Freedom and Power
Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
Abolition, 237
Calhoun on, 240
Channing on, 238
Howe on, 239
Webster on, 239
Absolutism, 68, 170f.
checks against, 32f.
and the Church, 68f.
early, 34f.
French economists on, 261f.
Roman, 144
Royal
Descartes on, 75
Hobbes on, 75
Pascal on, 75
Spinoza on, 75
of the state, 32f.
Acropolis, 55
Act of Settlement, 81
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg-, 1st Baron (Lord Acton) compared with Maritain, lii
life of, xvff.
submission to Rome, xxvi
and Ultramontanism, xxiiff.
Adams, Henry, xlvii
on power, xlvi
Adams, John, 149, 200, 202, 211f.
on Jefferson’s embargo, 216
Adams, John Quincy, 32
on Jefferson’s embargo, 216
on secession, 216
Addison, Joseph, 180
Afrancesados, 178
Agassiz, Louis
on the Negroes, 242
Albert, Charles, 181
Albigenses, 108
Alcuin
on the infallibility of the people, 266
Alighieri, Dante, 18, 22, 182
Alzog, Johann Baptist
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307
Ambrose, Saint, 79
American Revolution, see Revolution
American Civil War, see Civil War
Americans
homogeneity of, Jay on, 208
Amsterdam, 173
Anabaptists, 93, 106
intolerance of, 110f.
Luther on, 95
Œcolampadius on, 115f.
persecution of, by Lutherans, 110
Protestant intolerance towards, 108
Anaxagoras, 131
Angelis, Cardinal, 335, 340
Anti-clericalism, 268
Antigone, 5
Antonelli, Cardinal, 335
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307
Antonius, 51
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 65, 73, 139, 252
and Burke, 73
on self-government, 64
Areopagus, 133
Argenson, René Louis de
political theories of, 558
Arians, 78
Aristides
political ideas of, 134
Aristocracy
feudal, 175
privileges of, 169
Aristophanes, 159
Aristotle, 47, 135, 370
political ideas of, 138
Politics, 50, 145
on power, 138
on Theramenes, 137
Arnim, Harry Karl, Baron, 312f.
Arnold, Matthew, xxxviii, lviii, lxvi
on Mill and Macaulay, xxxv
Artevelde, Jacob van, 66
Articles or Faith
Döllinger on, 351
Asgill, John
on land, 263
Asia, 33f.
Asoka, 54
Assassination
for the public good, 76f.
Athenagoras
on democracy, 137
Athenians
legal theories of, 136
Athens, 30, 35, 38, 40f., 173
constitution of, 39, 133f.
democracy, degradation of, 196
republic, failure of, 136f.
republicanism of, 134f.
Athanasius, Saint, 79
Augsburg, 78
Confession of, 97
Augustine, Saint, 32, 61
on Seneca, 53
Augustus, Emperor, 51, 56, 144
Austria, 9, 11, 16, 192
and the Concordat, 188
and the Congress of Vienna, 179
Italian provinces of, 181
and nationalism, 190ff.
Authority
and liberty, 184
and Christianity, 61
B
Babœuf, François
and communism, 169
Bach, Alexander, 179
Bacon, Sir Francis, 25, 64, 75
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 71
Bacon, Roger, 72
Baden
and nationalism, 190
Baer, Karl von, 22
Ball, Sir Robert, 22
Bank-Charter Act, 250
Barbarians
freedom among, 59f.
Barère de Vieuzac, Bertrand, 154
Barras, Paul de, Count, 362
Barillon, Jean, 9
Barnevelt, Jan van Olden, 148
Barrot, Odilon, 158
Bautain, Louis Eugène
censure of, 274
Bavaria
persecution of Luther by dukes of, 69
and the Vatican Council, 312
Baxter, Richard, 79
Bayle, Pierre, 28, 255
in exile, 252
toleration of, 252
Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of, xlviii, 151
Beccaria, Cesare di, 267
Bedford, Gunning, Jr.
on State-rights, 204
Belgium, 66, 156
and nationalism, 179
and the Vatican Council, 314
Bellarmine, Cardinal, 71
Bentham, Jeremy, 22, 32
Berlin, 8, 182
Bernard, Saint, 72
Berne, 173
Beust, Friedrich, Count
on the Vatican Council, 310
Beza, Théodore
defense of Calvin, 122
on heresy, 123
Bigamy
of Landgrave Philip, 98
Bilio, Cardinal, 340
Bishops
French, 299
Lamennais on, 271
Bismarck, Otto von
and the Vatican Council, 312
Blanc, Louis, 158
Blue Laws of Connecticut, 82
Bodin, Jean, 147
Bolingbroke, Henry, 266
Bonald, Louis de
on monarchy, 275
Bonaparte, see Napoleon
Bonapartism
hostility to, of
Gorres, 177
Humboldt, 177
de Maistre, 177
Müller, 177
Stein, 177
Bonnechose, Cardinal, 335
Books
Catholic attitude on, 277
Borgia, Cesare, 360
Borromeo, Carlo, Saint, 366
Bossuet, Jacques, 75, 255, 367
on nationalism, 190
reply to Jurieu, 252
Boucher, François, 73
Bourbons
and Divine Right, 74
French, 171
Spanish, 171
Brabant, rising of, 167
Bright, John
on statesmanship, 370
Brissot de Warville, Jean, 268
Broglie, Achille, Duke de, 28
Brougham, Henry, Baron 22
Browne, Sir Thomas, 28
Brownson, Orestes
on government
American, 236f.
civil, 241
on the tariff, 229
Bruce, House of, 63
Bruce, Robert, 63
Brussels, 8
Bucer, Martin
on persecution, 111f.
Buchanan, James, 71, 73, 244
on regicide, 148
Bucholtz, Samuel, 16
Bulgaria, 60
Bullinger, Heinrich
influence of, on Leo Judae, 113f.
on persecution and heresy, 114
on Servetus, 114
Burckhardt, Jacob, xlvif.
Burke, Edmund, xxxvii, lvi, lxii, lxv, 25, 50, 80
and Aquinas, 73
on the division of Poland, 171
on historical morality, 29
on nationalism, 189
on the rights of men, 82f.
on slavery, 131
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop, 17
Burr, Aaron, 214
Butler, Joseph, Bishop, 14
Butterfield, Herbert, xliv
Buzot, François
on Federalism, 152
Byzantine despotism, 61
C
Cadiz, 8
overthrow of constitution in 1823, 155
Caesar, Julius, 43f., 175
Calhoun, John, 158, 219, 224, 228, 230
on the abolitionists, 240
aversion of Jackson to, 229f.
on the Constitution, 225ff.
on liberty, 224
on power, 235
on secession, 243
on Southern conservatism, 241
support of tariff by, 218
on the tariff, 220-223
Calvin, John, 71, 115, 366
defense of, by Beza, 122
Institutes, 70
on the Jews, Mohammedans, Catholics, 118
on obedience, 120
political ideas of, 116 ff.
Presbyterian Constitution of, 147
on rebellion, 118f.
and Servetus, death of, 121
theocracy of, 117f.
early writing on toleration, 122
Calvinism, lii
Cambray, Archbishop of, 255
Cambridge Modern History, xxxii
Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl of
on taxation and representation, 82
Campana, Jeanne Louise, 17
Campanella, Tommaso
City of the Sun, influence of, 166f.
