The Economics and Ethics of Private Property
Subject Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W
A
A posteriori knowledge, 267, 287, 292–93
A priori knowledge, 280–83, 287, 339, 358, 365, 371
A priori reasoning, 13, 18, 315, 321–22, 330, 409
A priori synthetic propositions, 274, 276, 286
Absolute growth of GNP, 38
Absolutist (government), 61–62, 128
Accounting, 78, 80, 159, 177, 180, 218, 255, 360
Accumulation (of capital), 101–02, 119, 123, 134, 148–49, 243–44, 261
Action Committee for Europe, 114
Africa, 72, 112
Aggression, 13, 17–20, 25, 31–32, 54–55, 73–74, 88, 100, 102, 105–06, 221, 320, 325–28, 337, 343, 392, 407
foreign, 100–01, 105, 392
physical, 13, 221, 325, 327, 337
American revolution, 61
American Wild West, 26–27
Amsterdam, 58
Anarchism, 19, 55, 269, 308, 349, 408
Anarchist, 13, 16, 310, 388
Anarchy, 26, 55–67, 104, 378, 388–90
Arbitration, 26, 28–29, 389
Argumentation, 13, 18, 29, 257, 279–81, 284, 314–19, 321–23, 327, 329, 334–38, 341–42, 345, 371–73, 376, 384–87, 399–406, 411–14
Arithmetic (and praxeology and epistemology), 285–87, 289, 291–92, 347–48, 401
Asia, 112
Athens, 362
Austrian economics/Austrian School, 117, 124, 126, 128, 138–39, 205, 230, 294, 306, 367–79
Austrian Rationalism, 347–79
Austrian theory of ethics, 370–79
Axiom of action, 275–79, 339, 371, 374–75
Axioms, 275, 280, 417
B
Bank and business elites, 108, 110, 112, 124, 132, 362
Bank for International Settlement, 112
Bank fraud, 83–84
Banking elites, 112
Banking Federation of the European Community, 114
Banks, 79–83, 90–97, 107–09, 111, 114–16, 132, 135, 183, 186, 194–95, 200–01, 204, 217–18, 224, 228, 230–34, 239–42, 250–51
Barter, 77–81, 109, 176–80, 187, 230
Basel Committee, 114
Berlin, 72
Berlin Wall, xi
Bank for International Settlement (BIS), 112, 115–16
Boom-bust cycle, 82–83, 93, 153–55, 168, 172, 196, 199, 202, 204, 244, 251
British Guiana, 106
Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, ix
Business cartelization, 67, 71, 83, 91, 98–99, 107, 112, 116, 132–33, 231
Business cycle theory, 82, 154, 168
Business cycles, xi, 82, 84, 154–55, 167–68, 196–97, 202
Business failures, 152, 201
C
Cable TV, 8
Cameralism, 61
Capital, 24, 40, 79, 82, 101–02, 104, 120, 123, 134–36, 148–49, 152–54, 160, 163–73, 177, 198–99, 203, 224–25, 234–36, 241–45, 261, 350
Capital consumption, 149, 350
Capital formation, 23, 79, 101–02, 148–49, 245
Capital goods, 40, 123, 148–49, 154, 160, 163, 166, 171, 173, 177, 198–99, 203, 244
Capitalism, 19–20, 57, 95–97, 104, 119–20, 125, 132–34, 137–38, 163, 167–68, 174, 233
clean, 120, 125, 132
finance, 95
monopoly, 95–97
Capitalist exploitation, 96, 123–24
Capitalist
competition, 131–32
orders/societies, 5, 8, 14, 19, 29, 104, 134–35
process, 139–74
Capitalists, 79, 96–97, 120–24, 128–30, 132–36, 139–74
Cartels, 67, 71, 83, 91, 98–99, 107, 112, 116, 132–33, 231
