The Privatization of Roads and Highways
Index
Access
and egress rights, 265, 266, 283–84, 352
full, 173
insurance, 413
road, 265, 266, 276, 277
search, 283
Accidents, causes, 5, 348n, 350
Air pollution, 406
American Civil Liberties Union, 206
American Public Works Association, 230
American Trucking Associations, 382
Anti-immigration, 216–17
Antisocial behavior, 110
Apathy, 6
Asset value, 387
Attribution, 336
Austrian economic perspective, 358, 359n, 369
Automobile banning against, 76, 83
Automobile-mass transit synchronization, lack of, 66
Average revenue curve (demand curve), 32
Banfield, Edward C., 51, 52, 55
Bankruptcies, 23–24
Baumol, William J., 150
Bennett, James T., 335
Bish, Robert L., 53, 64, 74
Blockades, 283–84, 285, 288
Bonavia, Michael R., 100, 102
Borcherding, Thomas, 334
Bribes, 19
Bridges, 298, 301–02, 304, 306–08, 316, 319, 321, 323, 328, 356n, 359
Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Company, 240
Brownlee, O.H., 72, 114, 115, 116
Buchanan, James M., 49, 50, 72
Burchard, John, 37
Bureaucratic statist system, 76
Bureaus, regulatory, 160, 163
Bus lanes, special, 84–86
California Private Transportation Company, 232
California State Route, 120, 269, 276
Callahan, J.M., 191
Campbell, H.E., 156
Capital, 101, 102, 117, 118, 130, 148–49
Capitalism, 319; see also Laissez-faire
Carpooling, 388–89
Cars vs. people, 82
Case probability, 132
Central planning, 370–72
Cigarettes, 207–14
Class probability, 132
Clay, Henry, 103
Coase, Ronald H., 175, 210
Coercion, 288–90
Competition, 18–19, 30–31, 155, 160, 162, 163, 170, 181
perfect, 30–33, 36, 368–70, 369n, 373
real, 369
Competitive industry, 261, 325
Competitive market process, 35
Congestion, 47–48, 49–96, 229–32, 356–58, 371–73, 376
crisis, 69, 73
criteria to reduce, 79–80
economic approach to, 11
solutions
automobile banning, 76, 82
bus lanes, 64, 84–87
central planning, 370–72
electronic monitoring, 64, 65, 83, 86, 91
expanding roads, 72–73
free fare, 90–95
government rules, 59
improved mass transit, 88
limited turns, 61
reversible one-way streets, 61
staggered work hours, 59
surveillance, 63–65, 83
zoning, 65, 68
Congestion vs. density, 51
Contracts, implicit, 344
Cooper, Norman L., 113
Courts, 322–23
Covenants, restrictive, 121
De minimis argument, 302
Deaths, highway, 4, 188, 189, 191n, 193, 349, 351, 356, 363–64
street owner liability, 342
decline with enterprise system, 15
Delanoy, Chris, 327
Demand curve (average revenue curve), 32, 140
Demsetz, Harold, 210
Density, 51
Department of Transportation (DOT), 381n, 399
DiLorenzo, Tom, 335
Discrimination, 218, 220, 221
Doctrine of
ad coelum, 296–300
diffused benefits, 137
revealed preference, 126, 132–35, 136
sanctity of property values, 288
Dollar vote, 234
Double decking, 37–38
Drinking/drunk driving, 347–52
Driverists, 157
Dyckman, John W., 73
Econometrics, 132
Economies
of scale, 15, 373–75
science of, 71
Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), 272–73
Eminent domain, 179, 255, 258–60, 407, 366–68, 375, 377
challenge, 17, 19
Enterprise, value of a commercial, 18
Entitlement, 242
Entrepreneur(s), 7, 14–16, 34–35, 40–42, 62, 69, 95, 130, 204, 224, 248, 250, 252, 350, 351, 389, 394, 411
consumer desires and, 406
Equity and pricing, 376–77
Excludability, 98, 98n, 112, 121, 122, 141
Exclusion principle, 98
External
economics, 98, 99–108
diseconomies, 108–113
Externalities, 97–99, 286–88
argument, 99, 102–05, 108, 136
internalized, 110, 111, 120, 125
market failure of, 358–61, 359n
pecuniary, 107n, 129, 130
positive, 97n, 99, 111, 113, 115, 120
Federal Highway Administration (FHA), 230
Freedom of movement, 130, 131, 218, 222
Fisher, Carl, 149
Free
enterprise, 224, 338, 341
fares, 90–95
immigration, 216
market, 70
market in roads, 7, 11, 13, 23, 38
market transportation network, 70
mass transportation, 90–91
