The Place of Religion in the Liberal Philosophy of Constant, Tocqueville, and Lord Acton
Index
Index
A
Acton, John Emerich Edward
Ambrose, St., 125
American Revolution, 112, 146
Austin, 126
Benedict XIV, 109
Bentham, 128, 146
Beza, 125
Blennerhassett, Lady, 110, 112, 113, 120, 126
Bryce, 113
Burke, Edmund, 108–114, 138
Catholic State, 108
Charles Borromeo, Saint, 123
Christianity and liberal thought, 2
Church and State, separation of, 135, 137, 143, 144
Clifford, 126
conscience, 117–118, 120–123, 129, 135, 145
Councils of Toledo, 136
Darwin, 126
Democracy in Europe, 128
Döllinger, 107, 114, 124, 125, 128, 129
egoism, 152
Darwin, 126
Eliot, George, 124–128
English Constitution, 107–110
Erskine May, Thomas, 128
ethics of utility, 13
formative influences, 107
Fox, 146
freedom, individual, 106, 118
Gladstone, Mary, 109, 120, 125, 126, 146
Grote, 126
Hartmann, 127
Hildebrandine controversy, 138
historicism, 114
History of Freedom in Antiquity, The, 128
History of Freedom in Christianity, The, 128
History of Liberty, 128
Hume, David, 146
Huxley, Aldous 126
illiberal character of classical republics, 48
Infallibility, 122
Investiture Controversy, 138
Jesuits, 123
Jesus, 55, 135
Joseph, Francis, 140
Knox, 125
Leo X, 109
liberty defined, 119
Locke, 146
Louis XIV, 124
Luther, 109
MacDougall, 122
materialism, 126
Mill, John Stuart 115, 126, 128, 146
millenarianism, 130
moral code, 112, 114, 115, 120
morality
faith dependant, 120
freedom and, 115
interrelationships, 115
liberty and, 119
moral system, 122
politics and, 117
religion and, 120
Morley, John, 118
natural enemies, 129
natural law, 145
natural law, alluded to, 116
natural rights, 116,124
Newman, John Henry, 128, 129
Outlines of Theology, 117
Pius IV, 123
Pius VI, 109
principles, universal, 121–122
Rambler, 109
Reflections, 113
Rights, as related to natural law, 116
Roman Catholic Church, 107
Sidgwick, Stephen 127, 128
Simpson, M. C. M., 109
Smith, 129
Spanish Inquisition, 109
Spencer, Herbert, 127, 128
Stephen, 127
Suarez, 125
Thomas, St., 138–139
Toryism, 109
Tyndall, 126
Ultramontanism, 122–123
utopianism, 130
Vinet, Alexandre, 117–118
von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 115
Whig, 107, 110, 111, 113–114, 139
Anabaptists, 43
Anti-clerical writings, referenced
d’Alembert, iv
Didérot, iv
Helvétius, iv
Rousseau, iv
Voltaire, iv
Antiquarianism, 48
Athénée Royal, 19, 53
Athenian polity, 130
B
Bacon, 98
Beaumont, 61
Bentham, Jeremy
inventor of liberalism, 1
rationalist and utilitarian, 2
reductive model, 19
Bismarck’s religious repression, iv
Boniface VIII, 136
Burckhardt, Jacob, 48
C
Calvin, 143–144
Cartesianism, 80
Catholicism, Liberal, 122
checks and balances, 130, 134
Commercial society, 51–52
Comte, 51
Constant, Benjamin
atheism
atheistic society, 29
atheistic world view, 29
bicameral legislature, 11
Byron’s poem, Island, 31
centralization, 12
Cercle Constitutionnel, 2
characterization, biographical, 1
checks and balances, 11
conscience, 47
cultural evolution, 6
De la religion, 27
de Maltigues, M., comment on Madame de Staël’s Corinne, 13
decadence of the Enlightenment, 4
defense of liberty, 12, 46
Des réactions politiques, 28
dialectical process, 8
Diocletian, 137
doctrine of rights, 10
egoism, doctrine of , 23–24, 152
ethical capital, 42
ethics
hedonistic, 16, 21, 24, 27, 34
intuitionist and romantic perspective, 27–28
self-interest, 23
faith, personal, 29
formation of views
de Charriere, Madame, 2, 14
de Staël, Madame, 3
Harder, 3
Kant, 14, 16
Kantian critique, 15
Kantian ethics, 14
La Harpe, 2
Locke, 27
Marmontel, 2
Montesquieu, 11
Schleiermacher, 3
Sieyès, Abbé, 2, 12
Spencer, Herbert, 51
Suard, Madame, 2
Talleyrand, 2