Capalte, Cardinal, 340
Capito, Wolfgang
influence of, on Leo Judae, 113f.
tolerance of, 111
Capponi, 366
Carbonari, the, 179
Carbonarism
and Mazzini, 181
Cardinals of France, 69
Carlisle, George Howard, Earl of
on Seward, 240
on Southern planters, 244
Carlstadt (Andrew Bodenstein)
on polygamy, 98
Carlyle, Thomas, xxxv, 365
on progress, 13
Carneades, 44
Carnegie, Andrew, xxx
Carthage, 48
Cass, Lewis, 245
Castelar, Emilio
fall of, 11
Catholicism (see also Church)
and books, 277
and slavery, 246
Catholics
Calvin on, 118
exclusion of Henry of Navarre from Paris by, 148
French, reaction of, against Henry III and Henry of Navarre, 72
intolerance of, 108f., 300f.
Judae on, 113
Knox on, 71
Melanchthon on, 107
persecution of, li
by Protestants, Œcolampadius on, 116
on the scriptures, authority of, 320f.
theory of absolute toleration, 107
tolerance by, in Maryland, 127
toleration of Jews and Mohammedans, 108
Cato, 26
Censorship
Catholic, 278-298
of Ultramontanism, 344f.
Centralism, 163
Channing, William Ellery
on abolition, 238
on majorities, 210
on the power of political parties, 236
on the voting franchise, 235f.
Charlemagne, 61
Charles I, 75
Charles II, 31
and the Constitution, 131
treason against, 149
death of, 78
support of, by Louis XIV, 80
Charles V, 68f., 147
Charles IX, 77
Charles X, 31
Charron, Pierre, 73
Chateaubriand, François, Count
Lammenais on, 272
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, 81f.
on the Napoleonic War, 24
Checks and balances
Dickinson on, 218
Chesterton, G. K., xxxv
Chevalier, Michel, 158
Chevreuse, Marie de, 253
Chinese, 249
Christianity, 46, 48
and authority, 61
early influence of, 45
and liberty, 57
teachings of, 145
Christians
early, 55f., 84
persecution of, 58
Chrysippus, 45, 140
Chuquet, Arthur, 19
Church, the (Roman Catholic)
and absolutism, 68f.
as an enemy of nationalism, 186
Frohschammer on, 268f.
Ranke on, 10
reform in its head and members, 301
Church and State, liii, 61, 255, 258
conflict between
England, 86
Teutonic State, 146
influence of, in Rome, 45
Luther on, 92, 96
rise of liberty in collision between, 62
separation of, 79
Fénelon on, 253f.
and Ultramontanism, 309
Zwingli on, 112
Cicé, 153
Cicero, 32, 44, 53, 61, 139
Citizens
responsibility of, in Athens, 38
Civil War, 150f.
political causes of, 196-250
triumph of idea of, in France, 151f.
Civiltà Cattolica
and Pius IX, 304
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 131
Classes
structure and interest of. 248
Madison on, 208f.
Clay, Henry, 222, 231
Clovis, 61, 175
Cobbett, William
on the tariff, 221
on the tyranny of republicanism, 235
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 13
Colton, Calvin
on secession and nullification, 231
Columbus, Christopher, 5, 364
Commerce
Hamilton on, 219
regulation of, in America, 208
Commines, Philip de
on taxation, 67
Commune, 158
Communism, xlix, 45
and Babœuf, 169
Compagni, Dino, 18
Compomanes, 151
Compromise Act, 231, 237
Comte, Auguste, 23, 158
on progress, 13
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 255
Condorcet, Marie Jean, Marquis de, 161
Congregationalism
idea of, 149
Congress of Vienna, 179
Conscience
Webster on, 241
Conservatism
in the South, Calhoun on, 241
Constantine the Great 58f., 79
Constantinople, 58
Constitution
American, 161
Calhoun on, 225ff.
convention at Philadelphia, 199f.
Pinckney presents plan of, 204
Athenian, 39, 133f.
British, Dickinson on, 203
Müller on, 27
treason of Charles II against, 149
Cadiz
overthrow of, in 1823, 155
French, 152
civil, 153
Roman, 141
Spanish, of 1812, 155
Swiss
federal, 156
of 1848, 156f.
of 1874, 156
Constitutional government
British, 15
Constitutional monarchy, 183f.
Constitutions
Fénelon on, 254
organic development of, 33
Sir James Mackintosh on, 85
written and organic, 8
Conversion
Luther on use of force for, 101
Copernicus, Nikolaus, 6, 364
system of, Luther on, 99
Corday, Charlotte, 366
Cordoni, Archbishop
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307
Coulton, G. G., 88n.
Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop, 366
Creighton, Mandell, xxix, xxxi, lii, 257-273
on the morals of power, 371
on the Reformation, 372
on tolerance, 371
Critias, 46, 137
Cromwell, Oliver, 10, 77, 149, 366
Crucifixion, 58
Crusades, 18, 26, 65
Cuba
Seward on, 245
Cullen, Paul, 22
Cultural multiplicity, 185f., 190
Cumberland, Richard, 74
Cuvier, Georges, Baron, 23
D
Dalberg-Acton, see Acton
Dante Alighieri, 18, 22, 182
Danton, Georges, 154
Darboy, Georges, Archbishop
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 328
Darwin, Charles, 22
Daunou, Pierre Claude François, 161
Davis, Jefferson, 199
Declaration of Independence 3, 83, 130, 211, 242
Defoe, Daniel, 24, 80f.
Democracy, 14, 48, 161
American
Tocqueville on, 233f.
Athenagorus on, 137
Athenian, 36
degradation of, 196
failure of, 40
restoration of, 41
class interest and, 248
dangers of, 163
definition of, 159
Euphemus on, 137
European, May on, 128
evils of, Gerry on, 201
failure of, 160f.
Hamilton on, 202, 210f.
homogeneity and, 247
Huguenots and, 148
liberty and, distinction between, 130
minorities in, 197ff.
Presbyterianism and, 147f.
and religious persecution, 131
understanding, problem of, 132
Descartes, René
on royal absolutism, 75
Despotism
Asiatic, 33
of Christian empire, 146
of Louis XIV, Fénelon on, 254f.
theories of, in ancient times, 46
Wilson on, 201
Deventer, 148
Dickinson, John
on checks and balances, 218
on the United States Senate, 203
Diderot, Denis, 261, 268
on de la Rivière, 263
Diocletian, 43, 58, 144
Diogenes, 46
Dispensing power, 360
Disraeli, Benjamin, xlviii, 151
Divine Right, 6, 13, 63, 73ff.
and the Bourbons, 74
and the Stuarts, 74
Divines
of the Roman Empire, 61
of the second century, 56
Döllinger, Johann von, xvii-xx, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxviiif.
on the Articles of Faith, 351
excommunication of, xxv
on Ultramontanism, 318f., 343f.
Domat, Jean, 252
Dominicans, 305
Dubois, Guillaume, Cardinal, 255
Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Blackwood, Marquis of, 363
Dumouriez, Charles, 362
Dupanloup, Felix, Bishop, xviif., 300
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 328, 330, 332, 343
E
Economists, 23
French
on absolutism, 261f.
on free labor, 261
on free trade, 261
on government, 261
and Montesquieu, 262
on power, 261
Edict of Nantes, 252
revocation of, 109
Edinburgh, 3
Edward I, 82
Edward II, 65
Edward III, 63
Egypt, 58
Elections
fraudulent, at Vatican Council, 335f.
popular, Sherman on, 200
Eliot, George, xl
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 68, 364, 366
Embargo
Jefferson’s 214f.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
on slavery, 243
Ends and means, 68, 364
Enghein, Louis, Duke of, 75
England, 11, 18, 51, 69, 83, 156, 170, 192
Constitution of, Dickinson on, 203
government of, Hamilton on, 202
law of, 256f.
parliament of, 63, 147
and the Vatican Council, 313
English Historical Review, 88n., 357
Ephialtes, 135
Epicurus, 46
Equality, 75
political, Licinius on, 130
and Rousseau, 169
theory of, and the French Revolution, 154
Erasmus, Desiderius, 6, 79, 85, 147, 359f.
