, 217
Cleveland, Grover, 81, 92, 95–96, 118, 120–21, 125, 132, 153, 156–59, 161–62, 206
Clews, Henry, 150
Clinical Reporter, 309
Coca-Cola Company, 298
Coffin, Charles, 127
Colfax, Schuyler, 69, 75
colleges and universities, 25, 231, 303–311, 321. See also individual colleges and universities
Columbia Machine Manufacturing Company, 50
Columbia University, 176, 203, 208, 212, 228, 300, 316
Colwell, Stephen, 111
Commercial & Financial Chronicle, 94, 96, 124, 155, 263
Commercial National Bank of Chicago, 171
Commons, John R., 214, 254–55, 263
Compromise of 1850, 22, 36–40, 42, 87
Compromise of 1877, 78
Conant, Charles, 131, 174–75, 178–79, 263, 341
Confederacy, Confederate States of America, 52–56, 60–61, 91, 136
Contract & Finance Company, 67, 69, 75
Cooke, Eleutheros, 139
Cooke, Henry, 71–73, 75, 139
Cooke, Jay, 71–76, 80, 139–43, 145–47
Cooley, Thomas, 25, 96–99
Copper Act (1869), 109
Corcoran, W. W., 39–40, 43–45, 135
Corcoran & Riggs, 39
Corn Products Refining Company, 297
corporatism, corporatist, 22, 26, 163, 178, 182, 196, 208, 214, 218, 228, 231, 233–34, 236–37, 239–40, 245–46, 251, 256, 258, 263, 270–71, 278–79, 287, 302, 305–306, 313, 346, 348
Corporatist Era, 174, 190, 278–79, 315
policies, 17, 24–25, 167, 169, 186, 195, 200, 212, 221, 225, 243–44, 254, 264, 270–71, 302, 348
state, 19, 22–25, 27, 85, 163, 167, 190–91, 203, 208, 221, 223–34, 241, 246–47, 249, 276, 278, 290, 313, 345, 347–48
Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 25, 231, 335–37, 339
Council on Medical Education, 305–306, 308
Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, 294
Cravath & Henderson, 230, 324
Crédit Mobilier scandal (1872), 67–70, 75, 78
Crocker, Charles, 60–61
Cromwell, William Nelson, 175
Cudahy Packing Company, 129
Cuforhedake Brane-Fude (Cure-for-Headache Brain-Food), 298
Cummins, Albert, 254, 260, 271
Daly, Marcus, 159, 161
Daniels, Winthrop, 262
Dartmouth College, 262
Davies, Joseph, 217
Davis, David, 51
Davis, James, 241
Davis, Jefferson, 40–41, 49, 53–54
Davis, John, 335
Davison, Henry, 176–77, 179, 185, 189, 232, 318–20, 322, 329, 344
Dawes Plan (1924), 238, 336–38
Democratic Party, 32, 34–35, 49, 51, 55, 76–77, 100, 112, 135, 152, 156, 158–62, 183–84, 214, 225, 330
antislavery Democrats, 42
Bourbon Democrats, 76, 78, 95, 100, 105, 120, 153, 157–58
ex-Jacksonian Democrats, 48, 132, 136
hard-money Democrats, 147
Jacksonian Democrats, 19, 23, 33, 45, 48
northern Democrats, 42–43, 49, 76
politics, 16, 19, 32, 35–36, 39–40, 43, 50, 81, 91, 95, 105, 117–18, 120–21, 123, 156, 161, 180–85, 187, 190, 214, 217–18, 233, 259–60, 335. See also free markets, laissez-faire
Populist Democrats, 100, 132, 158–60, 162, 178, 180, 183, 214, 217, 257
proslavery Democrats, 43
redistributionist Democrats, 230
soft-money Democrats, 158
southern Democrats, 23, 52, 56, 77–78, 105, 152–53, 157–58, 260
western Democrats, 152–53, 260
Depew, Chauncey, 95–96, 99
Depression of 1873–1879, 75, 147–48
Depression of 1893–1897, 128–29, 132, 155–56
Depression of 1920–1921, 27, 241, 272, 288, 327, 329–32, 348
Detroit Board of Trade, 97
Dillon, Read & Co., 238, 341–42
Dixon, Frank, 262
Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 282
Dodge, Grenville, 51, 65, 70
Dolan, Thomas, 121
Doubleday, Page & Co., 282
Douglas, Stephen, 38, 42–43, 45, 49–50
Drexel, Anthony, 74
Drexel, Morgan & Co., 74, 80, 95, 149
Durand, E. Dana, 203
Durant, Thomas C., 62, 64–67, 70
Easley, Ralph, 198
Eckels, James, 171
Eclectic Medical Journal, 309
economic crises, 47–48, 59, 100, 150, 154, 173, 179, 197. See also banking policies; Depression of; Great Depression; money; Panic of; prices and wages
bank failures, 147, 155
bank runs, 17, 47, 136, 175
bankruptcy, 38, 77, 80–81, 83, 99–100, 128, 147, 159, 184, 187, 250, 263, 265, 278, 331
inflationary boom-bust cycle, 327
readjustment, liquidation, 47–48, 75–76, 155–56, 331–32
economic growth, 20, 32–34, 47–48, 55, 82–83, 107–09, 111, 113–14, 147–48, 155–56, 162, 316, 323, 326, 344, 347–49. See also free markets, laissez-faire
Eddy, Arthur Jerome, 213, 222
Edgar Thomson Steel Works, 111
Edison General Electric, 127
Electric Bond and Share Company, 246
Elkins, Stephen, 252, 260
Elkins Anti-Rebating Act (1903), 26, 205–206, 253–54, 257
Ely, Richard T., 214
Engels, Friedrich, 281
Esch-Townsend Bill (1905), 256
Erie Railroad, 86, 92, 100, 250, 274
Export Petroleum Association, 238
Farmers’ Alliance groups, 152
Farmers and Mechanics Bank (Buffalo), 137
Federal Aid Road Act (1916), 276
Federal Land Banks, 328
Federal Reserve Act (1913), 186–87, 317, 320
Aldrich Plan (1911–12), 180–84
Glass-Owen Bill (1913), 185
Glass Plan (1912), 184
Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Banks, 17, 24, 186–87, 190–91, 227, 238, 246, 264, 272, 315, 320–21, 328–29, 332, 344–46. See also banking policies; money
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 321, 339
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 329, 339
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 25, 186–90, 226, 315, 321–22, 325–29, 332, 334–36, 338–41, 344–45, 347
Federal Reserve Board, 186, 188–89, 315–16, 320–22, 327–29, 331–33, 335–36, 338–41, 344–45, 348
Open Market Investment Committee, 335
Federal Steel Company, 192, 194, 196–97
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 24, 218–19, 221–23, 225–29, 232–39, 246, 272, 287–89, 347.