Catholic Church, 57–58
Center for Libertarian Studies, xii
Central and South America, 112
Central banks, 63, 91, 93–95, 99, 106–11, 114–16, 132–33, 135, 158–59, 186, 205, 233–34
Central banking, 84, 106, 133, 205, 233
Centralization, 118, 133–36, 234, 256
Chaos, 12–13, 26, 109–10, 113, 116
Chicago School, 11
Chicago-style property theories, 11, 411
China, 105
Class justice, 118, 129–30
Class rule, 118–19
Class struggles, 117
Classical liberalism, 3, 19, 60, 69–70, 397
Clean capitalism, 120, 125, 132
Coercion, 16, 53, 55, 63, 78, 81, 86, 88, 118, 129, 142, 260–61, 305, 310, 318
Cognitive theory of ethics, 11
Collective action, 51
Collective ownership, 123, 138, 360, 402
Columbia, 72
Competing banks, 81, 83, 91
Competition, 3–4, 19, 22–23, 52–54, 60, 67, 69, 71, 80–81, 85–86, 88–89, 95, 98, 167, 178, 187–89, 195, 221, 229, 233–35, 310
within Marxist analysis, 132–37
Competitive monies, 81
Competitive prices, 306–07
Congo, 106
Consequentialist ethic, 344, 406–07
Conservatism, 67, 72, 138, 325–26
Conservative, 67, 69–70, 73, 75, 394
Constancy principle, 298–301, 365–66
Constitutions, 16, 67–68, 97, 129–31, 390–91
Consumer demand, 52, 85, 307
Consumer goods, 148, 156, 163, 173, 178, 184, 189–90, 199, 201, 203, 213–14, 228, 237, 242–49
Consumers, 3–4, 14–15, 17–26, 28–29, 40, 44–48, 52, 63, 85, 87, 122, 232, 306–07, 310–11, 360
Consumption, 34–46, 66, 120–21, 147–54, 160, 168–73, 177, 181, 186, 197–99, 203, 211, 241–47, 250, 252, 281, 328, 350
capital, 149, 350
government, 34–35, 66
nonrivalrous vs. rivalrous, 5–6, 9–10, 14–15
Contracting, 16, 36, 43, 50, 84, 102, 126, 228, 332, 377, 411
Contracts, xi, 16, 19, 23–27, 35–36, 43–44, 50–52, 54, 58, 61, 64, 67, 81, 84–87, 89, 91, 94, 96, 99, 102, 104, 125–35, 152, 195, 197, 200–01, 206–29, 252–53, 319, 329, 332, 370, 377–78, 383, 388–92, 402, 409, 411, 417
Contractors, 36, 50–52, 96–98, 102, 104, 126–27, 152, 332, 377, 402
Contractualism, 61, 131
Cost accounting, 78, 80, 159, 177, 180, 218, 255, 360
Costs
opportunity, 36, 78, 177, 277
production, 15, 24, 45–46, 52–53, 81, 85–86, 177, 184–90, 192–95
subjective, 15, 46, 177, 276–77, 292–93, 356, 360, 375
(David Rockefeller’s) Council on Foreign Relations, 113
Counterfeiting (by the state), 82–83, 89–95, 97–100, 106–08, 110–12, 116, 132, 134–35, 153–54, 172, 228–35, 260–61
Courts, 24, 26, 218, 227, 229–31, 272, 391
Credit expansion, 93–94, 153–55, 164, 172, 198–99
Crime, 21–23, 26–27, 253–54, 392, 396
Cuba, 105–06
Cultural relativism, 72
D
Demand curve, 45, 47–48, 307
Demand for money, 145, 150–51, 159–60, 162, 173–74, 190, 202–04, 223, 236–47, 250–52, 267, 271, 360
Democracy, 23, 67–68, 335
Democratization, 68–72, 89, 91
Difference principle, 325, 337
Distribution of wealth, 17, 66–67, 69, 71–75, 82, 84, 87–89, 92–93, 103, 112, 124, 131, 155, 167, 170, 183, 189, 194–97, 211, 235, 244, 251, 325, 332, 377–78, 386–87
