Literature and the Economics of Liberty

INDEX

A  |  B  |  C  |  D  |  E
F  |  G  |  H  |  I  |  J
K  |  L  |  M  |  N  |  O
P  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U
V  |  W  |  X  |  Z

A

Adams, Charles, 119

Adorno, Theodor, 1, 2

Alger, Horatio, 378

Althusser, Louis, 2

anarchism, 372, 384–85, 387–89, 394–97, 402–03

Aquinas, Thomas, 162

Archimedes, 426

Aristotle, 29, 31, 44–46, 48

Arnold, Matthew, 469

Austrian School of economics

ideas and significance, ix–xviii, 9–11, 18–21, 32–35, 87, 196, 260, 478–85

implications for literary criticism, 1–97

view of history, 483–85

Avellaneda, Alonso Fernández de, 110–12, 115, 117, 142–43

Azpilcueta, Martín de, 104, 158

B

Báñez, Domingo de, 104

Barker, Francis, 5

Barrionuevo, Gabriel de, 140–41

Barthes, Roland, 2

Baudelaire, Charles, 290

Beaumont, Francis, 169

Beckett, Samuel, 1, 169

Benjamin, Walter, 2

Bismarck, Otto von, 123

Bloch, Joseph, 13

Block, Walter, 137–40

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen Ritter von, 8–9, 472

Brecht, Berthold, 2, 169

Bright, John, 93

Bryan, William Jennings, 332–33, 345, 346–48, 365

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 225

business cycle, 10, 260

C

Campbell, Gordon, 220

Camus, Albert, The Rebel, 376, 412, 428

Canetti, Elias, 433

capitalism, ix–x, xiii–xv, 242, 256–61, 276–77

and authority, 374–75, 380

in Cather’s works, 323–70, 371

and Catholic Europe, 102–03

and literature and literary criticism, 3n.3, 5, 7–9, 12, 18, 65–66, 74–76, 80–84, 86–87, 92, 96, 101–03, 154–56, 161, 263, 276, 324–38, 346

myths about, 78, 102–03, 306–08, 378, 380, 384, 389–91

and quest for perfection, 33–37, 181–91, 199, 483–84, 494–96

socialist critiques of, xiv–xv, 18, 36, 50, 68–80, 91, 295–310, 313–22, 431–32, 434–36, 455, 468, 469, 471–83, 496–98

and Whitman, 263–92

Carlyle, Thomas, 308

Cather, G.P., 354–55

Cather, Willa, xiv, 378, 400, 426

alleged conservatism, 338–40

Death Comes for the Archbishop, 358

economic and political ideas, 323–70, 371

and economy of art, 323, 346–60, 363, 368–69, 401–02

on economics of envy, 339, 343, 363–66

A Lost Lady, 339, 363–64

My Ántonia, 360–63, 426

My Mortal Enemy, 351–53

“Neighbour Rosicky,” 360

“The Novel Démeublé,” 359, 371–72

One of Ours, 354–55

“On the Art of Fiction,” 350–51

O Pioneers!, xiv, 324–44, 348, 351, 358, 363–70, 378–79

The Professor’s House, 358–59

“The Sculptor’s Funeral,” 339–341, 343

The Song of the Lark, 355–59, 400

“Two Friends,” 346–50

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, xiv–xv, 99–165

The Dialogue of the Dogs, 105, 141

Don Quijote, xiv, 104, 106, 110–12, 114, 116–17, 129–137, 139, 142–43, 147–56, 160–65

La Galatea, 104, 114, 153

ideological reputation, 99–101

El licenciado Vidriera, 134

Numancia, 146–47

Rinconete and Cortadillo, 118, 126–27, 129, 133

Viaje del Parnaso, 113–14, 142

Chafuén, Alejandro, 102, 106

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 103, 119–20, 122, 124, 125

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 168

classes

alleged philistinism of the middle class, 87, 92–94

and capitalism, xiv, 374

in Conrad’s The Secret Agent, 374–75, 389–92, 397–400, 404–08

and market, 175–78, 206–07, 392–93

Shelley’s ideas concerning, 228–61

social and economic, xvi–xvii, 13–14, 18, 100, 131, 220, 223, 264, 275–76, 292, 324, 328, 436, 448, 450–54, 471, 473, 476–77, 479, 483

in Spanish history, 144

and spontaneous order, 398–400

Cobden, Richard, 93

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 258

collectivism, x, 9, 16, 18–19, 65, 70–71, 74–75, 89, 101, 132–33, 161–63, 321, 330–32, 372, 374, 395, 421, 431, 483

communism, 9–10, 16–17, 78, 154, 196, 263, 372, 374–75 See also Marxism and socialism

competition, ix–x, 10, 20, 23, 33, 35–36, 56, 60–62, 65, 82, 90–91, 94–95, 115, 195, 228, 306, 309, 326–27, 332, 341, 475–76, 479–83, 494