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), 217–18
Federalist Party, 16, 32
Federalist-Whig Coalition, 45
Hamiltonian Federalists, 31
Fink, Albert, 87–90, 92–94, 96–97
First National Bank of Chicago, 150, 171
First National Bank of Little Falls (Minnesota), 181
First National Bank of New York, 142, 149, 159, 168, 176, 188, 325, 337, 344
First National Bank of Philadelphia, 142
First National Bank of Washington, DC, 73, 142, 147
First National Bank of Welsh (Louisiana), 182
Fishbein, Morris, 303
Fisher, Irving, 177, 321, 341, 345
Flexner, Abraham, 307–311
Flexner, Simon, 307
Flexner Report (1910), 309–10
Food and Drug Administration (FDA, formerly Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration). See US governmental departments: US Department of Agriculture
food and drug industry, 19, 22, 24, 118, 123, 125, 162, 167, 190, 228, 278–79, 287–89, 291–95, 297–98, 300–302, 312–13, 328. See also individual entities; US governmental departments: Department of Agriculture
acetanilid, 298
alcoholic beverages, 107–108, 292, 294–95, 298–99, 303
aspirin, 293
butter, 125
caffeine, 298
canning, 126, 281, 292
coffee, 294, 298
corn syrup, 297
glucose, 297
ketchup, 294
livestock, 110, 119, 123, 204, 252, 270, 280–82, 287, 289
meat, meatpacking, 27, 88, 118–20, 122, 126, 129–30, 172, 278–90, 295
oleomargarine, 125, 291
pain-killing drugs, 292, 295, 303
patent medicines, 125, 291–94, 298–99, 302
pork, 289
refrigeration, 126, 281, 288, 292
saccharin, 297
salicylic acid, 293
sodium benzoate, 294
sugar, 24, 104, 117
tea, 289
whiskey, 24, 291–92, 294–95, 299
Foraker, Joseph, 195
Ford, Henry, 276
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922), 244, 333
Ford Motor Company, 275
Foreign Affairs, 339
Forgan, James, 150, 171, 175, 181
Fourth National Bank of New York, 142, 145
Fowler, Charles, 172, 175
Fowler Bills (1902, 1903), 172, 175
Frame, Andrew, 172
Frankfurter, Felix, 229
free markets, laissez-faire, 20 33, 48, 82–83, 89, 114–15, 131, 150, 156, 158, 163, 179, 198, 217, 232, 246, 331, 344, 347–48. See also economic growth; government intervention
old-line, laissez-faire Democrats, 23, 31–33, 45, 112, 136, 142, 161–62, 173. See also Demo-cratic Party: Bourbon Demo-crats
Frémont, John, 43
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), fugitive slave regulations, 36–37, 44, 52–54, 56
Gallatin, Albert, 136
Gallatin Bank, 136
Gallatin, James, 136–37
Garfield, James, 69, 202
Garfield, James R., 202, 206–207
Garrison, William Lloyd, 53
Gary, Elbert, 192, 196–99, 201, 206–208, 211–12, 216, 224, 229, 233
Gaskill, Nelson, 227
Gates, John Warne (“Bet-a-Million”), 192, 195–96, 209
Gay, Edwin, 228, 237, 240
General Education Board, 309, 311
General Electric, 26, 127–28, 130, 193, 211, 215, 217–18, 223–24, 227, 231, 235, 238, 240–42, 246, 336–37
International General Electric Company, 238
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 294–95
General Motors, 275
Georgia Railroad, 268
German Historical School, 115, 203
Gilbert, S. Parker, 244, 324, 337
Glass, Carter, 184–85, 234, 327, 333
Gold Democrats, 161
Gold Standard Act (1900), 172
Gompers, Samuel, 133, 198–99
Good Housekeeping, 300
government intervention, 14, 19–21, 23, 26, 89, 100, 102, 113, 125, 163, 208, 214, 244, 246, 279. See also free markets, laissez-faire; special privileges; special interests
barriers and restrictions, 15, 22, 24, 33, 144, 172, 196, 245, 276–77, 287–88, 304, 348
imperial interventions, 40
interventionist German Historical School, 115
interventionist Hamiltonian Federalists, 31
interventionist Whig Party, 32
labor market interventions, 241
mercantilism as distortion, 15, 349
monetary intervention, 45, 48, 147–48
Populist interventions, 161
Goodyear Tire & Rubber, 276
Grand Trunk Railway, 88, 97
Grant, Ulysses S., 70–73, 146
“Great Barbecue,” 59, 66, 72, 74, 77, 79, 91, 101, 103, 108, 123, 134–35, 148
Great Depression, 17, 19, 22, 26, 348
Great Northern Railway, 80–82, 89, 99–100, 200, 250–51, 253, 256
Great War. See World War I
Grenfell, Edward C. “Teddy,” 177, 319, 322
Grimes, James, 112
Guaranty Trust Company, 328, 330, 344
H. J. Heinz Company, 291, 294, 299
Hadley, Arthur Twining, 262
Hamilton, Alexander, 15
Haney, Louis, 288
Hanna, Mark, 122, 160–61, 198, 206
Harlan, James, 259
Harriman, Edward H., 250, 253, 258–59
Harrison, Benjamin, 121–22, 131, 153
Harrison, George, 344
Harvard University, 273, 300, 306
Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 178, 228, 237
Hayes, John, 110, 117
Hayes, Rutherford B., 73, 78–79
Heney, Francis, 287
Hepburn, A. Barton, 157
Hepburn Act (1906), 26, 256–57, 259
Herndon, William, 56
Herrick, Myron, 160
Hewitt, Abram, 161
Hill, James J., 80–83, 96, 99–100, 250
Hines, Walker, 267, 269, 271
Hoard, William, 295
Holliday, Cyrus, 65
Hollis, Henry, 231
Home Protective Union, 49
Homestead strike (1892), 133
Hooper, Samuel, 137
Hoover, Herbert, 14, 17, 26, 234, 239–43, 270, 273–74, 286, 348–49
Hopkins, James, 91
Hopkins, Mark, 60–61, 75
House, Edward, 185, 215, 325
House of Cooke, 147
House of Morgan, 159, 172, 210, 259, 318, 325–26, 329, 337, 339, 343. See also J. P. Morgan & Co.
Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, 184, 267
Hull House (Chicago), 281
Humphrey, William, 26, 235–39
Hunter, Robert, 105
Huntington, Collis P., 60–62, 66–67, 70, 75–79
Hurley, Edward, 26, 191, 219, 221–24, 226, 234, 268, 287
I. G. Farben (German), 238
Illinois Central Railroad, 37–39, 42, 44, 50–51, 62, 87, 91, 250
Indianapolis Board of Trade, 97
Industrial Commission, 195–96
Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC), 242–43
Inflation. See money
Inland Grocer, 292
Illinois Manufacturers’ Association, 209, 219, 260–61
immigration, 25, 33, 50, 100, 113, 116, 133, 192, 198, 214, 230, 241–42, 292, 303. See also individual legislation
Immigration Act (1917), 230
International Harvester, 172, 187, 201, 206, 208, 215, 217, 227–28, 242–43, 317
International Steel Cartel, 238
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 93–94, 98–99, 119
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 24–25, 27, 94–101, 167, 181, 187, 195, 209, 212–13, 219, 246–47, 249–51, 253, 256–67, 269–75, 277–78, 347. See also railroad industry: legislation; US Congress: House of Representatives: Interstate Commerce Committee
Commerce Court, 251, 253, 260–62
Interstate Commerce Law Convention, 251, 255
Interstate Commerce Railway Association, 98–99
Iowa Pool, 88
Iron Age, 194, 292
Institute of American Meat Packers, 289
Insull, Samuel, 246
International Acceptance Bank of New York (IAB), 336
International Mercantile Marine, 201, 211
Jackson, Andrew, 14, 16, 32, 34
Jay Cooke & Co., 23, 71, 73, 76, 139–40, 147
J. P. Morgan & Co., Morgans, Morgan partner, 24, 100, 162, 168, 178, 184, 187, 193, 197, 200, 210–11, 217, 223, 227, 238, 245, 249–50, 257, 263, 274, 301, 313, 315, 318–26, 329, 334–37, 339–41, 343–44, 346. See also Drexel, Morgan & Co., House of Morgan, J. P. Morgan, J. S. Morgan & Co.
J. S. Morgan & Co., 129, 177
J. W. Seligman & Co., 176
Jefferson, Thomas, 14, 16, 31, 136
Jekyll Island Club (Georgia), 179–80, 182
Jenks, Jeremiah, 131, 196–98, 203, 208, 212, 225–26
Jevons, William Stanley, 106
Johns Hopkins University Medical School, 307–310
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act (1924), 241
Joint Executive Committee, 88, 96
Jones, John, 153–54
Journal of Commerce, 131, 285
Journal of the American Medical Association, 303
Joy, James (“Railroad King”), 65
Judah, Theodore, 61–62
Judd, Norman, 51
The Jungle, 281–82, 284, 286, 295
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 43
Kansas Pacific Railroad (originally Leavenworth, Pawnee, & Western Railroad), 61–62, 68, 73
Kasson, John, 112
Kebler, Lyman, 294
Kelley, Florence, 281
Kemmerer, Edwin (“the Money Doctor”), 341–42, 345
Kendrick, John, 288
Knapp, Martin, 251, 261
Knickerbocker Trust Company (New York), 175–76
Kuhn, Loeb & Co., 24, 159, 168, 173, 179, 183, 188, 250, 263, 280, 286, 317, 322
Ku Klux Klan, 270
labor, 22–25, 100–101, 116, 125, 132–33, 155, 162–63, 191, 198–99, 201, 208–209, 214–15, 221, 223, 226, 228–30, 233, 235, 239, 241–42, 245, 247, 249–50, 254–55, 258, 260–61, 266–72, 274–75, 278, 328, 338. See also individual entities; strikes
management relations, 26, 198, 242, 245
union strikes, 100, 133, 155, 198–99, 233, 242, 265, 268, 270–71, 275
Lakey, Alice, 294
Lamont, Thomas W., 176, 189, 232, 274, 316, 318, 322, 325, 328, 333, 335, 343–44
Lane, Franklin, 259
Laning, Cleveland & Folsom, 95
Lauck, William, 264
Laughlin, J. Laurence, 171, 181
Lawrence, Abbott, 40
Lawrence, Amos, 40
Lee, Ivy, 262
Leffingwell, Russell, 230, 234, 244, 324–25, 327, 333, 335, 343
Legal Tender Act (1862), 137
Legge, Alexander, 228, 243
Liberty Loan bonds, 231, 323
Lincoln, Abraham, 14, 16, 38, 50–56, 59, 61–67, 86–87, 102, 105, 107, 109, 135, 137, 140
Lincoln and Herndon, 56
Lindbergh, Charles, 181
Locomotive Firemen’s Magazine, 100
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 131
Lorimer, William, 284
Louisiana Sugar Producers Association, Louisiana sugar growers, 123, 294
Louisiana Territory, 32
Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 87
Low, Seth, 208, 211
Lydston, G. Frank, 302
Madison, James, 16
