The Myth of National Defense

Subject Index

Prepared by Brad Edmonds

 

Absent redneck problem, 233

Action, group vs. individual, 145–49

Agency and group action, 148–49

Agricultural revolution, 276–82

Afghanistan, 1–3

American Revolution. See Revolution

America’s second crusade, 182–84

Anakyklosis, 84–85

Anarcho-capitalism, 231–35, 237–38, 292–97

Anarchy, international, 71

Ancien Régime, 379–80

Anthropological analysis of States’ origins, 26–27

Anti-federalists, 238

Armia Kraiowa, 107

Army. See Defense; Guerrillas; Mercenary; Militia, Protection; Secession; Security; War

Armies, private, 412

Asia, 140, 206

Auschwitz, 107

Australia, 166

Austria, 6, 99–100, 112, 115, 272

Austria-Hungary, 112

Austrian economics, 12, 22, 25

Austro-libertarianism, 12

Austro-Prussian War, 109

Aviation and war, 102–06

Arbitration, 350–51

Arms race, 140–41, 206–07

B-2 bomber, 207

Baarle, 376

Banking, 233

Bastille, 87, 91

Belgium, 125, 376

Boer War, 101

Second Anglo-, 227–28

Boers, 227–28, 232–33

Boétie’s Law, 383, 385–86, 401

Bolsheviks, 108, 116

Borders, 355

British Empire, 175–76

British Navy, 249, 267, 269

British War Council, 175

Bureaucracy, 77, 288, 407

Canada, 251, 255

Capitalism, 25, 60, 240, 276, 319–20

Cartel theory, 13–14, 127–43; see also Prisoner’s Dilemma

Catholic, 98, 104, 106, 110, 115, 120, 145, 264, 349–50, 377

Catholic Church, 104, 110, 115

Centralization (political), 12

China, 6, 185–86, 229, 396

Chinese Revolution, 229

Christianity, 86, 89, 186–87, 381

Churning society, 157–61

Classical liberalism, 44–45, 47–48, 291, 379–82

Clubs, voluntary, and national defense, 325–34

Cold War, 140–41, 221, 306–07; see also War

Collective security, 335–68

Commandos, Afrikaner, 227–28

Communism

and security, 46–47

Soviet, 289

Communist insurrection, 396

Communities, consenting, 58–64

Competition

and group action, 145

and innovation, 285–86

and prices, 205, 348

and politics, 49, 189, 196

and security, 10, 46, 199, 205, 272, 350–51, 368, 404

and States, 22, 139, 286–87, 292, 338

and weapons, 142

as motivation, 140, 211

Concentration camps, 101, 107

Confederacy, 225–26, 234–37, 242–43, 411

Conflicts, private, 66–68, 71–72

Congress of Vienna, 118

Congress, U.S., 113, 162, 183, 238, 273–74

Conquest theory of states’ origins, 277–78

Conscription, 67, 80, 91–93, 97, 115, 146, 151, 207, 222, 254, 399, 402–03, 406, 408