Conrad, Joseph

Heart of Darkness, 373n.31

The Secret Agent, xiv, 371–432 See also classes, praxeology

contract, 161–62, 215–21, 335–37, 386, 393–94, 418–19, 421

Cornhill Magazine, The, 43–45

D

Darnton, Robert, 80–84, 91

Darwin, Charles, 23–24, 29–32, 35–37, 46, 60–61, 63, 74, 96

Davies, Trevor, 126

Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, xv, 302–03, 479

Derrida, Jacques, 27

De Soto, Domingo, 104, 107–08, 124, 145

determinism, x–xi, 4, 13–16, 18–21, 74, 85, 86n.52, 96, 359, 372–73, 376–77, 382, 402, 421–24, 429–32, 477, 484–85 See also freedom; and choice

Dewey, John, 263–64, 381

dialectic, 163, 390, 404–05

Dickens, Charles, 45, 51–52, 56–57, 61–62, 85–87, 90, 168

as defender of capitalism, 92–94

Household Words, 93

The Mystery of Edwin Drood, 45

Dickinson, H.D., 480

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 52, 56–59, 88–89, 299

The Brothers Karamazov, 49

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 61

Dreiser, Theodore, 324, 341

Dumas, Alexandre, 366

E

Eagleton, Terry, 377, 469

Eliot, T.S., 438, 439, 440

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 272–75, 284

Encyclopédie, 82

Engels, Friedrich, 13–15, 256, 373

F

fanaticism, 184, 200, 223, 278, 379–80, 391

fascism, 9, 381, 403, 434, 448

Federal Reserve, 10, 444

Feltes, N.N., 71–72, 74, 85–86

Ferguson, Adam, 64

Fielding, Henry, 142, 435

Flaubert, Gustave, 38

Forster, E.M., 71–72

Foucault, Michel, 11–12, 310

Fourier, Charles, 17

freedom

and choice, 19–21, 56–59, 74–75, 90–91, 131–33, 162, 329, 335, 337–41, 346–54, 356, 358–62, 366–69, 421–26, 473–75, 488, 495–96

Marxist view of, 477, 483, 485

and scarcity, 421–24, 494–96

versus power, 380–81, 426–30

Friedman, David, 134

Fulton, Robert, 274

G

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 410n.90, 482

Gaskell, Elizabeth

Wives and Daughters, 42–47

North and South, 47

George, Henry, 269

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Faust, xv

Gold, Michael, 324

Goux, Jean-Joseph, 460–61n.76

Gracián, Baltasar, 136

Gramsci, Antonio, 2

Greenwich Observatory, 385–88, 393, 397, 399, 407, 408, 413, 420

Greenwood, Frederick, 44–45

Gutenberg, Johann, 143

H

Hall, Stuart, 2

Hardy, Thomas, 296

Hatfield, Henry, 434–35

Hayek, Friedrich, x–xii, xvii, 8–9, 11–12, 17, 19, 21, 24, 34–35, 37, 64, 96, 172, 174, 193, 196, 265, 267, 279–80, 286–88, 293, 381, 402, 405, 437, 467, 478, 481–83, 494–95

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 274, 279, 473

Henry, Patrick, 130

Hesiod, 150

Hicks, Granville, 348–51

hierarchy, 206, 287, 398–400, 438–44, 447–52

historicism, ix, xi, 12–13, 15, 17

Hitler, Adolf, 449

Hölderlin, Friedrich, 434

Horace, 215, 220

Huerta de Soto, Jesús, 102, 106

Hulme, Peter, 5

Hume, David, 419

I

individualism, xv–xvi, xviii, 15–16, 327, 332, 336, 339–40, 370

and collaboration, 65–66, 74–76, 206, 314–15

collectivists as unconscious or quasi-individualists, 314–22, 374, 378–80

“individual subject,” 377, 379–80, 382, 384, 390–91

and intentionality, 75

“methodological,” 19

of reader response, 66

revolt against, 16–17, 332, 339, 372

inflation, x, xv, 103, 124, 128, 229–39, 245, 260, 332–33, 347, 433, 436–37, 440–68

information costs, 34–35, 395–96, 401

Internationale, The, 373

investment, 91–92, 122, 140, 144–46, 323, 326, 329, 335, 343, 347, 350–51, 356–62, 369–70, 371, 390, 392–95, 411, 450