Magazine of Wall Street, 237
Mahan, Alfred, 131
Mann-Elkins Act (1910), 27, 260–61, 267
Marcosson, Isaac, 282
Marx, Karl, 281
Massachusetts Board of Railroad Commissioners, 89
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 307
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 184–85, 230, 234, 267–68, 270, 321, 324–25
McCarthy, George, 285
McCrary, George, 78–79
McCulloch, Hugh, 142–43
McCullogh & Co., 104
McKinley, William, 24, 101, 122–23, 132, 160–62, 170, 190–91, 199–200, 249, 252, 279
McKinley Tariff (1890), 122–123, 127, 154
Meat Inspection Act (1891), 122, 125–26, 129
Meat Inspection Act (1906), 24, 27, 284, 290
medical industry, 125, 140, 291–93, 295, 297, 302–308, 311–13. See also Flexner Report; individual entities; US governmental departments: Department of Agriculture: Food and Drug Administration; National Institute of Health
doctors, physicians, 17n2, 25, 125, 130, 278, 285, 292–93, 295, 302–306, 308–12
fake medical organizations, 291
heterodox doctors, 303–304, 306–307, 309–10
pharmacists, 292, 298, 304
veterinarians, 130, 285
Mellen, Charles, 250
Mellody Farm, 287. See also J. Ogden Armour
Mellon, Andrew, 244
Merchants Bank (Boston), 137
Metropolitan Bank (New York), 137
Mexican War, 36
Meyer, Balthasar, 255, 261
Miles, Nelson, 280
Miller, Adolph, 321, 339
Mills bill (1888), 118
mining and manufacturing industries, 19, 34, 38, 47–48, 50, 63, 102, 104–105, 107–108, 113–14, 123, 127–28, 148, 151, 153–54, 192, 195, 198, 209, 215, 217, 245, 265, 268, 278, 306, 313. See also individual entities
bricks, 282
carpetmaking, 104, 110
coal, 47, 66, 69, 103, 105, 111, 113, 122, 257
copper, 84, 101, 109
glass, window glaziers, 104
gold, 46, 170
hemp, 104
iron and steel, 33, 47, 51, 63, 66, 81, 104–113, 118, 121–23, 129, 145, 192, 194, 197, 207, 211, 229, 233, 238, 328
lead making, 104
interests, 19–20, 22, 24–25, 27, 63, 102–104, 106, 108, 110–11, 113, 117–19, 127, 139–43, 194, 201–202, 209–210, 216, 235, 278
radios and other appliances, 340, 345
rate regulation (increases), 110
screws, 104–105
silver, 81, 151–54, 161
steel ingots and castings, 197
tin plates, 123
trucks and automobiles, 229, 275–77, 328, 330, 332, 345
wire nails, 129
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 36, 42, 44
Missouri Pacific Railroad, 274
Mitchell, Charles, 274, 344
Mitchell, Lucy Sprague, 228
Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 228, 240
money, 21, 135. See also banking policies; economic crises; prices and wages
credit expansion, fractionalreserve banking, 46–48, 75, 87, 136–37, 141, 146–47, 156, 168–69, 173–78, 185, 190, 320, 324–25, 332, 335, 341, 348
deflationary credit contraction, 147
easy money, 158, 327, 334, 341
free silver, silver coinage, 132, 135, 152–53, 157, 159
“Crime of 1873,” 152
silver inflation, 170, 191
gold standard, 136, 153, 160, 316, 338
gold convertibility, 148, 338–39
“gold exchange” standard, pseudo-gold standard, 17, 25
greenbacks and specie, 46–47, 49, 60, 76, 135–38, 141, 143, 147–48, 152–53, 171, 335
hard money, 31–32, 46, 48, 136, 153
interest, interest rates, 46–47, 73–74, 106, 113, 118, 141, 151, 245, 286, 329, 332–34, 338, 340, 344–45, 348
monetary deflation, 147, 327, 330–31, 348
monetary inflation, 46–47, 137, 146, 154–56, 174, 238, 313, 320–21, 324–28, 335, 338, 341, 345, 348
money supply, 46, 138, 146–47, 149, 152, 155–56, 174, 324, 328, 330, 332, 335–36, 339–41, 348
no-inflation policy, 17
paper money, printing money, 17, 106, 134, 137–38, 152, 316, 336
price inflation, 341, 345
Money Trust, 168, 176, 182, 184, 189, 344. See also Wall Street
monopolies. See cartels, monopolies, pools, and trusts
Montgomery, Robert, 216
Moore, W. G., 302
Morgan, “Jack,” J. P., Jr., 187, 189–90, 210, 222–23, 225, 263, 274–75, 320, 322–23, 326, 328, 333, 337–38, 340, 343
Morgan, John Pierpont, “J. P.,” 26, 74–75, 80, 83, 88, 94–95, 98, 100–101, 127–29, 147, 149, 153–54, 156, 159–61, 168, 170–73, 175, 179–80, 182–83, 187, 192, 194, 197–202, 204, 206, 208, 210–11, 250, 252–54, 259–60, 284. See also Drexel, Morgan & Co. House of Morgan; J. P. Morgan & Co.; J. S. Morgan & Co.