Conservative Party, U.K., 175

Consilience, 302–03

Constitution, U.S., 116–17, 154, 169–70, 195–6, 222

Constitutional economics, school of, 5

Constitutional reform, 6

Constitutionalism, 44, 48, 153–55, 231, 337

Constitutions, 9, 180

Contracts and private protection, 349–51

Corsairs, 254, 264, 266–67

Cournot equilibrium, 140–41

Courts, government, 6–9

Crime, public vs. private prevention, 359–65

Crimes against the state, 79–80

Cuba, 396

Cultural evolution, 291–92

Cultural Revolution, 396

Czechoslovakia, 107, 114

Danubian Monarchy, 112

Declaration of Human Rights, 91

Declaration of Independence, 1–2, 4, 16–17, 116, 335, 339

Declaration of Paris, 272

Defense

and competition, 348

economics, 372

government, 230–31

national, 14

and excludability, 311–24

and privatization, 292–97, 311–24

and property rights, 311–24

and rivalrousness, 311–24

as a logical contradiction, 301–05

as a public good, 240, 242–43, 273, 311–24

as a voluntary club, 325–34

as an externality, 305–10

government production of, 405–06

policy, U.S., 230

private, 11, 13–16, 292–97, 335–68

see also Protection; Security

Defense agency model of private security, 201–06

Democracies, 5, 8, 13, 84, 114–16

Democratic politics, 6

Democracy

and genocide, 184, 192

and leadership, 117, 122, 124

and liberalism, 379, 381–82

and peace treaties, 163–64

and redistribution, 188, 194, 199–200

and social choice, 152–57

and war, 5–6, 101–08, 110–12, 123, 145–212, 217–18

as state religion, 146, 178, 186–96

as totalitarianism, 181–84, 187–89, 192, 194

“cosmopolitan,” 61–62

evaluated, 157–61

evolution of, 84–91, 110

vs. monarchy, 161–67

Democratic method of social choice, 154–61; see also Constitutionalism

Democratic peace thesis, 167–71, 189–96

Democratization

and security, 199–200

and war, 89, 94–98, 146, 151, 189–96

Demonstrated preferences, 309–10

Dictatorship, 6, 8, 13

Diplomacy, gunboat, 77–78

Disarmament, 69, 79

Disutility of labor, 8

Divine law, 58

Douhet theory, 147

Dove strategy. See Game theory

Dresden, bombing of, 104

Dunkirk, 175–76

East Germany, 165

East Timor, 166

Economic

goods, 241

theory, 140–41, 201–06, 215, 230, 287–89, 311–24, 372

vs. political means of appropriation, 54, 374, 382

Economics

and security, 234–35

and war, 215–16, 284

of state militaries, 405–07

Elizabethan England, 246

Enlightenment, first, 86

Entrepreneurs. See Market, private

Ethnic unification, 94–96; see also Nationalism

Euro, 178–79

Europe

central, 110

eastern, 377

feudal, 11

medieval, 25, 34–36, 55–60, 63

Western, 32–34, 76, 247, 399

European Union, 61–62, 124–25, 169, 178–79, 195–97

Exchange model of government, 327–34

Exchanges as action, 149

Excludability, 311–24

Externalities and national defense, 305–10

Fascism, 11

Federalism, 62, 238, 272

Federalist Era, 272

Feuds, medieval, 55–56, 63

Florence, 220

Foreign aid, 76–78

Foreign policy, U.S., 3

Fort Sumter, 179, 181

Founding fathers, U.S., 195

Fourteen Points, Woodrow Wilson, 110–11

France

and democracy, 110

and gun crime, 128

and war aviation, 102; see also French

Franchise, unqualified, 154–61, 193–95

Frankfurt, 106, 109

Frankfurt School, 184

Frankish Empire, 376

Free market. See Markets

Free-rider problem, 15, 146, 216, 237–38, 280, 290–92, 296, 305–07, 310

Free territories vs. states, 365–68

Freedom

and democracy, 114–15

and security, 230–37

French

corsairs. See Privateering

Royal Navy, 248

Republic, 387

resistance, 107–08

Revolution. See Revolution

Game theory, 13, 129–43, 201–06

Genocide, 184, 192, 387–88

Gentlemen’s warfare, 98–100

Geography and civilization, 283

German

Confederation, 272

Democratic Republic, 96

Empire, 110

National Socialism, 51, 112, 381

Reich, 111, 83

Republic, 112

Revolution, 90

S.S. troops, 395

German-Prussian War of 1866, 109

Germany, 6, 102, 109–10, 145, 165, 178–79, 195–96

Ghettos, 107, 377

Godfather, The, 305

Government

and justice, 8–10

and private defense, 335–68

and protection, 6–11

and secession, 6–7

and security, 4, 6–11

as banditry, 197–99

as economic exchange, 327–34

as parasite, 276–77, 280, 289