Essenes, 54f., 84
republicanism of, 132
Estates
French, 147
Euclides, 196
Euphemus
on democracy, 137
Europe, 33
democracy in, 128
May as historian of, 128ff.
Teutonic, 34
Everett, Edward
on the presidency, 233
Excommunication, 336
Luther on, 96f.
Œcolampadius on, 116
Exile, 181f.
of Bayle, 252
of Mazzini, 181
and nationalism, 181
Polish, 181
Experimentation
limitation of, 161
F
Fascism, xlix
Faraday, Michael, 22
Federalism, 163
Buzot on, 152
and the Jeffersonians, Hildreth on, 213f.
Federalists
Jefferson on, 214
on the presidency, 211f.
Fénelon, François, Archbishop, 7, 76, 85
on constitutions, 254
on the historian, role of, 254f.
on liberty, 253f.
on Louis XIV, despotism of, 254f.
on national independence, 169
on power, 254
on separation of Church and State, 253f.
on social institutions, 255
on the structure of society, 254f.
on toleration, 253f.
on war, 254
Ferdinand I, 68
Ferdinand II, 68
Ferrari, Giuseppe, 160
Fessler, Joseph, Bishop
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307f.
Feudalism, 62, 175
Figgis, J. N., 88n.
Firmian, Karl von, Count, 267
Fitznigel, Richard, 146
Five Codes of France, 32
Fleury, André de, 253
Florence
and nationalism, 190
Republic of, 147
Fox, Charles, 81
France, 4, 9, 16, 83, 263
Cardinals of, 69
constitution of
Civil, 152-153
of 1791, 162
Estates of, 147
nationalism of, 190
reform in, 151f.
States-General of, 15, 63
triumph of idea of American Revolution in, 151f.
unity of, Sieves on, 173
universal suffrage in, 162
and the Vatican Council, 310f.
opposition to Ultramontanism at, 338
Francis I
persecution of Huguenots by, 71
Francis, Joseph, 182f.
Frankfort, 8
Franklin, Benjamin, 200
Franks, 62
Franzelin, Cardelin
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307
Fratres Communis Vitae, 360
Frederick I, 9
Frederick II (the Great), 43, 90
Free cities, 66
Freedom
among barbarians, 59f.
of conscience, and the Reformation, 92
history of
in antiquity, 30-57
in Christianity, 58-87
intellectual, and the Catholic Church, 269-298
interpretation of, by Montesquieu, 5
Luther on, 69
of minorities, 30
Madison on, 200
and religion, Tocqueville on, 256
Free Trade, 220
French economists on, 261
Fremont, John, 244
French Assembly, 130
French Revolution, 77, 152ff., 167, 172, 175, 249f., 362
background of, 251-266
and the theory of equality, 154
Freret, Nicolas, 16
Friesland
intolerance of, 131
Frohschammer, Jacob, 270-298
on the Catholic Church, 286f.
censure of, 285ff.
on dogma, 287f.
influence of, 275
on the Protestant and Catholic churches, union of, 287f.
and the Roman Court, 283-285
on the soul, origin of, 281
and submission, 282
Fronde, James Anthony, 28, 365
on progress, 13
Fugitive Slave Act, 238
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa, 14
G
Gallican theory, 63
Lamennais on, 271
Gams, Pius, 363
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, 9
Gasquet, Francis, Cardinal, 88n.
Geneva, 8, 70, 77, 264f.
Genoa
and the Congress of Vienna, 179
Genovesi, Antonio, 267
George III, 82, 150
Georgia, 223
Germany, 3, 14, 16, 63, 128, 171
and nationalism, 190
primitive communities, republicanism of, 146
and the Vatican Council, 311f.
opposition to Ultramontanism at, 330, 338
Gerry, Elbridge
on the evils of democracy, 201
Ghent, 66
bigotry of, 131
revolt of, 147
Ghibellines, 64
Giannone, Pietro, 267
Gibbon, Edward, 16, 22
Ginoulhiac, Jacques, Bishop, 345
on the Protestants, 346
on Strossmayer, 342
Girondins, 152
Gladstone, Mary, xxvii
Gladstone, William Ewart, xvii, xxi, xxiii, xxv, xxixf., xlvii, lix
on statesmanship, 370
and the Vatican Council, 313
Glencoe
massacre of, 27
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, xlvii
Görres, Johann von
on Bonapartism, 177
Goths, 62
Government
civil, Brownson on, 241
English, Hamilton on, 202
federal
Read on, 205
Jay on, 205
French economists on, 261
Harrington on, 261
Hebrew, primitive, 132
representative, 54, 67, 267
Rousseau’s theory of, 264f.
United States, Brownson on, 236f.
state, Hamilton on, 205
Gracchi, 43
reforms of, 142
Gracchus, Gaius, 142f.
Grace
Schwenkfeld on, 106
Grant, Ulysses S.
and Mormon polygamy, 131
Granville, George Leveson-Gower, Lord, xviiif., xxi
Gratry, Auguste
and Ultramontanism, 343
Greece, 34, 37, 39, 50
and nationalism, 37, 179
Greek mythology
failure of, 37f.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand, 367
Gregory VII, 146
Grenoble, Bishop of
and the Vatican Council support of Ultramontanism at, 334
opposition to Ultramontanism at, 339
Grenville, George, 360
Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl (Lord Grey), 163
Gropper, Johann, 359
Grote, George, 22
Grotius, Hugo, 32, 73f.
Guelphs, 64, 69
Guizot, François, 31, 128, 162, 163
on Lamennais, 260
on Scherer, 260
on the Vatican Council, 300
Günther, Anton
censure of, 274, 280
H
Habeas Corpus Act, 31, 67
Hadrian VI, 359
Hague, The, 9
Halifax, Archbishop of
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 328, 339
on the scriptures, 353
Halifax, Charles Wood, Viscount, 27, 80
Hallam, Henry
on James II, 9
Hamilton, Alexander, 50, 204, 208, 211
on commerce and industry, 218
on democracy, 202, 210f.
on government
English, 202
federal, 205
on Jefferson, 214
embargo of, 215
Johnson on, 205
Madison on, 202f.
on monarchy, 201f.
political theories of
Madison on, 206
Martin on, 207
on the will of the people, 209
Hapsburgs, 171
Harrington, James, 27, 77
on government, 261
and property, 149
Hase, Karl von
on the Vatican Council, 300
Hayne, Robert
debate with Webster, 223
on majority rule, 223f.
Hefele, Karl van, 363
and Ultramontanism, 345, 350, 355
Hegel, Georg, 260
on the function of royalty, 155
Henry II
persecution of Huguenots by, 71
Henry III (of Navarre), 68
exclusion from Paris by Catholics, 148
reaction of French Catholics against, 72
Henry V, 71
Henry VIII, 69, 366
Heraclitus, 49f.
Heresy, 96
Beza on, 123
Bullinger on, 114
Luther on, 102f.