Disutility of labor, 140, 391
Divisibilities, 77
Division of labor, 18, 40, 43, 59, 77–80, 136–37, 143–44, 151, 176, 183, 188, 226, 260, 350, 389
Dollar imperialism, 111–13, 135
Dominant protection agencies, 325, 337
Dominican Republic, 106
E
East bloc, 367, 379
Eastern Europe, xi, 369–70
Econometrics, 296, 369
Economic analysis, 5, 307–08, 312
Economic effect of taxation, 33–74
Economic efficiency, 11, 175, 184, 199, 232, 331–38
Economic growth, 62, 80, 104–05, 128, 139–74, 245
Economic, 3, 136, 168–69, 180–01, 266, 270, 275, 278, 376, 378
Economic prosperity, 58–62, 74, 119 123–24, 136, 138, 142, 152, 312, 354, 361–62
ECU, 114–16
ECU Banking Association, 114
Education, 19, 59, 64–66, 88–92, 393
Efficiency, 11, 19, 80, 124, 163, 166, 170, 175, 184, 199, 232, 259, 331–38, 350
economic, 11, 175, 184, 199, 232, 331–38
marginal, 163, 166, 170
market, 19
Efficiency of markets, 19
Egalitarianism, 67–69, 97, 167, 182, 387
Elasticity of demand, 45–48, 190
Emigration, 71, 355
Empiricism, 267–69, 271–74, 278, 289, 355, 409
Employment, xi, 139–46, 149–74, 360–01, 416
England, 61, 104–05
Epistemological dualism, 273, 289
Epistemology, 261, 265–66, 273–74, 278–83, 293, 364, 372
Equilibrium, 143–44, 149, 156–59, 162–63, 182, 236–40, 242, 246, 261–62
Ethical relativism. See relativism
Ethical theory, 11, 310, 313–15, 328–30, 370, 377, 400–09, 417–18
Ethics, ix, xi, 11–12, 15, 17, 124, 176, 186, 212, 216, 220, 223, 225–27, 254, 333–38, 353–56, 358, 362–63, 367–79, 384, 387, 394, 401, 411–14, 417–18
cognitive theory of, 11
of homesteading, 417–18
of libertarianism, 305–30, 407–08
of private property, 63, 65, 67, 72–75, 337–345, 372, 376, 388, 399, 401–03, 407–08
Rothbardian, 217, 220, 311–13, 321, 377, 381–97
Europe, 59, 104–06, 114–16
European Currency Unit (ECU), 114–16,
European Economic Community, 114–16
European Investment Bank, 114
European Monetary Cooperation Fund, 114–16
European Monetary System, 114–16
Exchange rates, 79–80, 98, 108–10, 178–79
Exchange ratios, 141, 187, 257–59
Exclusion/excludability, 5–8, 14–15, 60, 62
Expansionism, 103–06, 111–13, 135–37
Expectations, 48, 101, 122–23, 136–37, 145–46, 149, 167, 239–40, 244, 248–49, 260–61, 277, 375
Exploitation, xi, 31, 50, 60–61, 66–68, 70, 84, 86–89, 93–94, 96–102, 104, 108, 113, 116, 118–38, 151, 328, 354, 383, 393
Expropriation, 50, 54, 63, 67–70, 84, 87, 102, 108, 125–27, 133–37, 186, 188, 191, 194, 227
F
Fact-value dichotomy, 345
Factors of production, 24, 96, 123, 138, 142, 148–49, 198, 243–44, 306, 360
Fallacies, 3–33, 35, 37, 128, 161–62, 178, 306, 308, 401, 415–16
Fascists/fascism, 74, 167
Federal Reserve Board, 361–62
Federal Reserve System, 93, 106–07, 112, 114
Feudal government, 57–58
Feudal landlords, 96, 112–13
Feudal powers, 59–60