courts, 6–9

defined, 4

efficiency, 344

expansion, 288–89, 339–42, 344

philosophy of, 1–3

protection, 7–11

representative. See Democracy

Great Britain, 85, 102–03, 119, 209, 227–28, 232, 244, 269, 272, 375, 412

Group identity, 149

Greece, ancient, 14, 84

Guerrilla warfare, 223–29, 393–408, 410, 412

Guerrillas, 11, 215–38, 395–400

Guillotine, 88–89, 91

Gulf War, 123, 142, 178

Gunboat diplomacy, 77–78

Guns, 128, 142–43, 308–09, 404–05

Habsburgs, 110, 112, 115, 119, 163

Hawk strategy. See Game theory

Hatred as nationalism, 97–98, 101

Hegemonic bonds, 373–78, 385–86, 396

Hess files, 175

Hezbollah, 384–85, 392

Hiroshima, 104

Hitler-Stalin Pact, 205–06

Hohenzollerns, 110

Holy Alliance, 118

Holy Father, 13, 88

Homeland Security, U.S. Department of, 3

Horizontalism, 88–89, 91–96, 120–21

House of Representatives, U.S., 265–66

House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 119

House of Sonderburg-Gluecksburg-Augustenburg, 119

House of Windsor, 119

Human law, 58

Human rights, 4

Huns, 412

Ideas and the state, 291–92

Ideology

and defense, 257–97

and secession, 401–02

and subjugation, 385–86

Imaginary goods, 241

Immigration (forced), 363–65

Impressment, 254

India, 283, 294, 386

Indoctrination, 97

Indonesia, 294

Industrial Revolution, 285–88, 296

Inflation,145, 196, 233, 240, 242, 396, 405

Insurance

agencies, 11, 16, 60

defense, and property value, 359–60

defense, group vs. individual, 352–56

defense vs. natural-disaster insurance, 354–57

Insurers

as defense agencies, 346–54

vs. states, 365–68

Intellectuals, 25, 53, 165, 172, 215, 308, 394

Integration (forced), 363–65

Internment camps, 101

Interventionism, 2–3, 76–77, 190

economic

United States, 341–42

see also Socialism, 287–78

Iceland, ancient, 57, 231

Imperialism, 77, 232–33

and democracy, 151–52

Western, 77

Iraq, 3

Ireland, ancient, 57, 231

Irish Republican Army, 72, 383

Isolationism, 76–77

Israel, 86, 385, 392

Italian Risorgimento, 109

Italy, 14

Italy and Renaissance war, 218–20

Japan and WWII, 104, 174–75, 192, 242

Jesuit Juan de Mariana, 122

Jewish, 86, 107, 120, 349, 386

Judaism, 186

Justice

government, 8–10

private, see also privateering, 55–57

Kaiser, 111–12, 181–83

Khaki Election, 111

King of Naples, 220

Kingdom of Hanover, 109

Korean War, 162, 180

Kosovo, 63, 178

Kratos, 86, 186

Ku Klux Klan, 370, 395

Kurdistan, 399

Laffer curve, 280, 286, 289

Language and nationalism, 96

Law

and private defense, 349–51

and the state, 32–38

divine (lex divina), 58

European medieval, 57–58

human (lex humana), 58

international, 75, 351

natural, 45

Roman, 36

Laws

of neutrality, 75–76

of war, 76

League of Nations, 113, 115

Lebanon, 385, 392

Legislation as social choice, 153–57

Le Havre, bombing of, 105

Letter

of marque, 248–49

bonds, 251–52

of marque and reprisal, 245–46, 248–49

example of, 273–74

Liberty vs. equality, 87

Liberal reforms, 379–82

Liberal socialism, 29–30

Liberalism and Christianity, 381

Liberalism. See Classical liberalism

Libertarian movement, 65

Libertarianism, 21–64, 65, 275, 277, 382

and morality, 22–24

and the state, 21–32

and war, 65–80, 210

fundamental issues, 21–32

Lighthouse example, 244–45, 316–17

Liverpool Packet, 263

Liverpool privateers, 246, 250–51

Lloyd’s of London, 268

Louvain-Leuwen, 105

Ludwig von Mises Institute, vi, 12

Luftwaffe, 103, 176

Lusitania, 181

Maastricht Treaty, 196

Mafia, 305, 370

Malaya, 387

Malaysia, 124

Market theory, 16

Markets,

and civilization, 282–83, 285–86

and defense, 309

and guerrilla warfare, 402–06

and peace, 170–71

and protection, 345

free, 22, 58–59, 61–63, 231, 275–76, 312, 316–17, 320, 345, 399

vs. government defense, 275–78

see also Competition: Trade

Marxism, 25, 186–87

Mass media, 97, 177–79

Memes, 291–92

Mercenaries, 11, 14, 101, 118, 147, 215–37, 400

Mexican War, 116–17, 222

Mexico, 85, 117, 283

MIG, 29, 208

Milan, 217, 219

Military,

privatization, 208–10

see also Guerrilla; Mercenaries; Militia; War

Militia, 11, 14, 215–38, 391–93, 407; see also Guerrilla; Mercenaries; Military; War