Swiss Reformers on, 114
Heretics
punishment of
Münzeron, 110
by state, Œcolampadius on, 115
Hermes, Georg
censure of, 280
Hildebrandine controversy
and Long Parliament, 73
Hildreth, Richard
on federalism and the Jeffersonians, 213f.
on Jefferson, 212
Historian, the
Acton’s advice to, 367ff.
of European democracy, May as, 128ff.
impartiality of, 13, 18f., 29
role of
Fénelon on, 254f.
Ranke on, 20
Historical knowledge
importance of, 21f.
Historical writing
new method in, 7
source of, 17f.
technique of, 17
History
authority of, Catholics on, 322
documents, use of, 9ff., 16f.
ecclesiastical, 5
Historical School of, 16
influence of, on other disciplines, 22f.
Liberal School of, 16
May’s theory of, 130
modern
definition of, 5
need for, study of, 4
progress in, 12ff.
moral character of, x
and moral judgment, 25f.
precepts for, 24f.
purpose of, 9ff.
Romantic School of, 16
study of, 3-29
Hobbes, Thomas, xlvif.
on royal absolutism, 75
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Chlodwig, Prince of, 309f.
Hohenzollern, House of, 171
Holland, 170
Home and Foreign Review, xx
and censorship, 294
discontinuation of, 295-298
function of, 290
Homicide, xi
Holy Alliance, 178f.
Holy See, 314ff.
Homogeneity
democracy and, 247ff.
Hooker, Richard
Ecclesiastical Polity, 72
Hooker, Thomas
on the infallibility of the people, 266
Hort, Fenton, 18
Hotman, François
Franco-Gallia, 148
House of Commons 31
Huguenots
and democracy, 148
persecution of, by Francis I and Henry II, 71
Humboldt, Friedrich von
on Bonapartism, 177
Hume, David, 81, 258
Hungary
Catholic Church, reform of in, 316f.
Seward on, 245
Hunter, John, 22
Huss, John, 167, 360
I
Imperialism, 85
Roman, 6
Independence
Fénelon on, 169
War of, 167
Index of Prohibited Books, 278-281, 291, 336f.
Fessler, Bishop, on, 302
Würzburg, Bishop of, on, 302
India, 54
Indians, 249
Indies, 171
Industry
growth of, 65f.
Infallibilty of the people
Alcuin on, 266
Bossuet on, 266
Hooker on, 266
Jurieu on, 266
Newman on, 267
Rousseau on, 266
Infallibility, Papal, see Vatican Council
Innocent III, 372
Innocent IV, 146
Inquisition, 90f., 301
English rejection of, 86
Spanish, 69, 90f., 363
Institutions
social, Fénelon on, 255
Insurrection, 91, 167
Luther on, 92n.
right of, 67
Spanish, 147
Intolerance
of Anabaptists, 110f.
Catholic, 180f., 300f.
of Friesland, 131
Protestant
in Massachusetts, 127
towards Socinians and Anabaptists, 108
Spanish, 109
Sweden and, 109
Ireland, 23, 51
and nationalism, 179
Italy, 9, 16, 35, 63, 128, 171, 181
and nationalism, 177, 190
J
Jackson, Andrew
aversion to Calhoun, 229f.
condemnation of nullification, 230
dismissal of officials, 233
power in government of, Story on, 234
presidency of, 158
on the tariff, 231f.
Jacobins, 153f.
Jacobites
defeat of, 170
octrine of, and monarchy, 257
Jacquerie, the, 147
James II, 77
Hallam on, 9
James, Henry, xxvii
Janet, Paul
on Luther, 92n.
Jansenists, 153, 252
Janus, xxii
on Ultramontanism, 318, 325
Jay, John
on the homogeneity of Americans, 208
Jefferson, Thomas, 15, 200, 202, 204, 230
democratic ideas of, 211
Embargo of, 214f.
Adams on, 216
Hamilton on, 215
Quincy on, 251
Story on, 251
Hamilton on, 214
Hildreth on, 212
on majorities, 212f.
on the presidency, 212
on slavery, 237f.
on Washington, 210
Jerusalem, 5, 34, 58
Jesuits, 148, 163, 303f., 359
Lamennais on, 271
and Pius IX, 304f.
on Ultramontanism, 305
Jesus, 14, 57
Jews, 5, 26
Calvin on, 118
Catholic tolerance of, 108
early government of, 33, 132
Luther on, 103
John, King of Saxony, 311f.
John of Salisbury, 72, 146
Johnson, William
on Hamilton, 205
Joseph II
penal system of, 267
Joubert, Joseph
on Lamennais, 271
Judae, Leo
on the Catholics, 113
influence on, by Bullinger and Capito, 113f.
Julian, Emperor, 19
“Junius,” 148
Jurieu, Pierre
Bossuet’s reply to, 253
on the infallibilty of the people, 266
on popular sovereignty, 252
Jurisprudence
Continental, 267
Justification by faith
Luther on, 97
Newman on, 101
Justinian I, 59
K
Kant, Immanuel, 14
Kempis, Thomas à, 360
Ken, Thomas, 367
Kenrick, Peter, Archbishop, 306
and Ultramontanism, 339, 345-350
Kettler, Wilhelm von, Bishop
and Ultramontanism, 345, 350
Klee, Heinrich
Frohschammer on, 281
Know-nothings, 249
Knox, John, 72, 366
on the Catholics, 71
Kossuth, Louis, 245
L
Labor
free, French economists on, 261
Laboulaye, Edouard, 158
La Bourdonnaie, François de, 155
Lafayette, Marie, Marquis de, 83, 156f.
Laissez faire, 13
La Luzerne, Cézar, 153
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, 158
Lamennais, Robert de, xxxvi, 273f.
on Chateaubriand, 272
fall of, 274
on the French bishops, 271
on Gallicanism, 271
Guizot on, 260
influence of, 274f.
on the Jesuits, 271
philosophy of, 275
on the Pope
infallibility of, 272, 274
on Rome
corruption of, 273f.
Court of, 272
on Ultramontanism, 271
Land
Asgill on, 263
Lanfrey, Pierre, 19
Laud, William, 78
Laurence, R. V., 88n.
Laval, Bishop of
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 328
Law
Athenian theories of, 136
higher, doctrine of, 33
Lecky, William, lix
Legaré, Hugh, 228
on the tariff, 229
Legitimacy, 85, 183
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 16, 260, 410n.
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 148, 151
Leighton, Frederic, 363
Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 151
Arthur Young on, 267
Lessing, Gotthold, 260
Lessius, Leonard, 148
Letters from Rome on the Council, xxiiif.
Leuthen
Lutherans at, 10
Liberty, 265f.
and authority, 184ff.
Burke on, 82f.
Calhoun on, 224f.
characterizations of, 14f.
Christian, 246
and Christianity, 57
in collision between Church and State, 62
of conscience, 15, 54, 149
danger to, from majorities, 135
definition of, 32f.
religious, 90
and democracy, distinction between, 130
Fénelon on, 253f.
function of, 51
as the guardian of religion, 33
Luther’s hostility to, 94
and nationalism, 193
of opinion, 15
and property rights, 81
of prophesying, 12
religious, 90, 188, 256
of representation, 15
rise of, 62
Socratic School, contribution to, 139
Licinius
on political equality, 130
Liebig, Justus von
Organic Chemistry, 22
Lightfoot, Joseph, Bishop, 18
Lilburne, John, 77, 149
Lincoln, Abraham, 247
Lingard, John, 9
Linnaeus, 22
Livingston, Robert, 230
on secession, 231
Locke, John, 65, 79f., 129, 148
doctrine of resistance, 81
Lollards, 78
Long Parliament
and Hildebrandine controversy, 73
Louis XIII, 68
Louis XIV, 75, 151, 366
despotism of, Fénelon on, 254f.
support of Charles II, 80
tyranny of, 76f.