Morgan, Junius, 94
Morrell, Daniel, 109, 111
Morrill, Justin, 104, 108–110
Morrill Tariff (1861), 103–105, 112
Morrill Tariff (1862), 108
Morris, Isaac, 70
Morris, Robert, 15
Morris & Co., 280, 284
Morrow, Dwight, 231, 337
Morton, Levi, 160
Morton Trust Company, 174–75
Morton, Paul, 253
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 130–31, 192, 198, 203, 209, 235
National Association of Wool Manufacturers (NAWM), 23, 110, 114, 117, 121
National Banking Act (1863), 71, 141, 147, 169
National Banking Act (1864), 71, 143, 147, 169
National Banking System, 16, 71, 75, 140, 143–46, 148–49, 151–52, 155, 157, 161
National Better Beef Association, 289
National Brick Paving Manufacturers Association, 276
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 25, 231, 237, 240
National Citizens’ League for the Promotion of a Sound Banking System, 181–83
National City Bank (New York), 128, 159, 167–68, 170, 172, 174, 176, 179, 183, 187, 227, 274, 280, 286, 317–19, 326, 328, 330, 341–42, 344
National Civic Federation (NCF), 24, 198–99, 201, 208–13, 217
National Civil Service Reform League, 120
National Cordage Company, 128–29, 155
National Education Association, 304
National Foreign Trade Council (NFTC), 215, 217, 219
National Industrial Traffic League, 260–61
National Institute of Health, 312, 347
National Monetary Commission, 177–78, 180, 182
National Republicans, 16, 32
National Tube Company, 192, 194, 197
National Wool Growers Association, 110
nationalization, 80, 135, 229, 266–67, 270, 281
Nebraska Farmers’ Alliance, 97
New England Cotton Manufacturers’ Association, 215
New Haven Railroad, 187, 250, 260, 262–63, 273
New York Central Railroad, 86, 88, 92, 95–97, 99, 200, 250, 259–62, 264
New York Chamber of Commerce, 106, 174
New York Clearing House, 137, 143
New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 274
New York Times, 96, 122, 137
Norman, Montagu, 338–39
Northern Securities Company, 200, 251–54, 258, 280
Northern Pacific Railway (originally Northern Pacific Railroad), 67, 71–77, 80–83, 89, 96, 98, 100, 146, 200, 250–54, 268
Ogontz Estate, 145–46. See also Jay Cooke
Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 47
Ohio State Journal, 139
Ohio State Medical Association, 304
oil and chemical industries, 104, 194, 205, 340. See also individual entities
Old Taylor, 291, 294, 299
Oliver Ames & Sons, 66
Olney, Richard, 94, 125
Omaha World-Herald, 159
Order of Railway Conductors, 260
Osler, William, 308, 311
Outlook, 295
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 89
Pacific Railway Act (1862), 59, 62–63, 66
Pacific Railway Act (1864), 66
Packers and Stockyards Act (1921), 288
Panama Canal, Panama Canal Company, 175
Panic of 1819, 48
Panic of 1837, 48
Panic of 1857, 38, 45, 47, 103, 146
Panic of 1873, 75–76, 88, 147–48, 151, 155
Panic of 1884, 88, 153, 155
Panic of 1893, 80–81, 99, 128, 130, 155
Panic of 1907, 175, 207, 259
Panic of 1920, 330
Paris Peace Conference, 333
Patten, Simon, 115
Peek, George, 228
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), 120–21
Pennsylvania Industrial League, 111
Pennsylvania Railroad, 26, 51, 73, 79, 86, 88, 91–92, 99, 250–51, 253, 256–57, 262, 270, 273, 275, 277
Pere Marquette Railroad, 273
Perkins, George, 168, 177, 182, 198–202, 206, 208, 210–12, 257–60, 284
Perry, Matthew, 41
Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 91, 100, 155
Philadelphia Board of Trade, 106
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 74
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 74
Pierce, Franklin, 40–43
Pittsburgh & West Virginia Railway (P&WV), 273
Platt, Thomas, 200
Plumb, Glenn, 270–71, 274
Plumb, Preston, 80
Polk, James K., 35
Pomeroy, S. C., 65
pools. See cartels, monopolies, pools, and trusts
Populism, Populist, 80, 100, 119, 127, 132, 135, 151, 156–163, 168–69, 178, 180–81, 183, 185, 187, 189, 194, 200, 206, 214, 217, 226, 235, 254, 257, 260, 271, 287, 328, 330, 345
prices and wages, 100, 229. See also economic crises; economic growth
flexible prices and wages, 273
minimum prices, floors, 233
minimum wages, 214
nominal prices, 243
nominal wages, 147–48, 243
price and wage cutting and raising, 116, 129, 198–99, 214, 230, 241–243, 245–46, 249, 254, 264, 269, 275, 289, 331
price and wage stability, 242
price controls, rate controls, 26, 77, 211, 227, 229
price discrimination, 90, 92–93, 97, 99, 212, 217, 225, 289
price fixing, rate fixing, 256
real wages, 34, 113, 138, 147, 198, 246, 348
rigid, inflexible prices and wages, 26, 221, 235, 243, 246, 275, 348
Price, Waterhouse & Co., 244
Princeton University, 183, 242, 262, 341–42
Pritchett, Henry, 307–310
progressive, 163, 167, 182–83, 200, 204, 214, 218, 226, 239, 261, 269, 279, 281, 290
Progressive Era, 14, 163
Progressive Party, 182
Proprietary Association, 299
protectionism, 31–32, 49, 51, 54, 104–105, 108–112, 115–17. See also tariffs
McKinley’s protectionist platform (1896), 160
protectionist cronyism, 106
protectionist tariffs and navigation acts, 54, 56
Pujo, Arsène, 182
Pujo Committee, 182–84, 225
Pullman strike (1894), 100, 133, 280