Monarchy, 6, 8, 12–13, 46

and war, 83–125

and international descent, 119–21

vs. democracy, 161–67

Mongol Empire, 206

Monopoly

and government national defense, 304–05, 344–45

and government protection, 6–9, 21–64, 196–206

and law, 122

and leadership, 121–22, 124–25

defined, 3–4, 8

government, 378–79

government, and violence, 70–71, 146, 150, 197–98, 383

of nuclear weapons, 127–43

of security, 230–31

of territory, 230–31

Monte Cassino, bombing of, 106

Myth of collective security, 335–68

Nagasaki, 104

Napoleonic Wars, 118, 267

National defense. See Defense; Protection; Security

National Socialism, 95, 111–12, 186–87

National Socialists, 103, 116, 142

National Rifle Association, 308

Nationalism

and hatred, 97–98, 101, 165

and language, 96

and war, 146–48, 151

European, 88, 94–96

NATO, 61, 63, 195, 207

Natural law, 45

Natural rights, 45

Naturalistic fallacy, 156

Naval warfare, 14

Naval combat and privateering, 256–58; see also Privateering,

Navy, French, 248; see also Privateering

Navy, U.S., 248, 257, 269–70; see also Privateering

Neoconservatives, 5

Netherlands, The, 376

New Deal, 172

New world, 178

New world order, 58–64, 152, 178, 189–90

Nonaggression principle, 66–67

North America, 83, 177

North Korea, 162

North Vietnam, 162

Nova Scotia, 247, 265

Norway, 272

Nuclear weapons, 3, 11, 13–14, 68–70, 75, 162, 206

proliferation of, 127–43

One-world government, 61–63, 337–39; see also New World Order; World Government

Orange River Sovereignty/Orange Free State, 232

Outlaw states, 168

Pacifism, 66

Pacta sunt servanda and the State, 205–06

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 383

Palestinians, 388

Pareto–superior outcomes, 153

Parliament, 96, 180

British, 183, 231–32, 244–45

European, 90

French, 183

Swedish, 170, 189

Parma, 109, 217

Partisans, 11, 393

Pax Americana, 200

Peace and the state, 65–80

Peace of Lodi, 32–33

Peaceful democracy thesis, 5–6

Pearl Harbor, 174–75, 179, 341

Peloponnesian War, 170

Pennsylvania, colonial, 231

Pentagon, 2, 123, 178

Philippines, 387

Pirates, 243, 252, 255–56, 262; see also Privateering

Pisans, 220

Plutocracy, 193–94

Poland, 107, 110, 114, 166, 193

Police

public vs. private, 321–23

private, 60

Political

philosophy, 50, 52, 199

theory, modern, 21–64

vs. economic means of appropriation, 374, 382

Politics, modern, 21–64

Polylogism, 23

Pope, 88, 120, 168

Praxeology, 12, 215, 236

Preferences, demonstrated, 309–10

Prisoner’s dilemma, 15, 141, 146

Privateering, 14–15

American, 246, 262, 267, 270

and American Revolution, 246–47, 250, 259, 261, 269

and articles of agreement, 254–55

and bonds, 251–52

and condemnations, 259–60

and Napoleonic Wars, 267

and national defense, 239–74

and naval combat, 256–58

and prize courts, 259–61

and prize taking, 256–61

and ransom, 258–59

and the Seven Years’ War, 266–67

effectiveness, 265–70

explained, 245–49

financing, 249–56

French corsairs, 254, 264, 266–67

personnel, 252–55, 257–59

profitability, 261–65

Privateers, 11; see also Liverpool (ships) described, 248

Propaganda, 97–98, 101, 177–79

Property, 15–16, 43, 77–78

and defense insurance, 355–56

and public goods (lighthouse example), 244–45, 316–67

and secession, 373–74, 377–78, 384, 400–04

rights, 2–3, 77–78, 156, 286, 340