Louis XVI, 75, 84, 151, 251
Louis Philippe, xxxvi, 31, 83, 157
Louisiana, 230
Lowndes, William
and the tariff, 220
support of, 218
Luca, de, Cardinal, 340
Lucretius, 260
Lural, Bishop of
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 332
Luther, Martin, li, 6, 9, 19, 92, 167, 359, 366
on the Anabaptists, 95n
and civil power, 147
on conversion, the use of force for, 92n., 101
on Catholic worship, 102f.
on Christian freedom, 99
as an enemy of freedom, 69
on excommunication, 96f.
on the faithful, 97
on heresy, 102f.
hostility of, to liberty, 94
hostility of, to the Peasants’ Rebellion, 95
on his being persecuted, 94
on insurrection, 92n.
on the intervention of the state in religion, 92, 96
Janet on, 92n.
on the Jews, 103
on justification by faith, 97
on the Mosaic law, 98
passive obedience, 100
persecution of, by Charles V and the dukes of Bavaria, 69
political ideas of, 97f., 116f.
influence of, on Catholic countries, 97
Ranke on, 100
ridicule of the Copernican system, 99
on the Scripture, 98
turning to the princes, 94
Lutheran states, 69
Lutheranism, lii
Lutherans
persecution of Anabaptists by 110
salvation of, 97
Lycurgus, 32, 52
M
Mably, Gabriel, 267
Macaulay, Thomas, xxxiv, xxxvii, xlv, 13, 17, 27, 80, 365
Arnold on, xxxv
Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo, xlvi f., 6, 21, 68, 71
on assassination, 76
Mackintosh, Sir James, 16
on constitutions, the organic development of, 85
Madison, James, 209
on class structure and interest, 208f.
on Hamilton, 202f.
political theories of, 206
on minorities, freedom of, 200
on nullification, Webster’s speech against, 230
on voting, the role of, 203
Washington on, 204f.
Magna Carta, 31
Maine, Henry, xlvii
Maistre, Joseph de
on Bonapartism, 177
Majorities
Channing on, 210
danger to liberty from, 135
Jefferson on, 212
as oppressors of minorities, 40
rule of
Hayne on, 223f.
at Vatican Council, 348
Manifest destiny
Seward on, 245
Manin, Daniele, 182
Manning, Henry, Cardinal, xx, xxvi, lv, 335
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 349f.
Manteuffel, Otto von, 179
Manufacturing
in America, 218
Hamilton on, 219
Marat, Jean, 84, 153f., 268, 366
Marcel, Étienne, 66
Maret, Bishop, 307
on Ultramontanism, 318
opposition to, at Vatican Council, 332ff.
Maria Theresa
penal system of, 267
Mariana, Juan de, 72, 148, 165
Maritain, Jacques, liii ff.
compared with Acton, lii
Marius, Caius, 51
Marlborough, John, Duke of, 80
Marmont, Auguste de, 157
Marsilius of Padua
on freedom, 64f.
Martignac, Jean, Viscount de, 155
Martin, Luther, 208
on Hamilton’s political theories, 207
Martineau, Harriet, 234
Mary Stuart, 68, 366
Marxism, xlix
Maryland
tolerance of Catholics in, 127
Mason, George, Colonel, 201
on State-rights, 204
Massachusetts
intolerance of Puritans in, 127
Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 71
Massey, Gerald, lviii
Matthew, Cardinal, 335f.
Maultrot, Gabriel
on popular sovereignty, 253
May, Sir Thomas Erskine, 128-165
as historian of European democracy, 128ff.
as public figure, 128
theory of history, 130
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, 9
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 85, 128
and Carbonarism, 181
and nationalism, 169, 181f.
Melanchthon, Philip, 98f.
on the Catholics, 107
persecution by, 103f.
on the dissident sects, 105
and Servetus, condemnation of, 106f.
tolerance of his last years, 109
on the Zwicau prophets, 103
Melito, Bishop, 56
Mémoires d’un Homme d’Etat, 21
Metternich, Klemens, 128, 179
and nationalism, 180
Mexico
and nationalism, 190f.
Michaud, Eugène, xxv
Michelet, Jules, 16, 21
Middle Ages, 6, 25, 32, 66f., 75, 191
Mignet, François, 16
Mill, John Stuart, xxxvii, xxxix, 158, 163
Arnold on, xxxv
Logic, 22
on Macaulay, xxxiv f.
on nationalism, 181, 183
Miltiades, 134
Milton, John, 78f., 148f., 165, 266
Minorities
in a democracy, 197ff.
freedom of, 33
Madison on, 200
as oppressors of majorities, 40
Story on, 209
Webster on, 210
Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 152
Missouri Compromise, 237
Mohammedans
Calvin on, 118
Catholic tolerance of, 108
Molina, Luis de, 148
Mommsen, Theodor, 13
Monarchy, 32f., 48, 75, 174, 176
absolute, 175
Bonald on, 275
checks on, 49
and family alliances, 170
Jacobite doctrine and, 257
Montesquieu on, 257f.
need for, Hamilton on, 200f.
Monroe, James, 83
Monroe Doctrine, 245
Montalembert, Charles de, xxxvi
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 330
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat de, 5, 65, 81, 130, 255, 259, 268
compared with French economists, 262
on English superiority, 256
on monarchy, 257f.
Montfort, Simon de, 64
Moral integrity, 4
Morality
God as the guide to, 52
historical, Burke on, 29
and power, Creighton on 371
Smith, Goldwin, on, 28
More, Thomas, xii, 79, 85, 362
Utopia, 72
influence of, 166f.
Morelly, Abbé, 267
Morley, John, vii, xxxii, xxxvii, xxxix
Mormons
polygamy, General Grant and, 131
Morris, Gouverneur
on legislative power, 201
Mosaic Law
and polygamy, 98
Mounier, Jean Joseph, 152
Mozley, James, xi, xlv, 28
Müller, Johannes
on Bonapartism, 177
on the British Constitution, 27
Munich, 182
Archbishop of, xx
Münzer, Thomas
on the punishment of heretics, 110
Muratists, 178
Muratori, Ludovico, 16
N
Nantes, Edict of, 252
revocation of, 109
Naples, 17
and nationalism, 190
Napoleon I, 7, 17, 19, 44, 76, 161
and nationalism, 177-180
Napoleon III, xxxvi, 44
Nationalism, 14, 85, 166-195
Austria and, 190ff.
Baden and, 190
Belgium and, 179
Bossuet on, 190
Burke on, 189
Catholic Church as an enemy of, 186
and the Congress of Vienna, 178ff.
and exile, 181
as an extension of family life, 188
Florence and, 190
France and, 190
Germany and, 190
Greece and, 37, 179
growth of, 179ff.
Ireland and, 179
Italy and, 177, 190
and liberty, 193
Mazzini on, 169, 181f.
Metternich on, 180
Mexico and, 190f.
Mill on, 181, 183
Naples and, 190
Napoleon and, 177-180
Neapolitan States and, 190
origin of, 172
Parma and, 190
Poland and, 179
political, 188ff.
Prussia and, 177
Rousseau on, 189f.
Russia and, 177
and slavery, influence on, 191
socialism, contrasted with, 194f.