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 24, 290, 292, 295, 298, 301–302
Pure Oil Company, 204
Pyne, Moses Taylor, 183
Quay, Matthew, 121–22
Rail Association, 118, 129
Railroad Gazette, 253
railroad industry, 22–27, 33, 35, 38–39, 41, 47, 59–60, 68–69, 72, 74–75, 79–83, 85–103, 111–14, 119, 127, 133–34, 146, 149, 161–62, 174, 181, 184, 190, 196, 205, 211, 213, 217, 219, 246–47, 249–50, 253, 255–78, 279–80, 287, 313, 328, 342, 347. See also individual entities
eastern railroads, 97, 99
interests, 16, 23, 35–37, 40, 42–44, 51, 60, 62–63, 67, 71–72, 77, 82, 96, 101, 119, 168, 249, 253, 258
legislation, 23–24, 26–27, 34–38, 40–45, 50–51, 59–72, 74–83, 85–87, 89–103, 106, 111, 113, 119, 133–34, 161–62, 181, 187, 190, 205, 211, 213, 216–17, 219, 246–47, 249–75, 277–79, 313, 347. See also individual legislation; Interstate Commerce Commission
technocratic economists, 228, 254, 261
“lobbyesses,” 62
midwestern railroads, 88
“morganization,” 100, 184
malinvestment, mismanagement, 71–72, 75, 80
overextension, overexpansion, 75–76, 113,
pools, pooling agreements, 86–88, 90, 92–94, 97–99, 101, 103, 251, 253, 256, 260, 262, 264–65, 267, 270, 278, 287
shippers, 15–16, 23–24, 54, 76, 80, 85–88, 90–92, 94, 97, 101, 151–52, 162, 187, 247, 249, 251–55, 256–66, 269–72, 276, 278, 298
rate regulation, 27, 77, 80, 85, 91, 99, 101, 257, 260–65, 269, 272
regional railroads, 83
“robber barons,” 76–77
transcontinental railroad, 16, 23, 34–36, 40–45, 51, 56, 59–63, 65, 67–75, 77–83, 89, 96, 101
trunk lines, 38, 86–88, 91, 97
western railroads, 98
Railroads’ War Board, 265
Reagan, John, 91–93
Reconstruction South, 72, 78
Redfield, William, 215, 217, 223–24, 232, 235
Reed, Charles, 295
regulatory capture, 17, 21–22, 25–27, 35, 94, 181, 187, 218, 221, 226, 232, 234–35, 253, 264, 266, 272, 315, 345, 347
Reparation Commission, 334
Republican League of the United States, 121
Republican Party, 16, 23, 43, 45, 54, 77, 102, 112, 134, 162, 170, 183, 200, 233, 259
Federalist-Whig coalition, 45
northern Republicans, 56
opposed to extension of slavery, 45
politics, 23, 43, 48–52, 59–61, 63, 72, 75–76, 78, 80–81, 93, 95–96, 101, 103, 105, 109, 112, 116–18, 120–24, 126, 131–32, 134–35, 140, 145, 147, 153–54, 156–58, 160–61, 170, 172, 180, 182, 198, 235, 244, 270, 283–84, 325, 330
Populist Republicans, 254
silver Republicans, 160
western Republicans, 112, 153, 181, 260
Whig-Republican proposals, 16
Revenue Acts (1916, 1917, 1918), 230–31
Revere Copper Company, 104
Ripley, E. P., 264
Ripley, William, 273
Rockefeller Foundation, 231, 237, 310–13
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 307
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 171, 242, 307–10
Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 87, 114, 128, 182, 195, 204, 307, 309–310
Rockefeller, William, 128, 159, 192, 317
Roosevelt, Franklin, 14, 17
Roosevelt, Theodore, 14, 26, 131, 172, 182, 199–207, 209–210, 217, 252, 254, 256, 258–59, 280–82, 290, 297, 312
Royal Baking Powder Company, 291, 294, 299, 301
Royal Dutch Shell, 194, 238
Rubber Association of the United States, 276
Rusk, Jeremiah, 126
Sacramento Valley Railroad, 64
St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 80–81
Samuel Hooper & Company, 137
Sanford, John F. A., 44–45
Schiff, Jacob, 168, 173–74, 177, 183, 322
Scientific American, 240
Scott, Dred, 44. See also US Supreme Court
Scott, Thomas (“Pennsylvania Napoleon”), 73, 76–79, 86, 91, 250
Scranton, Joseph, 111
Schwarzchild & Sulzberger, 130
Second Bank of the United States, 16, 32, 62, 173–74, 183
Second National Bank of Baltimore, 157
Seligman, Edwin, 176, 203, 244–45, 316
Seligman, Isaac, 176
Seward, William, 50
Shaw, Leslie, 174
Shell Transport & Trading Company, 194
Sherman, John, 69, 104, 117, 121, 124, 139–41
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 69
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 122–25, 192, 199, 200, 206, 208–10, 225, 252
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), 154, 156–58, 160
Sinclair, Upton, 281–82, 284
slavery, 23, 34–37, 39–40, 42–45, 47–50, 52, 55–56, 76, See also
Civil War; Confederacy; US
Constitution; US Supreme Court:
Dred Scott (1857)
destroying Whig, Democrat Parties by 1850, 23
expansion of, 23, 34, 36, 42–45, 50, 53
mandatory, tax-funded patrols, 53
Northerners favoring confining to the South, 23, 36, 52
secession, 23, 36, 52, 53–56, 60, 105
subsidies for slavery, 39
Smith, Caleb, 51
Socialism, socialist, 132, 163, 198, 281
Sound Currency Committee of the New York Reform Club, 157
Southern Pacific Railroad, 68, 74, 77–79, 89, 98, 250, 256, 258–59, 263
Southern Wholesale Grocers’ Association, 288
Spanish-American War, 170, 279–80
Spaulding, Elbridge, 137
special interests, 19, 20–24, 27, 34–35, 40, 54, 59, 63, 75, 77, 103, 112, 119, 122, 125, 127, 134, 148, 158, 161–62, 183, 185, 226, 246, 267, 270, 291, 334, 347
special privileges, 15, 19–22, 24–26, 31, 36, 40, 45, 49–50, 68, 75–76, 92, 94, 96, 101, 109–111, 113, 115, 120–22, 127, 130, 132–33, 143, 145, 148–49, 151–52, 157–58, 162–63, 167, 169, 172, 196, 203, 207–208, 214–15, 236, 253, 266, 269, 272, 283–84, 290, 292, 297, 317, 333, 338, 347