Feudalism, 57–63, 96, 104–05, 112–13, 119, 125, 128
Fiat money, 42, 81–84, 89–92, 175–204, 208, 233, 378
Fidshi, 354
Flanders, 58
Fluctuating exchange rates, 79–81, 98, 108–10, 179
Fractional reserve banking, 132, 153, 186, 194–212, 217–37, 250, 252–54, 378
France’s Catholic schools, 65
Free banking, 80–81, 83–84, 90–91, 96–98, 199, 204–08, 230–31, 236–37
Free competition, 3–4, 80, 133, 167, 189, 195, 229–30
Free rider, 5–6, 9–10, 15, 308
French revolution, 61
Future consumption, 42, 170, 173, 199, 203, 242, 246, 250
Future goods, 39, 46, 121–23, 125, 147, 150, 153, 160, 198–99, 203, 214–17, 245–49, 252–53
G
Geometry, 287–93, 348
Germany, xi, 30, 74, 115–16
GNP, 37–38
Gold, 42, 63, 78–84, 90–92, 96–98, 111–12, 116, 124, 158–59, 162–24, 175, 177, 183–89, 192–94, 199, 204, 207–09, 212–15, 219, 222, 228, 232–35, 237
Gold standard, 42, 79, 81–82, 92, 97–98, 112, 116, 124, 162–64, 177, 183–84, 193, 199, 208
Golden Rule of Ethics, 316
Government, xi, 3–4, 16–19, 24, 34, 40–41, 50–58, 61–74, 78, 81, 84, 88, 98–99, 103–08, 111–16, 119, 124, 126, 131–33, 152–53, 155, 171–72, 186, 192, 204, 207, 232–33, 305, 308, 311, 358, 367–69, 378–79, 390–96, 417
consumption, 34–35, 66
interference, 17, 308, 311
spending, 40, 67
Grenada, 106
Gresham’s Law, 110
Guatemala, 106
H
Hamburg, 58
Hayekian terminology, 71
Hermeneutics, 269–70, 368
Historicism, 268–75, 278, 294
Hoarding, 150–01, 159–60, 171–74, 193, 244
Homesteading, 50, 52, 84–85, 96, 102–04, 119–20, 123–29, 132, 141–42, 152, 156, 332, 336, 342–45, 373–74, 376–78, 400, 405–06, 108, 410, 412–18
Human rationality, 59
Human rights, 391
I
Immigration, 71
Imperfect divisibilities, 77
Imperial expansionism, 135
Impoverishment, 38–39, 49, 123, 126–27, 142, 152, 212, 244, 367
Income effect, 41–42
Individual freedom, 60–61, 72
Indonesia, 106
Industrial revolution, 62, 104
Inexcludability, 5–8, 14–15, 60, 62
Inflation, 82, 84, 89, 93, 99, 107–16, 124, 135, 145–46, 172–74, 182, 187, 190, 192–93, 197, 240
Inflationary policies, 99, 109
Interest/interest rates, 36–37, 79, 82, 94, 96, 121–22, 136, 139–74, 182, 186, 188, 195–200, 202, 204, 219, 224–25, 228–29, 231, 233–34, 244, 248, 250
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 112
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 112–13
International monetary system, 108–09, 113, 116
International politics, xi, 49, 72–74, 77–116
Interstate competition, 71, 134, 137
Intersubjective norms, 315, 334, 372
Involuntary unemployment, 141–42, 152, 156–57, 360
Ireland, 26
IRS, 56, 64
Italy, 58, 74
J
Judicial system, 23–26, 88, 391
Justice, 24, 50, 57–58, 67, 116, 118, 129–30, 200, 218, 225, 227, 325, 331–38, 385–87, 391–94, 397, 401, 409, 411
K
Kantian Categorical Imperative, 316
L
Labor, 3, 18, 35, 39–40, 43, 59, 63, 77–80, 96, 119–23, 125, 128–29, 136, 140–44, 148–49, 151–52, 156–58, 160–61, 176, 183, 188, 198, 226, 260, 306, 319–20, 327, 332, 336, 350, 383, 389, 391, 415