Voltaire’s La Pucelle, 3
free society and religious faith, 13
freedom, individual, 10, 45
French Enlightenment, dialogue with, 13
German and Scottish influence, 7
glory, 20
government
commerce, consequences of arbitrary governance 19
lethal consequences of arbitrary governance, 18
view of, 10
Helvétius, 18, 19, 21
Hochet, Claude, 28
hostility to the Enlightenment, 5
indictment of nihilism, 4
laissez-faire, 8, 9, 35
Mill, John Stuart, On the Utility of Religion, 39
liberty
individual sacrifice, 41
self-interest, 41
Mackintosh, James, 24
materialism, dangers of, 26, 151
metric system, 9
moral
bogus rules, 37
code, 37, 38
perfectioning, 6,14, 27, 39
priestly power, 34, 38
hedonism, morality of, 14
human nature, inherent, 30
Iliad, 32
Journaux, 15, 33
morality, private and political, 17
Napoleonic tyranny, 26
natural law, 15–18
Odyssey, 32
pacifism, civic, 25
perfectioning of man, 6
Philosophical Radicals, 18
polemicist, as, 45
press, freedom of, 10, 12
radicalism, 36
rationalism, 36, 46
reactionary conservatives, 36
regionalism, 12
religion
anti-authoritarian, 35
elevation of character, 39
faith, role of, 13
form, 31–32
fundamental nature of, 30
fusion religion and morality, 37
guarantor of oaths, 38
individual sacrifice, 41
inevitability of, 30
laissez-faire, 35
Mosaic, 37
necessity of religion, 40
original sin, 34
penal code, as, 38–39
personal advancement, 35
power base, 34
priestly corporation, 34
psychological element, 39
purification, 38
sentiment religieux, 42, 43
sentiment, 30–46
summary view, Constant’s 39
worshipper motive, 34
republics, illiberal character of, 48
self-abnegation, 31
social evolution, 37–38, 51
stagnation, social, 25
Terror, 18
Thermidor, 24
trial and error as moral compass, 6
tyranny, essence of 12
utilitarianism
act utilitarianism, doctrine of, 17
egoistic and social, 16
rejection of, 13
rule utilitarianism, 17, 18
Wolf, F.A., 32
Coup d’état, 71
Courage, 47
Cultural relativist, 53
D
d’Holbach, 29,41,43
de Charriere, Madame, 2, 14
de Coulanges, Fustel, 48
de Maistre, 4
de Roland, Madame, 48
de Saint-Just, 53
de Staël, Madame, 3, 13, 47
de Tocqueville, Alexis
aristocracies, 61
Beaumont, 61
bourgeois, 68, 72
Cartesian tendency, 70
centralization, 65, 66
Christianity and liberal thought, 2
condottieri, 71
conscience, 80
Contrat social, 105
democracy, central concept, 58
Democracy in America
chief object in writing, 70
determinateness, 85
government regulation, 65
immortality, 75–79
imperial peoples, 62
New Man, 86
political obligation, 91
principle of equality , 58
principle of self-interest, 88
property ownership, 71
religious belief, as guardian of freedom, 73
revolution, progressive decay of the institution, 57
Sort of Despotism Democratic Nationals Have to Fear, 67
Eastern Crisis of 1840, 62
egoism, 90
equality, principle of, 58
freedom of the press, 72
Gemeinschaft, 58
Gesellschaft, 58
Gobineau
contrasts afterlife and self-interest, 92
disagreement on racial theories, 95, 96
European imperialism, 62
French decline, 60
function of law, 77
indispensability of faith, 95
intolerance, 75
letters to, 60
people should be kept within bounds, 71
racism, 61
typical of philosophical debates, 83
viability of self-interest, 93
God’s will, 62
Helvétius, 101
hostility to religion, 41
imperialism, 61, 62, 64
individualism, 70
intellect, three states of, 79
July Monarchy, 62, 101
liberal of a new kind, 65, 73
liberty
compelling, 59
faith, 75
morality, 75
political, 59
sacred, 59
majority, tyranny of, 82
Marx, 68, 101, 102
materialism, 68, 69, 104, 126, 151
Mill, John Stuart, 62, 150
moral code, 69, 94
Old Régime and the French Revolution, The
continuity between the policy and principle, 65