rider, 114–18, 136
society, 216, 283, 289, 295n, 323n, 338, 344–45, 381, 386
Friedman, David, 297, 299
Friedman, Milton, 297, 298, 299
Galt, John, 396
Gilad, B., 188
Government
as manager of roads and highways, 68
responsibility, 363–66
Graves, Philip E., 294
Green light time, 28
Gridlock, 356
Hague, Douglas C., 32
Hayek, F.A., 393
Haritos, Z., 39
Harwitz, Mitchell, 130
Haveman, Robert H., 31, 110, 125, 132, 135
Heller, Walter H., 72, 114, 115, 116
Heyne, Paul, 192
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, 231, 398
Highway
fatalities and road socialism, 331–45
mileage, 147, 149
monopoly, 230
safety record, 155
transportation market, 192
Homesteading, 217, 239, 240n, 242–44, 318–20, 409, 414
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 218
Integration, forced, 216
Intersection ownership by a third party, 28–29
Immigration, 215–18
Improved mass transit, 88
Independent Rapid Transit Corporation, 240
Indivisibilities, 43, 373–75
and road provision, 373
Infrastructure, decline in condition, 385
Insurance
access, 413
automobile rates, 173–78
title, 412
Internationalization of the externalities, 121
International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA), 363–64
Interstate Highway System, 385 Investment ex ante and ex post, 40
Isolability, 136–38
Jackman, W.T., 103, 145–47
Joint stock company, 244
Kain, John F., 63
Khursheed, Aaiysha F., 334
Kirk, Robert, 53, 64, 74
Kirzner, Israel, 34,
Kolko, G., 164
Kreml, F.H., 155–56
Laissez-faire capitalism, 175, 178, 179, 250, 265
Land collectivitization, 179, 180
Land values, 18
Land-use controls, 66
Lave, Charles, 187, 191, 193
Law suits (lawsuits), 197
Liability, 342–44
Libertarian, 409, 413, 415–17
law, 414
Party, 416
perspective on rights, 205
political economic philosophy, 201, 202, 211, 214
Libertarianism theory, 239, 407
Libertarians, 386, 388, 399, 413, 416
Lincoln Highway, 149
Load factor, 88
Locke, John, 311–12
Lockean-Rothbardian property rights, theory, 296
Lockean
homesteading, 299, 304
-Rothbardian-Hoppean homesteading theory, 414
Loeb, P.D., 188–90
Longer Combination Vehicles, 382
Mackey, Cecil, 163
MADD, 348–54
Majoritarianism, 124
Market
action, 136, 137, 142
failure, 358–61
process, 13, 26, 34–35, 41
value of rights of way, 130
Mass transportation, 65, 68, 73, 83, 86, 90, 02, 95
McFarland, R.A., 158
Megaproject failures, 393–94
Meiburg, Charles O., 50
Meyer, John R., 54
Mises, Ludwig von, 132, 133–34, 135
Mohring, Herbert, 72, 129–30, 357, 359–61, 366–77
Monopoly, 10, 41, 43
Morris, S.S., 73
Mothers Against Death Drivers, 348
Muller, Christopher, 284
Municipalization, 240, 241
Nader, Ralph, 5, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162
Naderites, 153, 164, 202
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 44
National Safety Council, 382
Nationalization, 240
Noble, Charles, 38
Non-compete clause, 269–72
Olson, Mancur, 140–44
Outsourcing, 391–93
Overbuilding, 40, 70
Owen, Wilfred, 37, 81
Parades, 202, 206–07
Parish highways, 147
Peak load, 49, 50, 60
pricing fees, 396
Peltzman, Sam, 5
Permit system, 80, 80–81n
Peterson, Shorey, 104–08, 146, 150, 151
Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike Corporation, 148
Place, definition of, 39, 40
Poole, Robert, 383–85, 387–402
Posner, Richard A., 210
PPP (Public-Private Partnerships), 390–91
President’s Task Force on Highway Safety, 155
Price system (theory), 71, 72, 79, 80n, 82, 85–88, 93, 357
Pricing of road services, 361–62
Private
consumption good, 118
enterprise, 4, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 26, 31
market in roads, 7
property, 110
property right system, 82
railroads, 149
returns, 100, 101
road developer, 18, 19
road ownership, 30, 42, 229, 231–32
road owners and safety, 44
roads, history of, 145–49
roads, incentive to provide good service, 229, 230, 232
streets, 237–38, 240