“invisible hand,” 22, 32, 67, 82, 295–96, 304, 306, 488–89

and social relationships, 397, 401

Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León, 119

J

James I, King of England, 176–77, 215, 220–21

Jameson, Fredric, xvi, 344n.62, 379

Jesus, 250

Jevons, William Stanley, 9, 342

Jonson, Ben, xiii, xiv

The Alchemist, 167–68, 172–74, 206

Bartholomew Fair, xiii, 167–224

Eastward Ho, 221

The Isle of Dogs, 221

Volpone, 167–68, 172–74, 187, 206

Juan Manuel, Duke of Peñafiel, 113

K

Kipling, Rudyard, 354

Kirzner, Israel, 9

L

Lange, Oskar, 480

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 36

Lenin, Vladimir, 108

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 2

liberalism

classical, 337–38, 341, 343–44, 382, 405, 412, 472

modern, 405–06

laissez-faire, 9, 242–43, 260, 340, 405, 407. See also capitalism

Lazarillo de Tormes, 120, 121

Locke, John, 117–18, 344, 394, 419

Lodge, John, 115

Lukács, Georg, 2, 435–36, 467, 471–72

M

Macaulay, Thomas, 445

Madison, James, 337–38

Magritte, René, 464–65

Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 216

Malthus, Thomas, 23

Maltsev, Yuri, 196

Mandeville, Bernard, 256

Mann, Thomas, xv, 433–68

“Disorder and Early Sorrow,” 436–63, 467–68

Mariana, Juan de, 104–05, 124–25

markets, 139–40, 229, 249–60, 285, 380

complexity of, xi–xii, 32–35, 75, 96, 174, 195–97, 199, 295–96, 301, 308, 313, 320, 392, 401, 479–80

and Darwinism, 35

distrust of, ix, 170–75, 177–81, 184–86, 189–94, 205–14, 220–23, 295–310, 313–22, 333–34, 364, 469–76, 479–80

as forms of cooperation, 87, 90, 161, 170–71, 206

and government interference, 121–29, 170–73, 181–206, 211–15, 220–24, 229, 240–43, 434–36, 445–47, 455, 467–68

literary embodiments of, 170–73, 180–81, 200–01, 203, 206–14, 222–24, 324–28, 332–35, 340–41 390–94, 486–92

and middlemen, 76–87, 90–91

and private property, 107, 153–54

and problems of currency and inflation, 228–40, 332–33, 346–49, 440–68

revolts against, xiv, 36, 170–71, 184–86, 189–97, 205–06, 395

and social classes, 206, 228–41, 392–93

superiority of free markets, 6–12, 145

and “waste,” 475–76, 479–82

Marlowe, Christopher, 175, 210, 216–17

Marxism, ix–xi, xiii, xv–xviii, 254, 373, 377, 379, 402, 405, 411, 412, 434, 470–85, 490, 496–98

and book publishing, 79–80, 85–92

and definition of class, 246–49

and literary criticism, ix, xiv, xvii, 1–9, 12, 14–19, 50, 65–73, 75, 94–96, 100, 130, 177–78, 261, 377, 435–36, 467–68, 470–73, 498

and hermeneutics of suspicion, xiv

myths of, 5–6, 9, 12–13, 17, 56, 67–68, 76, 94–95, 115, 120, 174, 255, 469–98

persistence of, 1–8, 100, 470–71, 496–98

and scarcity, 154

and theory of history, 12–17, 256–57, 260–61, 472–73, 483–84, 496 See also socialism

Marx, Karl, x–xi, 2, 5–6, 9, 12–14, 17, 67, 108, 118, 196, 225–26, 246, 249, 256–57, 344, 373, 374, 375, 402, 403, 434, 470–98

materialism, ix–x, 13–15, 17–18, 74, 130–31, 276, 372–77, 390–92, 394, 399, 421–22, 476–77, 483–85

