Akademisches Gymnasium Wien. Jahres-Bericht über das k.k. Akademische Gymnasium in Wien für das Schuljahr 1899/1900. Vienna: Verlag des k.k. Akademischen Gymnasiums, 1900.

Alexandre, V., and W.W. Gasparski, eds. Praxiology: The International Annual of Practical Philosophy and Methodology. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1992. Vol. 7: The Roots of Praxiology—French Action Theory from Bourdeau and Espinas to Present Days. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2000.

Chapter 1: Roots

1 On the Mises family, see in particular the 1881 Adelsakt (Ennoblement Act) for Meyer (or Mayer) Rachmiel Mises, Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. See also Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1975), vol. 6.

Chapter 2: School Years

1 Carl E. Schorkse, Fin-de-siècle Vienna (New York: Knopf, 1980), p. 6.

2 Roman classicism for the lower chamber, the Abgeordnetenhaus, Greek classicism for the upper chamber, the Herrenhaus.

Chapter 3: Alma Mater Rudolphina

1 The very expression “academic freedom” is in fact a term translated from the German. See Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, The Cultural Background of Ludwig von Mises (Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999), p. 3.

2 Appointments of professors had to be approved by the emperor, as with other high civil servants. See William M. Johnston, Vienna, Vienna—The Golden Age, 1815–1914 (Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori, 1981), p. 97.

Chapter 4: Fin de siècle Economic Science

1 Mises, Erinnerungen (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1978), p. 19; F.A. Hayek, “Einleitung,” Carl Menger, Gesammelte Werke, F.A. Hayek, ed. (Tübingen: Mohr, 1968), vol. 1, pp. xxxii.

2 After Menger successfully discharged his commission to tutor Crown Prince Rudolf in economics, he obtained the right to accede to Knighthood. Menger did not apply because he preferred his bourgeois status. See Brigitte Hamann, Rudolf: Kronprinz und Rebell (Munich: Piper, 1978), pp. 77, 86.

Chapter 5. Early Professions

1 Carl E. Schorkse, Fin-de-siècle Vienna (New York: Knopf, 1980), is famous for his claims that this interest in science and art was a substitute for the political career that the existing monarchical regimes made impossible. Schorke’s claim relies on the implicit hypothesis that politics is inherently more satisfying than science or art—an hypothesis that tells us more about Schorske’s own value-judgments than about those prevalent among young Germans and Austrians at the time.

Chapter 6. Treatise on Money

1 Landmarks are his essay on “Sociology and History” (1929) and several book publications: Epistemological Problems of Economics (first German edition, 1933; translated into English by George Reisman [Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1960; 3rd ed., Auburn, Ala.: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2003]); Nationalökonomie (Geneva: Editions Union, 1940); Human Action (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1949; 3rd ed.

Chapter 7. The Great War

1 See in particular Ludwig von Mises, Nation, Staat und Wirtschaft (Vienna: Manz, 1919); translated by Leland B. Yeager as Nation, State, and Economy (New York: New York University Press, 1983); and, Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1944).

2 Louise Sommer to Mises, letter of September 1917; Mises Archive 4: 143ff.

3 See Mises Archive 62: 143ff. and 100: 3.

Chapter 8. Nation, State, and Economy

1 Mises, Nation, Staat und Wirtschaft. Beiträge zur Politik und Geschichte der Zeit (Vienna & Leipzig: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1919); translated by Leland B. Yeager as Nation, State, and Economy (New York: New York University Press, 1983).