disutility of, 140, 391
division of, 18, 40, 43, 59, 77–80, 136–37, 143–44, 151, 176, 183, 188, 226, 260, 350, 389
Labor theory of value, 96, 120–21, 136
Laissez faire, 61, 96, 305–30, 379
Late-comers, 328–29, 338, 343–44, 373, 387, 415
Law/laws, 18, 27–29, 31, 52, 87, 89, 91, 103, 129–31, 218–19, 224–25, 227, 229, 269–70, 305, 307–08, 310, 384, 391–92, 401
economic, 3, 136, 168–69, 180–81, 266, 270, 275, 278, 376, 378
enforcement, 18, 21, 27, 31
Gresham’s, 110
logical, 16, 37, 285, 295, 300, 347, 366, 405, 412
natural, 58–59, 103, 313, 353, 384, 391
private, 18, 129–30, 138, 378
Say’s, 240–41
Lebanon, 106
Liberal democracy, 67
Liberalism, 3, 19–20, 60, 62, 69, 72, 96, 102–05, 128, 138, 397
Libertarian law, 31
Libertarian philosophy, 31, 138
Libertarian theory of property, 322, 327
Linear regression, 295–96, 297–98
Liquidity preference, 159–62, 172–74
Logical reasoning, 18, 37, 340
Ludwig von Mises Institute, ix, xii, 116, 369
M
Marginal productivity of labor, 141–42, 149, 152
Marginal utility, 36, 38–44, 180–81, 266, 270, 275, 278, 376
Marginalism, 404
Market competition, 22–25, 221
Market failures, 5, 15–18, 156, 306
Marxism/Marxist, 95–97, 117–38, 153, 368
Medium of exchange, 77–79, 91, 143–44, 151, 159, 175–204, 207, 248–49, 255
Mercantilism, 61, 140
Methodological anarchism, 349
Mexico, 105
vilitary, 56, 66, 105–07, 111–12, 134–35
Military domination, 134–35
Minarchism, 18, 395
Modern Theory of Colonialism, 69, 119–20
Monarchic autocracy, 67
Monarchy, 60
Monetarism, 199, 369
Monetary imperialism, 107–11, 135
Monetary policy, 162–63, 194
Money
and banking, 80, 84–95, 97–98, 153, 199, 229, 234
demand for, 145, 150–51, 159–60, 162, 173–74, 190, 202–04, 223, 236–47, 250–52, 267, 271, 360
fiat, 42, 81–84, 89–92, 175–204, 208, 233, 378
paper, 42, 90, 108, 164, 174–75, 184, 187, 190–94, 232–33, 242, 361–62
substitutes, 81, 90–91, 183–86, 191, 195, 197, 207–20, 222, 232–33, 235, 252
supply, 145, 150, 160–63, 172, 183, 190–200, 203, 212, 223, 237–40, 243–44, 251–52, 360
Monopolist/monopolistic, 18–27, 54, 65, 69, 80, 82, 84, 88–89, 98–99, 109, 118, 153, 187–94, 204, 225–27, 234, 306–07, 388, 391
Monopoly, 28, 89, 95–97, 106, 133, 153, 187–94, 225–27, 231, 234–35, 305–07, 388, 391
Monopoly prices, 305–06
N
Nationalism, 69–75, 101–02, 110
Nationalistic wars, 71
Nationalization, 5–6, 393
NATO alliance, 74, 111
Natural law, 58–59, 103, 313, 353, 384, 391
Natural rights, 58–61, 104, 128, 313–16, 321–22, 340–41, 344–45
Natural sciences, 37, 267–68, 272, 292, 347–59, 394
Natural theory of property, 31
Naturalism, 401
Nazi Germany, 74
New Guinea, 354
Nicaragua, 106
Nihilism, 368–69
Nonaggression principle, 13, 17–20, 318–23, 329, 413
Nonproductive exchanges, 326, 337
Nonrivalrous consumption, see consumption