McClure’s magazine, 338, 345

Menger, Carl, 8–9, 19, 115, 342

Mercado, Tomás de, 104, 108–09

Middleton, Thomas, 193

Mill, John Stuart, 277, 288

Miller, James, 11

Miller, James E., Jr., 263, 289

Millet, Jean-François, 350

Mises, Ludwig von, x, xiv, xvii, 8–12, 19, 24, 34, 37, 105, 154, 161, 196, 328, 330, 342, 350, 367, 371, 390–91, 419, 436, 447, 450, 467, 478–80

Molina, Luis de, 104–05, 158

money

as means to power, 334, 347, 353

as measure of value, 444

and national debt, 228–49, 260, 440–45, 447, 455–68

as source of information, 395, 478–79

in Wells’s fiction, 294–95, 297–98, 304–05, 307 See also inflation; market, problems of currency and inflation

Montaigne, Michel de, 151

moralism, 184–94, 199–201, 203, 205, 212–15, 223, 373–74, 378–79

Moreto, Agustín, 136

Moretti, Franco, 60–61, 65, 73–74, 96

Morris, William, 256, 308

Morson, Gary Saul, 56–60, 96

Musashi, Miyamoto, 146

N

Nast, Thomas, 465–67

Nation, The, 339, 340

Navarrete, Pedro Fernández de, 125

Nazism, 449

New Deal, the, 338

New Republic, The, 338

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 315, 403, 444, 467

nihilism, 444

Norris, Frank, 324, 341

The Octopus, 431–32

O

Ocampo, Florián de, 158

Okri, Ben, xiv, 469–98

The Famished Road, 470, 473, 485–98

P

Pascal, Richard, 276

Petrarch, 49

Philip II, King of Spain, 156

Phillips, Wendell, 270

Pirandello, Luigi, 169

planning, x, xi–xii, xv, 33–36, 194–97, 308–09, 312–14, 318–21, 376, 380–82, 385–86, 389, 401–08, 430, 475–76, 479–81

and literature, 24–29, 37–40, 43, 66–67, 89

Plato, 27

Pollock, Jackson, 285

Pope, Alexander, 366

Popper, Karl, 279

praxeology

in art, 401–02

in Cervantes’s fiction, 161–65

in Conrad’s fiction, 371–432

definition of, 371

and diversity, 429

and economics, 371

and narrative method, 396–402

revolt against, 372, 383–89, 407–08, 412–21

price, 49, 54, 67, 90–91, 181, 209, 234, 284, 323, 333, 335, 349–56, 361, 367, 371, 377–81, 390, 441, 453–54, 479–82

fixing by government, 156–60, 195–96

notion of the “just price,” 157–59, 377–78

psychic, 328–32

setting of, 10, 22, 34–35, 56–60, 392–94, 420–21, 475

and taxes, 119–22, 124, 245 See also value

profit, 119, 121, 143–45, 209–10, 246, 307–08, 324–29, 332, 334–36, 339, 341, 343, 350, 355, 360, 363–65, 371, 375, 390, 475–76, 481

Progressivism, 269, 282–83, 332–33, 338–39, 346–48

property rights and public and private property, 105, 107–12, 115–18, 149–50, 153–54, 164–65, 242–43, 246, 250–55, 259–60, 277, 305, 335, 337–38, 484

R

Ricardo, David, 9, 33, 145, 470

rights, 111–13, 115–18, 128, 134, 150, 164–65, 184–85, 202, 204, 218, 232, 250–55, 259–60, 278, 305, 311, 317, 335, 337–38, 381, 409–10n.90, 474, 484

of women, 330–38 See also property rights and public and private property

Riquer, Martín de, 134

risk, 20–21, 92, 115, 121, 174, 308, 326–27, 335, 339–40, 351–54, 356, 361–63, 366–69, 390, 409, 424–27, 432

Robertson, H.M., 102, 105

Rojas, Fernando de, 136

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 409n.90, 434–35

Rorty, Richard, 263–64, 277

Rothbard, Murray, 9, 102, 106

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 81, 151, 419

Rowling, J.K., 116

Ruiz, Juan, Arcipreste de Hita, 113, 136

Ruskin, John, 256

S

Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de, 124

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de, 17

scarcity, 105, 108, 145, 153–54, 159, 366–67, 369, 371, 409–21, 428–29, 446, 481–83, 494–96