Privatization, 204, 205, 224, 349–52
Privatizers (road capitalists), 184
Profit-and-loss business incentives, 155, 156, 157, 198,
Profit-and-loss system, 14, 16, 38, 41, 63, 90, 113, 126, 156, 163, 224, 274, 351, 385
Profits and losses, 231
Property owner, landlocked, 289–90
Public
apathy, 6
Choice School of thought, 196
good argument, 140, 150, 151
goods, 98, 118–24, 125, 129, 132, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 150, 151
highway system, 229, 230
ownership of roads, 364
police, 220, 222
relations, 255, 276–77
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), 390–91
Quality, concept of, 286–87
Rand, Ayn, 416
Rapid transit, 64, 66
Reason Foundation, 379–402
Reason Public Policy Institute, 379–402
Reductio ad absurdum, 103, 108, 368
Revealed preference doctrine, 126, 132–36, 137
Revenue curve, average (demand curve), 32, 137, 140
Rights
of access, 20
of way, 375
surface owner’s, 297, 299
Rivalrous competition, 33, 36, 369
Road(s)
capitalists, 184
commercialized, 255, 270, 273
computer monitoring system, 26
denationalizing, 4
enterprise, problems, 15, 239–40, 245, 250
entrepreneur, 406
freak, 340
government owned and managed, 192, 356, 362–63
history of private, 145–49
manager, 154, 155, 156, 161
monopolistic, 325–29
private, transition, 288–89
privatization, 279, 281–90, 406, 408, 410, 415
privatizers, 184
provision, economies of scale,
rage, 350
services, pricing of, 361–62
socialism, socialists, 183, 186 191, 192, 199
Road ownership and management, substitution of private for public, 154
Roadists, 157
Roadway, statist mismanagement of, 356, 361, 362
Robbins, Lionel, 34
Ross, William D., 115–16
Roth, Gabriel, 11, 41, 79, 81n, 94, 273
Rothbard, Murray N., 117, 120, 128, 135n, 137, 139n, 395–96
theory of property rights, 296
Rule of two, 406, 408
Rules of the road, 14–15, 21–23, 406
Rush hour, 47, 54–55, 57, 59, 60–63, 73, 75, 85, 89, 94
Safety record, 15
Samuelson, Paul A., 118, 124, 127, 132, 135, 138–40
Savas, E.S., 125, 132, 135, 150
Scale of holdings, 284
Scheiner, James I., 91, 94
Seatbelt laws, 384
Sherril, R., 159
Skip-stop service, 89–90
Smerk, George M., 30, 40, 107n, 116n, 117, 117n, 130, 131
Smith and Wright (SW), 173–78
Smith, Adam, 224, 235, 360, 368, 373
Smoking regulations, 207
Social returns, 100–01
Socialist provision, 233
Sommers, Paul M., 189n
Sovietized highway system, 175, 180, 356
Speed
limits, 202, 203, 204, 207
variance, 194
Starling, Grover, 91, 94
Statist system, 76, 287
Stonier, Alfred W., 32
Streets, private, 237–38, 240
SW (Smith and Wright), 173–78
Syndicalism, 282
Tariffs, 377
Taxpayers, 240, 251
Theory, Libertarianism,
Thompson, Wilbur, R., 56, 78–79, 90
Tiebout, Charles M., 122, 124
Tire failure, 159
Title, chain of, 312
Toll(s), 266, 275
booths and gates, 15, 91, 146, 172, 269, 272, 371
collection rights, 15
electronic collection, 17
revenues, 371, 375–76
road, fully automated, 232
truckways and, 363
Towns, building new, 65–66
Traffic
equilibrium, 73
flow, direction of, 390
lights, staggered, 29
off peak, 50, 53, 54, 60, 73, 95
snarls, 24
Transaction costs, 245
Transportation technology, 63, 67, 70, 91
Trespass (forced integration), 216–18
Tripp, Sir Alker, 145
Truckways, 382, 383n
Tullock, Gordon, 296, 301, 304, 306–09
Turnpike(s)
privately built, 355
Two-to-one rule, 363–64
Universal produce codes, 249
Urban
arterial streets, 49, 72
growth, comprehensive plans, 67, 70–71
mass transportation, 68, 73
Utility, 116, 127–29, 128n, 131, 135, 139, 142, 143
Value-rankings, 132, 133
Vehicle inspection, 162, 188, 189, 191
Vehicleists, 157
Vickrey, William, 78
View(s), and ownership, 302–05
Walters, A.A., 48, 109, 110
Warren, Robert, 122
Weber, W.E., 191
White, Lawrence H., 335–36, 338–44
Wilson, James Q., 54
Winch, David, 6
Wohl, Martin, 56, 73
Wooldridge, William, 8
Wright, Randall, 173–78