Spain and, 177
and the State, 192
Switzerland and, 190
Tuscany and, 190
Tyrol and, 177
Naville, Edouard Henri, 163
Neapolitan States
and nationalism, 190
Necker, Jacques, 152
Negroes, 249
Agassiz on, 242
Nero, 140
Nerva, Marcus, 43
Netherlands, 77
rebellion in, 71f.
resistance to Philip II, 147
revolt of, 167
New Jersey, 204
Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, xxvi, xxxv, 23, 365
on the infallibility of the people, 266
on Luther’s theory of justification by faith, 101
on progress, 13
Niebuhr, Barthold, 21, 85
Normans, 62
North, Frederick, Lord, 216, 360
North British Review, xxii
North Carolina, 224
Nugent, Laval
proclamation to Italians, 181
Nullification, 215, 236
Colton on, 231
Jackson’s condemnation of, 230
principle of, 224
Webster’s speech against, Madison on, 230
O
Oates, Titus, 24, 80
Obedience
Calvin on, 120
passive, Luther on, 100
Octavius
and the veto, 142
Œcolampadius, John
on the Anabaptists, 115f.
on excommunication, 116
on heresy, state punishment of, 115
on persecution of the Catholics by the Protestants, justification of, 116
Old Catholic churches, xxiv
Ollivier, Olivier, 310f.
Optatus, Saint, 56
Origen
on tyranny, 56
Orleans, Bishop of, see Dupanloup
Osiander, Andreas, 95
Oxford, Bishop of, 14
P
Paderborn, Bishop of
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 324
Paine, Thomas, 211
Pallas, 37
Panhellenism, 180
Pan-Slavism, 180
Paoli, Pasquale, 150
Papacy, 361
archives of, 16
Paris, 8, 16
Paris, Archbishop of, see Darboy
Parliament
English, 31, 63, 147
Scottish, 63f.
Parma
and nationalism, 190
Parnassus, 37
Pascal, Blaise, 198, 260
on royal absolutism, 75
Pastor, Ludwig von, 367
Patriotism, 188
Paul, Saint
on slavery, 247
Pazzi Conspiracy, 366
Peasants’ War, 93, 147
Luther’s hostility to, 95
Peel, Sir Robert, 11, 128
Peloponnesian War, 39, 136
Penal system
of Joseph II, 267
of Maria Theresa, 267
Penn, William, 150, 165
Periander
on slavery, 130
Pericles, 37ff., 159
distribution of power by, 38f.
political ideas of, 134
on public duty, 134f.
on slavery, 130
Pericles, 18
Perrone, Giovanni
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307
Persecution
Bucer on, 111f.
Bullinger on, 114
Catholic, li
Melanchthon on, 103f.
of early Christians, 58
of Huguenots, 71
liberals’ view of, 363
of Luther, 69
Œcolampadius on, 116
Protestant theory of, 88-127 passim
religious, democracy and, 131
Persian War, 36
Phaleas, 135
Philadelphia, 8
Constitutional Convention of, 31, 199f.
Philip II, 71, 77, 366
resistance of Netherlands to, 147
Philip, Landgrave
bigamy of, 98
Philo, 53f.
Philosophy
German, mistrust of, by Rome, 283
Physiocrats, 261
Pierce, Franklin, 244
Pinckney, Charles
on the British Constitution, 203
presents plan of a constitution, 204
Pitt, William, see Chatham, William
Pitt, Earl of
Pius IX, xviii, xx, 299f.
address of the bishops to, 306f.
and Civiltà Cattolica, 304
and the Germans, 326
and the Jesuits, 304f.
letter of, to the Protestants, 300
and Russia, 300
Syllabus of Errors of, 229, 303, 310, 326
and Ultramontanism, 302f.
and the Vatican Council, 337ff.
Plantagenet, House of, 63
Plato, 46f., 55, 135, 159
Laws, 50
political ideas of, 137f.
Republic, influence of, 166f.
Plotinus, 166
Plutarch, 18
Pocock, Edward, 17
Poland, 70, 76, 156, 170, 178ff., 188
and the Congress of Vienna, 178
division of, 171f.
Burke on, 171
and nationalism, 179
Talleyrand and, 178
Polignac, Melchior de, 155
Political parties
power of, Channing on, 236
Political science
the Catholic Church and, 276
Political theories
of Aristides, 134
of the Christian sects, 132f.
of Hamilton
Madison on, 206
Martin on, 207
of Pericles, 134
of Plato, 137f.
of Solon, 133f.
of Zwingli, 117
Politics
lack of principles in, 73
Polity
ecclesiastical, Hooker on, 72
Polybius, 145
Polygamy
Carlstadt on, 98
Mormon, Grant and, 131
and Mosaic Law, 98
Pompey, 51
Portugal
and the Vatican Council, 314
Power, 13, 15, 364
Calhoun on, 235
civil, Luther on, 99, 147
decentralization of, 49
desire for, 30
distribution of
and the mixed constitution, 47f.
by Pericles, 38f.
by Solon, 35f.
Fénelon on, 254
French economists on, 261
legislative, Morris on, 201
morals of, Creighton on, 371
of political parties, Channing on, 236
Presbyterianism
and democracy, 147f.
Presidency
of Andrew Jackson, 158
Everett on, 233
Federalists on, 211f.
Price, Richard, 208
Prierias, Sylvester
on the scriptures, 321
Priestley, Joseph, 208
Printing
invention of, 67
Privileged Altars
theory of, 360
Progress
Carlyle on, 13
Comte on, 13
Froude on, 13
Newman on, 13
Ranke on, 13
Turgot on, 259f.
Property
balance of, Harrington on, 149
Protagoras, 49, 131
Protestant, 10
Protestant Reformation, 1
Protestant Reformers
Servetus and, 123ff.
Protestantism
influence on state policy of, 88ff.
Protestants
intolerance towards Socinians and Anabaptists, 108
persecution of, li
by King of France, 71
persecution of Catholics, Œcolampadius on, 116
and Pius IX, 300
Strossmayer on, 346
and the suppression of error, Reformers on, 103ff.
and toleration, 89, 91
Prussia, 9, 11
and nationalism, 177
Prynne, William, 149
Public duty
Pericles on, 134f.
Pufendorf, Samuel, 74
Punic War, Second, 5
Pusey, Edward
on the Vatican Council, 300
Pythagoras, 49
Q
Quakers, 129
and toleration, 150
Quentin Durward, 20
Quincy, Joseph
on Jefferson’s embargo, 215
“Quirinus,” xxiii
R
The Rambler, xix, 88n.
Randolph, Edmund Jennings, 216, 239
and the Virginia Plan, 204
on democracy, 201
Ranke, Leopold von, x, 9, 20f.
on the Church in politics, 10
on the historian, role of, 20
on Luther, 100
on progress, 13
on William III, 27
Ravaillac, François, 364
Raynal, Guillaume, 261, 268
Read, George
on the United States federal government, 205
Reason and faith, 274
Rebellion
Calvin on, 118f.
the Great, 167
right of
against tyrants, 71
against a king, 77
Tyler on, 147
Reform
of the Church, 246
in its head and members, 301
in France, 151
Reformation, 11, 20, 69f., 79, 94, 358f.
conquests of, 11
and conscience, freedom of, 92
Creighton on, 372
early, 92
English, 11
Protestant, 1
Scotch, 70
Reformers, 360
Swiss, republicanism of, 112
Regicide
Buchanan on, 148
Reisach, Cardinal
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307f.
Religion, 10
as the mother of freedom, 12
and politics, 11f.