Schulberg, Budd, What Makes Sammy Run?, 324

Schumpeter, Joseph, 128

Seinfeld, 167–68

Sergeant, Elizabeth, 338, 356, 363

Shakespeare, William, 5, 43, 93–94, 99, 167, 168, 175–76, 219, 271, 401

Shaw, George Bernard, 321

Shelley, Mary, 294

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, xv, 225–61, 271–72, 376, 457

“A Defense of Poetry,” 271–72

The Mask of Anarchy, 239

Oedipus Tyrannus or Peter Bell the Third, 237

A Philosophical View of Reform, 227–61

Prometheus Unbound, 226, 251

Swellfoot the Tyrant, 233, 235–36

Sinclair, Upton, 324, 341

Smith, Adam, xiv, 9, 22, 24, 32–33, 82, 101–03, 105, 141, 143, 182, 242, 250, 288, 295–96, 304, 306–07, 334, 344

Social Darwinism, 341

socialism, 2–3, 6, 10, 33–34, 78, 100, 103, 107–08, 151, 154, 177–78, 196, 225–27, 229, 240–42, 246, 249–50, 254–58, 261, 263, 293, 296, 305–10, 312–13, 317–22, 341, 381, 434–35, 470, 472, 475–80

critique of capitalist media, 68–74, 90–92

distrust and fear, 174

and elitism, xiv–xv

and quest for perfection, 25, 36–37, 314–22, 483–84, 494–96

“scientific,” 17, 475 See also Marxism

Société typographique de Neuchâtel, 80–82 See Darnton, Robert

Soyinka, Wole, 497

Spanish school of economics, 103–07, 115, 124–25, 145, 154, 158–59

Spencer, Herbert, 268n.12, 403

spontaneous order, 21–24, 382, 402, 430

and common law, xii, 24

and language, xi–xii, xviii, 24, 64, 97

and literature, xiii, xviii, 12, 21–25, 29, 37–38, 47–48, 50, 54, 58–61, 63–66, 74–76, 83–84, 88–89, 96–97, 200, 205, 224, 265–92, 285–88, 311–14

and the market, xii–xiii, xviii, 32–33, 50, 65, 83–84, 172–73, 222–24, 307–09, 313–14

and social classes, 398–400

and theater, 172–73, 200–02, 207–24

and Whitman, 263–92

Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Wrath, 324

Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 142

Stirner, Max, 403

Sun Tzu, 146

Szasz, Thomas, 134–36n.88

T

taxes, xv, 103–04, 107, 119–29, 233–34, 241, 244–45, 247, 269, 309, 411, 440

Teodorico (Theodoric I), King of the Visigoths, 125

Terence, 136

Thoreau, Henry David, 282

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 455–56, 461

Tolstoy, Count Leo, 56–59, 88–89, 435

totalitarianism, 310, 314, 317

Traubel, Horace, 269

Trollope, Anthony, Barchester Towers, 59

U

United Nations, 409–10n.90

utility

maximization of, 377

marginal, 9, 341–44, 356–59, 393, 419, 421, 423

V

value

labor theory of, 9, 76, 255n.67, 325–26, 331, 333, 341–44, 378–79, 381

subjective nature of, x, 9, 76–77, 103, 324–36, 341–68, 374–75, 377, 379–80, 382, 386, 390–91, 420–21, 423, 444, 478–79, 482–83

Veblen, Thorstein, 306, 410n.90

Vega, Lope de, 136

Vernon, John, 3–5

Villalobos, Henrique de, 159

Virgil, 150

Vitoria, Francisco de, 104, 109

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 81

W

Walras, Léon, 9, 342

Watt, James, 274

Weber, Max, 102, 186, 450

Wells, David, 465–66

Wells, H.G., xiv, xvii, 226, 293–322

The Food of the Gods, 321

In the Days of the Comet, 226, 293

The Invisible Man, xiv, 293–322

A Modern Utopia, 307–09, 314

The Time Machine, 320

Whale, James, 305

Whitman, Walt, xiii, 263–92

“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” 290–92

Democratic Vistas, 265–78

and secularism, 277–84, 289

Song of Myself, xiii, 273–74, 280–92

“Song of the Open Road,” 282

William III, King of England, 243

Williams, Raymond, 2

Woodress, James, 338, 353, 362

Wordsworth, William, 296

X

Ximénez de Cisneros, Francisco, 120

Z

Zinoviev, Alexander, 107–08