as distortion of market, 82
bailouts, 15, 34–35, 76, 176, 179
export assistance, 193, 203, 235
government contracts, 15, 42, 107, 223, 279, 287, 319
land grants, government loans, and inflationary credit, 15, 23, 35, 37–38, 40, 42, 56, 59, 71, 74, 79–80, 85, 101, 277, 325, 327, 332
monopolistic, 23, 103–04, 123, 148, 172–73
patent restrictions, patent monopolies, 127, 235, 245
restrictive regulations, 15, 135, 141, 226, 297, 304, 306, 312
subsidies, 15–16, 23, 26–27, 37–40, 42, 44–45, 50–51, 54, 56, 59–60, 63–65, 67–70, 72–75, 77–80, 82–83, 85, 87, 101–102, 107, 113, 123, 126, 130, 135, 138, 162, 170, 173, 178, 180, 194, 201, 203, 221, 225, 232, 235, 238, 266, 271–77, 280, 284, 286, 289, 294, 301–302, 304, 308, 311–12, 325, 328, 333, 338, 349
Sprague, William, 109
Standard Oil
Company of Ohio, 87–88, 91–92
Corporation, 128, 130, 133, 161, 172, 192, 194–96, 201–202, 204–206, 208, 317
of Indiana, 205
of New Jersey (SONJ), 205, 215, 226, 238
Trust, 97, 114, 118–19
Stanford, Leland, 60–61, 64
Stanford, Leland, Jr., 60
Stanford University, Leland Stanford Junior University, 60
Stanford, Philip, 64
State Bank of Indiana, 142
Steel Export Association, 238
Stephens, Alexander, 53
Stetson, Francis Lynde, 156, 159, 192, 197, 202, 208, 253–54
Stettinius, Edward, 337
Stevens, John, 137, 142, 144
Stevens, Thaddeus, 63, 67
Stewart, William, 68, 70, 154
Stillman, James A., 128, 167–68, 170, 175–76, 192, 280, 328
Strong, Benjamin, 25–26, 176, 179, 185, 188–90, 219, 226, 266, 315, 320–22, 325, 327, 332, 334–36, 338–41, 343–45
Sullivan & Cromwell, 175, 238
Survey of Current Business, 240
Swank, James, 111, 116–17
Swift, Louis, 283–84
Swift & Co., 114, 280, 283
Taft, Henry, 210
Taft, William Howard, 26, 181–82, 210, 214, 259–61, 297, 299
Tarbell, Ida, 204
tariffs, 16, 19, 23, 32, 36–37, 48–49, 51, 54, 56, 81, 102–106, 108–120, 123, 126, 133, 138, 145, 152, 154, 170–71, 190, 192, 211, 216. See also individual legislation; protectionism
taxes, 15–16, 20, 27, 31, 35, 37, 39, 63–64, 67, 69, 72, 74, 80–83, 96, 106–108, 123, 125–27, 170, 191, 203, 221, 224, 226, 228, 230–32, 234–35, 244–45, 258, 263, 266, 269, 276, 281, 283–84, 287, 296, 310–312, 323, 325, 333. See also individual legislation; US Constitution: Sixteenth Amendment
1861 and 1862 laws, 107
1924 law, 244
banking, 144, 146, 149, 156–57, 330
cutting and repealing, 108, 156–57, 235, 244, 331
excise, 107
German, foreign taxpayers, 238, 322, 337
income (corporate and personal), 106–107, 112, 132, 155, 161, 215–16, 230–32, 234, 244
inflation as a hidden, 138, 326
inheritance, 107, 231, 244
license, 107
lower tax policy, 344
manufactured goods, 104, 106–108, 112, 122, 125
mortgage, 200
progressive, 107, 216
property, 106
railroad, 254
sales, 106, 108
state and local, 178–79, 263, 276, 307
tariffs as “surrogate sales tax,” 108
Tariff of 1883, 118
Taylor, Frederick, 261
Teller, Henry, 153
Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company, 207
Texas & Pacific Railway, 73–74, 77–78, 91
textile industry, 38, 40, 109–110. See also individual entities
cotton, 34, 43, 109, 136
wool, woolens, 104, 109–110, 112, 121, 123, 145
Traffic Committee of the Commercial Organizations of the Atlantic Seaboard, 261
transportation industry (excluding railroads), 19, 23, 31, 82–83, 249, 267, 275. See also individual entities
highways and roads, 276, 342
Third Avenue Railroad, 50
Thom, Alfred, 274, 277
Thompson, Huston, 227
Thompson, John, 142
Thomson-Houston Electric, 227
Thorne, Clifford, 270
Thorne, Oakleigh, 289
Tilden, Samuel, 78, 95
Transportation Act (1920), 24, 27, 271–72, 275, 347
Treaty of Versailles, 336
Trumbull, Frank, 262, 264
Trunk Line Association, 88
trusts. See cartels, monopolies, pools, and trusts
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913), 216
Union Pacific Railroad, 62–70, 73–74, 77, 79–82, 85, 88–90, 93, 98–99, 101, 250, 258–60, 263, 277
United Corporation, 245
United Mine Workers, 198, 201, 214 strikes (1900, 1902), 198, 201
United Traction and Electric Company, 117
University of Chicago, 171, 310
University of Iowa, 310
University of Pennsylvania, 115, 242, 264, 306–307
Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 115
Untermyer, Samuel, 182
US Chamber of Commerce, 213, 227–28, 232–33, 236, 239
US Congress, 16, 25, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 44, 49, 51, 56, 60–61, 63–68, 71–72, 74–76, 78, 80–81, 92–93, 106, 108, 110–12, 117, 120, 125–26, 135, 137–40, 143–44, 146–48, 150, 152, 157, 169, 177, 180–82, 186, 195, 202, 207, 209–214, 216–17, 223, 228, 230, 232, 234–35, 240, 244, 253, 256, 260, 262, 264, 266–67, 269–71, 274, 276, 278, 281, 284, 287–88, 294–95, 296, 301, 323, 328, 330–31, 333. See also Industrial Commission; National Monetary Commission; Pujo Committee
“Billion Dollar Congress,” 122, 125–26, 133, 154
congressmen, 32, 37, 43, 66–68, 71, 75, 77, 100, 123, 145, 186, 202, 260, 295
“Railroad Congressmen,” 61
US House of Representatives, 32, 61, 66, 69, 73–76, 91–92, 104–105, 122, 137, 143, 172, 175, 178, 182, 184, 225, 256–57, 284, 330
House Banking and Currency Committee, 172, 182, 184. See also legislation and regulation: antitrust: Pujo Committee