Renaissance, 6, 359
Renan, Ernest, xli, 19
Representation
American, in the House and Senate, 208
Republican Party, 238, 243ff.
Republicanism
of Athens, 134f.
of the Essenes, 132
Federal, 15
primitive, 60
of German communities, 146
of Rome, 145
of Swiss Reformers, 112
tyranny of, Cobbett on, 235
of Zwingli, 147
Republics
English, failure of, 77f.
rise of, 83f.
Resistance
Locke’s doctrine of, 81
Restoration
French, 9
of the Stuarts, 11
Reumont, Alfred von, 366
Revolution
American, 9, 81f., 150f.
political causes of, 196-250
doctrine of, 12
Dutch, 15
of 1848, 158
French, 152, 167, 172, 175
of Ghent, 147
historical writing and, 15f.
idea of, 6
of 1688, 149
theory of, 167f.
Whig, 64
Rhode Island, 127
Richelieu, Armand de, Cardinal, lix, 9, 75, 131
Rienzi, Niccolo, 66
Rights of Man, 12, 82, 130f., 151
Rivière, Mercier de la Diderot on, 263
Robespierre, Maximilien, 153f.
Roland, Madame, 154
Rollin, Ledru, 158
Romans
wars of the, 142
Rome, 9, 11, 42, 48, 58, 78
absolutism of, 144
civil law of, 44
constitution of, 141
history of, 42ff.
corruption of, Lamennais on, 273f.
Court of, 299
Frohschammer and, 283ff.
Lamennais on, 272
Empire of, 43f.
divines of, 61
migration of barbarians, 60
jurisprudence, reform of, 45
jurists of, 53f., 145
patricians and plebeians, controversy of, in, 142
Republic of, 43, 174
failure of, 140
republicanism of, 145
Senate of, 51
slavery, mitigation of, in, 44
tribunes of, 142ff.
triumvirate of, 44
Roothan, Johann, 304
Rope, John, 19
Roscher, Wilhelm, 50
Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio, 304
censure of, 274
Rothschild, Nathaniel, xxi
Rouscher, Cardinal
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 338, 341, 350
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 25, 84, 148, 150, 153, 160, 164f., 211, 258, 267
and equality, 169
on the infallibility of the people, 266
on nationalism, 189
and the Social Contract, 266
theory of government of, 264f.
Rovere, Guliano della, 360
Royalty
Hegel on the function of, 155
Ruskin, John, xxxv
Russell, John, Lord, xvii, 80
Russia, 32
and nationalism, 177
and Pius IX, 300
and the Vatican Council, 314
S
Sacred College, 302
Saint Louis, Archbishop of, see Kenrick
Salvanius, 61
Salvation
of Lutherans, 97
Thamer on, 105f.
Samuel, 33
Sand, Georges, 158
Saxons, 62, 187
Saxony, King of
and Congress of Vienna, 178
Scherer, Edmond
Guizot on, 260
Schmalkald, Confession of, 97
Scholars
German, problems of, 279
Scholarship
German, toleration of, by Rome, 280
Schrader, Clement
support of Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 307ff.
Schwarzenberg, Cardinal, 179
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 331f., 335, 338, 350
Schwegler, Albert, 18
Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von
on grace, 106
Science
and Catholicism, 270, 276-298
of the Greeks, 37f.
Scipio, 44
Scotland, 72
parliament of, address on Robert Bruce, 63f.
and Reformation, 70
Scriptures
authority of
Catholics on, 320f.
Luther on, 98
Halifax on, 353
Prierias on, 321
Secession, 230, 238, 241, 244, 247
Adams on, 216
Calhoun on, 243
Colton on, 231
justification of, 231
Livingston on, 231
Sects
Christian, political theories of, 132f.
Melanchthon on, 105
Seeley, John, 3
Selden, John, 149
Self-government, 49, 265
among the Jews, 33
Aquinas on, 64
Seneca, 32, 53, 55, 140, 260
Servetus, Michael
Bullinger on, 114
condemnation of, 106
Melanchthon on, 106f.
death of, and Calvin, 121
and the Protestant Reformers, 123ff.
Seven Years’ War, 10
Seward, William
Carlisle on, 240
on Cuba, 245
on Hungary, 245
on manifest destiny, 245
Shaftesbury, Anthony, Lord, 80
Sherman, Roger
on popular election, 200
Sicily, 69
Sidney, Algernon, 80
Siéyès, Abbé, 15, 84, 152ff.
council, idea of, 161
on France, unity of, 173
Simpson, Richard, 88n.
Sixtus IV, 363, 366
Slavery, 15, 32, 47, 53f., 56f., 67, 130, 243, 250
Burke on, 131
and Catholicism, 246
Emerson on, 243
Jefferson on, 237f.
and nationalism, influence of, on, 191
Paul on, 247
Periander on, 130
Pericles on, 130
in Rome, 44
Story on, 239
in the United States, 208
Smith, Adam, lx, 25, 84, 261
Wealth of Nations, 56
Smith, Goldwin
on historical morality, 28
Social Contract, 266
Socialism, 158, 267
Society
structure of, Fénelon on, 254f.
Socinians
Protestant intolerance towards, 108
Socinus, Faustus, 12, 79, 362
Socrates, 5, 46, 54, 57, 131, 137, 196
democratic ideas of, 137
martyrdom of, 41
Solon, 39, 52, 135
distribution of power by, 35f.
political ideas of, 133f.
Sophistry, 46
Sophists, 137
Sophocles, 55
South, the
conservatism of, Calhoun on, 241
planters of, 244
South Carolina, 204, 238
Sovereignty
popular
Jurieu on, 252
Maultrot on, 253
Spain, 9, 11, 62, 171
and the Constitution of 1812, 155
Inquisition, 69, 363
insurrection in, 147
intolerance of, 109
and nationalism, 177
and the Vatican Council, 313f.
Spanish Cortes, 31
Sparta, 48
Spinoza, Benedict
on royal absolutism, 75
Staël, Anne Louise, Madame de, 28
Stanley, Arthur, Bishop
on the Vatican Council, 300
State-rights, 215, 237f.
Bedford on, 204
Mason on, 204
Trumbull on, 215f.
States-General, 31, 268
Stein, Heinrich, Baron
on Bonapartism, 177
Stephen, Leslie, xviii
Stoics, 52ff., 57
political theories of, 139
Story, Joseph
on Jackson, power in government of, 234
on Jefferson, embargo of, 215f.
on minorities, 209
on slavery, 239
on the tariff, 219
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of, 78
Strossmayer, Joseph
on majority rule at the Vatican Council, 348
on the Protestants, 346
opposition to Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 328, 339, 342
Struensee, John, 151
Stuarts
and Divine Right, 74
Stubbs, William, Bishop, 18
Suarez, Francisco, 148
Suffrage, 31
universal, in America, 162
Sunderland, Robert Spencer, Earl of, 27
Superstitions
Catholic, 302
Sweden
and intolerance, 109
Swiss Reformers
on heresy, 114
republicanism of, 112
Switzerland, 66
constitution of federal, 156
of 1848, 156f.
of 1874, 156,
democracy in, 156
nationalism of, 190
Sylla, 143
Syllabus of Errors of Pius IX, xxi, 299, 303, 310, 326
T
Tacitus, 43, 48
Talleyrand, Périgord de, 153
on Poland, 178
Tariff, American
Brownson on, 229
Calhoun on, 220-223
Cobbett on, 221
Jackson on, 231f.
