16. Human Beings and Their Economic Services
CHAPTER 16
HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ECONOMIC SERVICES
§1. Man and wealth as economic agents. §2. Labor as contributing to income. §3. Psychic income gained in play. §4. Play- and labor-motives mingled. §5. Disagreeable labor. §6. Physical differences among men. §7. Comparative strength of men and women. §8. Differences in natural intelligence. §9. Talent and training as factors of efficiency. §10. Moral qualities required in industry. §11. Necessary combination of qualities. §12. Inequality of talents shown by biologic studies.
17. Conditions for Efficient Labor
CHAPTER 17
CONDITIONS FOR EFFICIENT LABOR
§1. Subjective and objective factors of efficiency. §2. Food and efficiency. §3. Clothing and housing. §4. Schooling. §5. Political security and honest government. §6. Effect of caste upon efficiency. §7. American democracy and efficiency. §8. Balance of advantage between work and leisure. §9. Division of labor and exchange. §10. Individual and territorial division. §11. Advantages of specialization. §12. Best adjustment of talents and occupations.
18. The Value of Labor and the Choice of Occupations
CHAPTER 18
THE VALUE OF LABOR AND THE CHOICE OF OCCUPATIONS
§1. Services of labor comparable with uses of wealth. §2. Limitations of the labor-supply. §3. The direction of labor guided by the value of its results. §4. Value of labor to the isolated laborer. §5. Rewards and sacrifices incident to occupations. §6. Psychic factors in labor-incomes. §7. Costs and deductions from nominal labor-incomes. §8. The long-time and ultimate rewards of labor. §9. Rarity of ability limiting choice of occupations. §10.
19. Principles of Wages
CHAPTER 19
PRINCIPLES OF WAGES
§1. The price of labor. §2. The self-directing laborer’s income from sale of products. §3. Shifting of labor to the point of highest return to the laborer. §4. Fees for temporary direct services. §5. The continuous wage-contract for personal service. §6. Price of labor employed on products to sell. §7. Various grades of labor and rates of wages. §8. Doctrine of non-competing classes. §9. Basis of the personal bargaining power in the wage-contract. §10. Friction in the adjustment of wages. §11.
Part IV. Time-Value and Interest
20. Time-Preference
CHAPTER 20
TIME-PREFERENCE
§1. Time as a condition in valuation. §2. The time element in man’s provision for his needs. §3. Cases where future use is preferred. §4. Cases where present use is preferred. §5. Biologic basis for most choice of present use. §6. Hope and risk as affecting time-preference. §7. Hastening the ripening process. §8. Postponing the use and the readiness for use. §9. Physical change accompanying time-change. Note on Present and future goods, uses, desires.
21. Rate of Time-Preference
CHAPTER 21
RATE OF TIME-PREFERENCE
§1. Subjective rate of time-preference. §2. Time-preference showing in care and repairs. §3. Time-preference showing in production of indirect agents. §4. Time-preference rate pervading an economy. §5. Time-preference and moral weakness. §6. Beginnings of durative direct goods. §7. Valuation of durative direct goods. §8. Relation of technic to time. §9. Examples of technical and time-differences. §10. Degrees of roundaboutness ruled by time-preference.
22. Money and Capitalization
CHAPTER 22
MONEY AND CAPITALIZATION
§1. The functions of money. §2. The standard of deferred payments. §3. Property. §4. Wealth and property rights. §5. Origin of capital; its definition. §6. Capitalization of direct durative agents. §7. Capitalization of indirect durative agents. §8. Time-price without loans. §9. Present price and the discount on future uses.
23. Capitalization of Monetary Incomes
CHAPTER 23
CAPITALIZATION OF MONETARY INCOMES
§1. Buying with money. §2. Capitalization of agricultural land-incomes. §3. Years’ purchase and rate of income on capital. §4. Price and rate of income. §5. Bonds and mortgages as saleable incomes. §6. Price of variable terminable incomes. §7. Depreciation funds. §8. Corporate securities. §9. Capital value of public franchises. §10. Incomes sold in perpetuity. §11. Bonds with fixed maturity.
24. Saying and Borrowing
CHAPTER 24
SAYING AND BORROWING
§1. Abstinence of the conservative kind. §2. Cumulative abstinence. §3. Spenders and savers. §4. No common standard of abstinence. §5. Saving without and with the use of money. §6. Classes of borrowers. §7. Victims of mischance. §8. The chronic improvident borrower. §9. Premium concealed in retail prices. §10. The prodigal borrower. §11. Students and apprentices. §12. Becoming-owners as borrowers. §13. The borrower for profit.