House Committee on Agriculture, 284
House Interstate Commerce Committee, 91–92
House Pacific Railroad Committee, 61, 66, 69, 74, 80
House Ways and Means Committee, 104, 122, 137, 143
US Senate, 42, 50, 61, 92–93, 96, 105, 124, 139–40, 155, 171, 182, 188, 252, 256, 260, 265, 283–84, 330
Senate Banking Committee, 188
Senate Committee on Territories, 42
Senate Finance Committee, 105, 140, 171
Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, 93, 252, 256, 260, 265
Senate Pacific Railroad Committee, 61, 68, 80
US Constitution, 13–16, 19, 32, 44, 52, 54, 93, 132. See also US Supreme Court
Corwin amendment (proposed), 54
Thirteenth Amendment (1865), 55
Sixteenth Amendment (1913), 215–16
US governmental departments, 16, 22, 24–27, 41, 85, 89–102, 162–63, 167, 169, 177–181, 185, 188–91, 195–96, 209–14, 217–19, 221–22, 226–27, 230, 232–37, 245–46, 249, 254–57, 259, 261–64, 266, 271–73, 276, 278, 282, 285, 287, 313, 319. See also Federal Reserve System; Federal Trade Commission; Interstate Commerce Commission; National Institute of Health
bureaucracy, bureaucrat, 21, 24, 27, 31, 80, 89, 90, 107, 120, 142, 163, 203, 223, 237, 249, 257, 271–72, 275, 279, 282, 293, 296, 300, 302, 304, 312–13, 347
Department of Agriculture (USDA), 125–26, 282–83, 289–91, 293–95, 347
Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 289
Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), 126, 130, 280, 282, 285, 295
Bureau of Chemistry, 24, 293–96, 299–302
Food and Drug Administration (FDA, formerly Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration), 301–302, 347
Department of Commerce, 24, 26, 131, 193, 200–201, 218–19, 221, 223, 233, 239, 246, 272, 347
Bureau of Corporations, 26, 201–205, 208–10, 217–18, 281
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 223, 240
Bureau of Manufacturers, 203, 223
US Patent Office, 127, 240
Department of Commerce and Labor, 26, 201–203, 209, 214
Department of Justice, 39, 124, 156, 202, 206–207, 210, 227, 233, 236, 252, 259–60, 265, 287
Department of Labor, 214, 229, 241
National War Labor Board, 229
War Industries Board (WIB), 228–29, 232
War Labor Administration, 229
War Labor Policies Board, 229
Department of the Interior, 61, 65
Department of the Treasury, 39, 46, 107, 109, 136, 139, 145, 149, 170, 179, 185, 230, 234, 244, 282, 321, 327. See also banking policies; money
Bureau of Internal Revenue, 107
Independent Treasury, 32, 136, 142, 145
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 141–43, 150, 178, 184–85
public debt, federal debt, 32, 35, 54, 106, 135–36, 142, 145, 152, 157, 170, 172, 323–324
Department of Transportation, Transportation Department (proposed), 270–71
Department of War, 40–41, 53, 78, 86, 174
Food Administration, 286
Railroad Administration, 233, 267–71, 278
US Presidency, the White House, 43, 120, 159, 180, 200, 207, 226, 252, 330
US Steel, 24, 26, 168, 187, 197–99, 201, 206–208, 210–12, 215, 217, 223–24, 226–28, 230–31, 235, 238, 243, 317, 331
US Supreme Court, 44, 91, 93, 99, 132, 205, 250, 253–54, 260, 277
Dred Scott (1857), 44–45
Munn v. Illinois (1877), 91
Wabash v. Illinois (1886), 93
Usher, John, 261
Valuation Act (1913), 263
Van Buren, Martin, 16, 32, 34–35
Vanderlip, Frank, 167, 170, 174–76, 179, 183, 185, 187, 317, 323, 328
Van Fleet, Vernon, 235
Van Sweringen, Mantis, 274
Van Sweringen, Otis, 274
Victory Loan, 327, 329
Wadsworth, James, 284
Walker, Amasa, 48
Walker Tariff (1846), 49
Wall Street (“Money Lords”), 19, 22–25, 38, 46, 71, 96, 127–28, 133–37, 140, 142–45, 147–49, 153, 155–62, 167–90, 192, 194, 199, 226, 228, 230, 237–38, 246, 249, 254, 263, 274, 280, 289, 313, 315–23, 325–30, 332–38, 340, 342–46. See also Money Trust
Wall Street Journal, 216, 235
Wanamaker, John, 121
Warburg, Paul, 173, 176–77, 179, 182–83, 185, 188–90, 315–16, 321–22, 324, 333, 335–36
Ward, Eber, 111
Warne, Frank, 264
War of 1812, 32
Washington Chronicle, 74
Waukesha National Bank (Wisconsin), 172
Webb-Pomerene Act (1918), 225, 238
Weed, Thurlow, 50
Welch, William, 307–308, 311
West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway (WVC&P), 252
Westinghouse, 130
Wharton, Joseph, 111, 115, 117
Whig Party, 32
Whitney, George, 340
Whitney, Richard, 340
Wickersham, George, 210
Wiggin, Albert, 274, 288, 329, 344
Wiley, Harvey Washington, 125, 291, 293–300
Poison Squad, 293
Willard, Daniel, 263, 265–66, 271
Willard’s Hotel, 66
Williams College, 202
Williams, George, 157
Williams, John E., 137, 142–43
Williams, John Skelton, 184
Willis, H. Parker, 184
Wilson, Henry, 75
Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894), 132, 155
Wilson, Thomas, 284, 286
Wilson, William, 214, 229
Wilson, Woodrow, 14–15, 183, 186, 188, 214–17, 219, 221, 226–29, 233, 264–67, 270, 287, 322–23, 325, 331
Wire-Nail Association, 129
Wisconsin Steel Works, 243
Wool and Woolens Act (1867), 110
World War I, 223, 278, 286–87, 290, 310, 315, 338. See also Paris Peace Conference; Reparation Commission; Treaty of Versailles
World War II, 349
Wyoming Coal and Mining Company, 69
Young, Owen, 218–19, 231, 233, 238–40, 242, 336–37