freedom and material rewards, 93
individualism, 105
love of liberty, 59
operative revolution, 57
protector as master, 72
religion in a liberal society, 101
religious disillusionment, 105
Pascal, 75
Physiocrats, 149
racism, 61
religion
dependence on, 104
doctrine of the immortality, 76–78
immortality, 75–79
material well-being, 72, 100
natural state of man, 102
preaching and exhortation, 104
preservation of freedom, 105
rational self-interest, 91–92
religious belief, as guardian of freedom, 73
universality, 76
self-gratification, 78
self interest, as egoism, 23
Senior, Nassau, 61, 62, 101–103
State power
affairs of, 67
coldest of all cold monsters, 66
Sort of Despotism Democratic Nationals Have to Fear, 67
Terror, 86
status quo, 71
war, necessary corrective, 64
de Villers, Charles, 7
Descartes, 98
E
Enlightenment, 48, 98
F
Fabre-Luce, Alfred, 5
French Enlightenment, iv, 2, 13, 151
G
Ghibellines, 139
Girondin, 28, 42
Goethe, 48
Gregory VII, 140
Guelph, 139
H
Habsburgs, 45
Hamlet posture, 47
Hildebrand, 136
Holbach, Système de la nature, 4
Hope, 48
House of Peers, 11
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, iii–iv
Hume, David, 43, 44, 146
Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, 25
I
Islam, 130
Islamic states, 130
J
Jacobin, 8, 48, 49, 52
Jansenists, 44
Julius II, 144
L
La Mettrie, 29
Laboulaye, Édouard, 48, 55–56, 106
Laud, 45
Leaders of the Mountain, 49
Leo X, 109, 144
Liberalism’s “state hatred”, 11
Liberty
ancient meaning of, 49
Christianity, 54
modern meaning of, 49
need for religion, 47
slave labor, 51
Liberty of the Ancients and of the Moderns, 45, 48, 54–55
Lieber, Francis, 48
Louis XVI, 66
Luther, 45, 99, 109, 133, 142–144
M
Mably, 52
Majoritarianism, 95
Marx, Karl, 68, 101
Marxist, 102
Michel, Henri, 5
Military society, 51
Moral perfection, 48
Moral perfectioning, 6, 14, 39
N
Napoleon, 47, 65
Natural state of man, 102
Naumann, Friedrich, iv
Nero, 47
New Testament, 133, 141, 143
O
Of Superstition and Enthusiasm, 43
Origen, 132
P
Philosophical Radicals, 18
Polity, classical, 50, 131
Protestantism, 29, 45
Providence, 65, 72, 129
Pym, 45
Q
Quakers, 43
R
Raico, Ralph, iii–iv
Rationalists, 46
Reformation
absolutism, 137, 142
dismantlement of authority, 98
European fragmentation, 141
Political influence of, 144
Zwingli, 143
Religion and liberty
antagonistic, iii
complementary, iii
courage, 47
fundamental to liberty, iii
hope, 47
moral perfection, 48
need for, 47
sentiment, 44, 46
separate spheres, iii
Religion or liberty, iv
Renaissance, 48, 143
Republic of Virtue, 53
Republicanism, 48, 123
Restoration regime, French politics, 1
Richter, Eugen, iv
Roman Catholicism, 132, 142
Roman Catholics, 43
Roman polity, 130
Rome, 52, 108, 132
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
anti-clerical writings, iv
as a democrat, 150
Christianity, role of, 56
community vs individualism, 106
Constant, attack on, 49
Constant, writing style, 3
Contrat social, 50
realization of the state, 50
strive for liberty, 52
Tocqueville, the lifelong student of, 105
Robespierre, 21, 53, 109
Russian Church, 130
Russian State, 130
S
Saltet, 3
Say, J.B., Olbie, 49
Seneca, 47, 125
Senior, Nassau, 61, 101
Sparta, 52
Spencer, Herbert, 51, 127, 128
State power
as security, 25
coldest of all cold monsters, 66
Stoicism, 134
Stoics, 133, 135
T
Terror, 18, 86
Theocratic reactionaries, 8
Tories, 43
Totalitarianism, 47, 50, 87,131
U
Utilitarianism, attack on, 14
V
Virchow, Rudolf, iv
Voltaire, iv, 3, 99, 101, 103, 150
von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 6, 48, 63–64, 115
W
Weber, Max, 69, 88
Whigs, 43
Winckelmann, 48
Z
Zeitgeist, 32, 53
Zwingli, 143