and defense, 311–24, 361, 389

evolution, 279–80

Protection

government, 7–11

private, 11, 16–17, 58–64

Public choice theory, 15–16, 216, 232, 288–92

Public goods, 15, 146, 239–43, 311–24

Quantrill’s Raiders, 226

RAF (British Royal Air Force), 103, 147

Raison d’etat, 24

Realism

European, 12, 21–64

libertarian, 51–8

Swedish, 170

Rebellion; see also secession, 122

Redistribution, 155, 157–60

and crime prevention, 361

and democracy, 188, 194, 199–200

and modern politics, 151

“wave pattern,” 160

Red October, 99

Reform, 343–44, 374, 378–80, 382, 413

Reformation, 88, 120

Religion, 31, 165, 178, 182, 238, 281, 381

Repubblica Sociale Italiana, 117

Republican war theory, 222

Republicanism and security, 230–34

Republics, 169

Resistance, 34, 107–08, 192

Revolution, 6–7, 77–79

agricultural, 276–82

American, 14, 102, 220–4, 229, 237, 261, 269, 294–95

and guerrilla warfare, 224

and privateering, 246, 250, 259, 261, 269

Bolshevik, 99

Chinese, 229

communist, 397–98

French, 13, 86–91, 94, 96, 114, 118, 146, 151, 165, 170, 217, 387

German, 90

Industrial, 285–88, 296

vs. interstate war, 71–73, 78

see also Guerrilla; Militia; Secession; War

Rivalrousness, 311–24

Roads, 71, 198, 313, 320–21, 363

Roman law, 36

Rome, 13–14, 36, 85–86, 223, 376, 386, 399

Romanovs, 119

Rumania, 119

Russia, 6, 99, 107, 111, 116, 269–70, 381

Sarayevo, 114

Savoys, 119

Secession, 6–7, 11–12, 16, 60, 326

and defense, 369–413

and expulsion, 387–88

and genocide, 387–88

and mercenaries, 400

and militias, 391–93

and private warfare, 388–93

and property, 389–90, 400–04

and violence, 388–402

benefits of, 378–82

conditions for, 383–88

defined, 372–75

libertarian, 401, 413

partial vs. full, 375–78

practical concerns, 383–85

vs. civil war, 382–83

Second Reich, 110–11

Security,

and communism, 46–47

and economics, 234–35

and freedom, 230–34

and guerrilla warfare, 223–24

and militias, 222–23

and republicanism, 233–34

collective, 75, 146, 335–68

defined, 196

global, 127–28

government monopoly, 4–11, 34, 21–64

internal vs. external, 198–99

private, 11, 15–17, 149, 208–10, 218–21, 335–68

private vs. public, 21–64, 196–206, 243–44

state, 207, 216, 230–31

see also Defense; Guerrilla; Mercenaries; Militia; Protection; Secession

Self defense, 66–68

Self government, 34–45, 114–15

Serbia, 63, 108

Seven Years’ War, 266–67

Ships. See Privateering

Slavery, 147

Social choice, 152–61; see also Constitutionalism

Social contract, 168

Social democracy, 165, 183, 188

Social democrats, 116, 121

Socialism, 13, 287–88, 344

and competition among states, 287

and democracy, 188

and economic calculation, 343

and war, 146, 171–72

apologists for, 342–43

creeping, 160

liberal, 29–30

international, 89–90

see also National Socialism Socialists, 25

international, 90, 107

Social market idea, 158–59

Social science, 21, 215

South Africa, 227–28, 232–33

South Korea, 162

South Lebanon, 385, 392

South Vietnam, 162–63

Sovereignty, 28

vis-à-vis security, 39–47, 49

Soviet Union, 139–41, 192–93, 210, 287, 289, 366, 375

Spain, 392

Spanish Civil War, 94

Sparta, 190, 220, 394

St. Germain-en-Laye, 111–12

St. Petersburg, 99

State

defined, 70

justified, 8

States

and peace, 65–80

emergence, 21–64

emerging, 231–33

fundamental issues, 21–64