Legaré on, 229
Lowndes on, 220
opposition to
by South, 221f.
by Webster, 218
Story on, 219
support of, by Lowndes and Calhoun, 218
withdrawal of, 231
Taxation
of America by England, 82
Camden on, 82
de Commines on, 67
in France, Vauban on, 75f.
of incomes, 67
and representation, 67
Taylor, Jeremy, 79, 363
Temple, Sir William, 27
Tertullian, 56
Tetzel, Johann, 359
Teutonic State
conflict between Church and, 146
Thamer, Theobald
on salvation, 105f.
Theiner, Augustin, 304
Theocracy
of Calvin, 117f.
Theognis, 35
Thierry, Jacques, 158
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 13, 17
Thirty Years’ War, 9
Thomas à Kempis, 360
Thucydides, 41, 159
Tillemont, Sébastien de, 16
Tocqueville, Alexis de, xliii, lvi, lix, 32, 50, 130, 132, 158, 164, 212
on American democracy, 283f.
on freedom and religion, 256
Toland, John, 149
Tolerance
of Capito, 111
Catholic
of Jews and Mohammedans, 108
in Maryland, 127
Creighton on, 371
of Melanchthon, 109
by Moors and Turks, 126
and the Quakers, 150
Toleration, 12
of Bayle, 252
Calvin on, 121
Fénelon on, 253f.
sects of, 12
theory of, 256
absolute, 107
of Protestants, 89, 91
Tories, 19, 23f
Toynbee, Arnold J., ix, xxxi
Trade, free
French economists on, 261
Tradition
use of, by English patriots, 78
Trafalgar, 24
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 13
Trent, Council of, xxii, 300, 319f.
Tridentine divines, 359
Trumbull, Jonathan
on State-rights, 215f.
Turgot, Anne Robert, 151, 255, 263, 268
on progress, 259f.
Tuscany
and nationalism, 190
Tyler, Wat, rebellion, 147
Tyranny
of Louis XIV, 76
Origen on, 56
of republicanism, Cobbett on, 235
Tyrants
murder of, 72f.
right of rebellion against, 71
Tyrol
and nationalism, 177
U
Ullman, Karl, 360
Ulm
Austrian surrender at, 24
Ultramontanism, xviii, 156, 299-356
censorship of, 344f.
Church and State and, 309
and Civiltà Cattolica, 306f.
Dogmatic Commission of, 307, 309
Dogmatic Decree of 1854, 305
Döllinger on, 318f., 343f.
and the encyclical of November, 1846, 303
failure of, 355f.
Gratry and, 343
Hefele and, 345, 350, 355
Hungarian Church and, 317
Janus on, 318, 325
Jesuits on, 305
Kenrick and, 345, 350
Kettler and, 345, 350
Maret on, 318
opposition to, at Vatican Council, by
Alzog, 307
Darboy, 328, 332f., 338
Dupanloup, 328, 332
French, 330, 338
German, 330, 338
Grenoble, Bishop of, 339
Halifax, Archbishop of, 328, 339
Kenrick, 339, 345-350
Laval, Bishop of, 328
Maret, 332, 334
Montalembert, 330
Rouscher, Cardinal, 338, 341, 350
Schwarzenberg, Cardinal, 331f., 335, 338, 350
Strossmayer, 328, 339, 342
and Pius IX, 302f.
prohibitions against, 343
support of, at Vatican Council, by
Antonelli, Cardinal, 307
Cardoni, Archbishop, 307
Fessler, Bishop, 307f.
Franzelin, 307
Grenoble, Bishop of, 334
Laval, Bishop of, 332
Manning, Archbishop, 349f.
Mechlin, Archbishop of, 343
Paderborn, Bishop of, 324
Perrone, 307
Reisach, Cardinal, 307f.
Schrader, 307ff.
Westminster, Archbishop of, 334
yielding of, 354ff.
United States, 8, 196-250
commerce, regulation of, in, 208
democracy of, Tocqueville on, 223f.
House of Representatives of, representation in, 208
manufacturing in, 218
presidency of
Federalists on, 211f.
Jefferson on, 212
Senate of
Dickinson on, 202
representatives in, 208
slavery in, 208
suffrage, universal, in, 162
Supreme Court of, 131, 161
Ussher, James, Archbishop, 75
Utilitarianism, 45
V
Valentinian, 79
Vatican, the
Archives, 9
Vatican Council, xxii, xxiv, 299-356
activity at, 377f.
Bavaria and, 312
Belgium and, 314
Beust on, 310
Bismarck and, 312
and the Bull Multiplices, 329, 333, 337, 345
Cardinals and, 300
Commission on Dogma of, 335
commissions at, 327, 346
De Angelis, Cardinal, and, 340
decrees at, 340f.
elections, fraudulent, at, 335f.
England and, 313
forgeries at, 319
France and, 310f.
delegation of, 335
Germany and, 311
Bishops of, at Fulda, 324
delegation of, 335, 344
Gladstone and, 313
Guizot on, 300
Hase, 300
Hohenlohe, Prince, and, 309f.
Hungarian delegation and, 335
Italy and, 314ff.
John, King of Saxony, and, 311
majority rule at, 348
and Pius IX, 337ff.
Portugal and, 314
procedure at, 327f., 344, 355
Pusey on, 300
questions for discussion at, 301f.
Russia and, 314
Spain and, 313f.
Stanley on, 300
Vauban, Sebastien de
on taxation in France, 75f.
Venice, 17, 76
and Congress of Vienna, 178
Vergniaud, Pierre
on the will of the people, 172
Versailles, 8
Veto
Octavius and, 142
right of, 238
Vico, Giambattista, 267
Vienna, 182
Congress of, 178ff.
and Austria, 179
and Genoa, 178
and nationalism, 179
and Poland, 178
and Saxony, King of, 178
and Venice, 178
Vineis, Peter de, 146
Vinet, Alexandre, 14, 32
Virginia, 224
House of Delegates of, 239
Virginia Plan
presented by Edmund Randolph, 204
Voltaire, François de, 255, 268
on English superiority, 256
Voting
role of, Madison on, 203
Voting franchise
Channing on, 235f.
W
Waddington, William, 165
War
of 1870, 4, 11
Fénelon on, 254
Napoleonic, Pitt on, 24
Ward, William George, xx
Washington, George, 19, 31, 200, 211
Jefferson on, 210
on Madison, 204f.
Waterloo, 178
Wealth of Nations, 56
Webster, Daniel, 230, 238, 240, 243
on the abolitionists, 239f.
on conscience, 241
debate with Hayne, 233
on minorities, 209
nullification, speech against, Madison on, 230
tariff, opposition to, 218
Wellesley, Richard, 24
Westminster, Archbishop of
support of Ultramontanism at
Vatican Council, 334
Whigs, 25
Holland House, 178
theory of revolution of, 64
Will of the people
Hamilton on, 209
William III, 77, 364
Ranke on, 27
William the Norman, 61
William of Orange, 72, 77, 80, 252
Wilson, James
on despotism, 201
Winchester, Bishop of, 71
Wiseman, Nicholas, Bishop, xviif., xx
Wittelsbach, House of, 171
Worship
Catholic, Luther on, 102
Wyclif, John, 167, 360
X
Xenophon, 159, 196
Y
Young, Arthur
on Grand Duke Leopold, 267
Z
Zeno, 45, 53, 139
Zürich, 70
Zwickau prophets
Melanchthon on, 103
Zwingli, Ulrich, 70, 114, 366
on the intervention of the State in religion, 112
political theory of, 117
republicanism of, 147
Zwinglian schism, 93