history, 21–32

services, 70–71

Statism, 12, 15, 215, 333–34, 339, 342

Statists, 198–99, 210, 337, 342–43

Supreme Court, 154

Surety bonds, 251–52

Sweden, 158–61, 167, 170, 189, 197

and defense, 209

Swedish Realism, school of, 170

Swiss-Lotharingian Habsburgs, 119

Switzerland, 14, 34, 96, 110, 209, 233, 236, 412

Tax

evasion, 80

revolt, 159, 278

Taxation

and war, 73–74, 166

and violence, 70, 333, 367

Taxes

and aggression, 15, 77–78, 358

and defense, 323

and monopoly, 8, 35, 344, 357, 360

and protection, 8, 337–38

and public goods, 239

and redistribution, 363

and revenue, 158–59, 198, 232–33, 286–87

Terrorism, 2

Third Reich, 101–03, 107, 111–13

Tiananmen Square, 185–86

Titoists, 108

Trade, 9, 282–83; see also Markets

Treaties and democracy, 163–64

Twentieth century, 4

Tyrol, 118

Underground organizations, 383–84

United Kingdom, 127, 173–74, 207

United Nations, 61, 105, 125, 168–69, 180, 384

United States, 14

Air Force, 208

Army, 384

Congress, 113, 162, 183, 238, 273–74

defense budget, 2–3

expansion, 339–42

Navy, 268, 270

nuclear weapons, 127–28, 141

U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union

Utilitarianism, 233

Utopia, 23

Vatican, 104

Vendée, 89, 387, 399; see also Revolution, French

Versailles, Treaty, 111–12, 114, 116, 183

Vienna, Congress of, 118

Violence

government monopoly, 197–98, 383

legitimate, 66–70, 150

Volunteers, 222, 402

Votes/voting, 91, 154–57, 193–95, 361

War

and aviation, 102–06

and deception of citizens, 173–84

and democracy, 5–6, 101–08, 110–12, 123, 145–212, 217–18

and development of states, 278–84

and economics, 215–16, 284

and mass media, 177–79

and the state, 65–80

anthropological considerations, 150–52

Cold, 140–41, 221, 306–07

factors affecting outcomes, 278–84

incentives for, 171–73

interstate, 71–74

Korean, 162, 180

limited vs. total, 357–59

medieval, 118

of Don Carlos, 217

of 1812, and privateering, 247, 249–50, 254, 259, 261–70

of the Austrian Succession, 266

of the League of Augsburg, 266

of the Spanish Succession, 266

Peloponnesian, 170

Persian Gulf, 123, 142, 178

private vs. government, 357–59

Second Anglo-Boer, 14

Vietnam, 162–63, 177, 235–36, 384

War Between the States, U.S., 3–5, 7, 14, 93–94, 169, 180–81, 191, 225–26, 242–43, 381, 395, 411

Warfare

gentlemen’s, 98–100

guerrilla, 222–29

naval, 14

and private defense, 239–74

partisan, 393

private, 388–93

economic efficiency, 402–07

vs. state, organizational effectiveness, 407–13

Renaissance Italy, 218–20

types, 217–18

War theory, republican, 222–23

Warmongering, 170, 179, 189

Warsaw Ghetto, 107

Weapons

of mass destruction, 68–69, 72, 78–79

nuclear, 3, 11, 13–14, 68–70, 75, 162, 206

possession vs. use, 129–43

Weimar Republic, 195

Welfare, 63

Welfare state, 172, 183, 288

Western Allies, 97

White House, 113, 123

Wilsonian Dream, 5

Wittenberg Castle, 95

Women, 117–18

World government, 61–63, 71, 169, 324; see also New world order; One-world government; World order

World Order, 12–13

World Trade Center attack, 2

World War I, 13, 97–99, 101–02, 105, 108, 110–14, 152, 163, 172–74, 177, 181–84, 271; see also War

World War II, 13, 76, 99, 101–08, 112, 115–16, 147, 163, 174–77, 180–84, 192, 210, 242, 271, 392; see also War

Yugoslavia, 63, 114, 396

Zionism, 86

Zulus, 278