North America, 71, 114
O
Opportunity costs, 36, 78, 177, 277
Outlaw company, 29
Outlaw producers, 30–32
P
Paper money, 42, 90, 108, 164, 174–75, 184, 187, 190–94, 232–33, 242, 361–62
Pareto optimality, 13, 376–77
Paris, 72
Philippines, 105
Physical aggression, 13, 221, 325, 327, 337
Physical integrity of property, 325–27, 332, 337, 343, 377–78, 383, 408
Police (government), 23–27, 66, 88
Police state, 66
Political competition, 22
Political economy, 192, 331–33, 402–03
Polizeiwissenschaft, 61
Population movements, 54–57, 71
Positive economics, 235–51, 362
Positivism, 268, 347–79
Positivist, 128–29, 140, 191, 193, 218, 267, 334, 356, 358–69, 372, 379
Positivist doctrine, 358–69
Power elite, 95, 97, 124, 362
Praxeology, 49, 265–94, 316, 340–41, 374, 404, 417
Predictive knowledge, 293, 353
Present goods, 39, 121–23, 147–50, 160, 198, 203, 215–16, 247–54
Present value, 36, 141, 159, 375
Prices, 3, 15, 20, 24, 41–42, 45–48, 63, 68, 79, 81, 94, 96, 112, 120, 141, 144–45, 148, 150, 153, 156–57, 160–61, 163, 173–74, 177, 180, 181–83, 185, 187, 190, 192–93, 195, 198–99, 203, 210–12, 222–23, 235–44, 249–52, 255–59, 276, 305–07, 325, 351–52, 355–56, 360, 368, 390–91
controls, 325
competitive, 306–07
monopoly, 305–06
Principle of causality, 279, 289–91
Principle of nonaggression, 13, 17–20, 318–23, 329, 413
Private enterprise, 7–19, 52, 310
Private goods, 3–32, 309–10, 410
Private law, 18, 129–30, 138, 378
Private property ethic, 65–67, 72–75, 321, 337–45, 372, 376, 399–403
Producer goods, 182, 189–90, 201, 203, 213–14, 228, 243, 245–49
Producers, 3–32, 35–36, 44–47, 50–52, 67, 69, 79, 84–85, 93, 96–97, 102, 104, 107–08, 124–29, 132, 135, 141, 152, 177, 187, 189, 192, 231–32, 241, 332, 360, 377, 391–92, 396
Production costs, 15, 24, 45–46, 52–53, 81, 85–86, 177, 184–90, 192–95
Production of security, 3–32, 88–89, 232
Production process, 40–43, 146–48
Production structure, 39–40, 44, 123, 148–49, 153–54, 238–39, 245, 247, 249–51, 307
Productive forces, 118–19, 123, 136
Propaganda, 19, 86, 95, 110, 128, 131
Propensity to hoard, 150–51, 159–60, 171–74, 193, 244
Property rights, xi, 11–12, 58, 73, 118, 129–31, 141, 220–22, 226, 230, 232, 317–18, 320, 325, 329, 333, 335–36, 338, 342–45, 370, 373–74, 378–79, 387–88, 391–92, 403, 406, 408–09, 411
Prussia, 66–67
Psychic income, 140
Psychic integrity, 325–26, 337
Psychology, 49, 68, 166–68, 408
Public choice, 12, 51, 84–85, 131, 308
Public consumption, 34
Public goods, xi, 3–32, 305–11, 410
Public goods theory, 3–32
Public opinion, 30–31, 50, 53–68, 74, 86, 88, 90–91, 100, 104, 107–08, 110, 116, 127, 129, 379, 394
Public support, 30–31, 53, 86, 95, 127
Purchasing power of money, 42, 79, 83, 91, 109, 145, 150, 174, 181–83, 187, 190, 197, 200, 203, 222–23, 237–38, 243–44, 251, 267, 271, 360
Pure market system, 7, 14, 30, 305–06, 311
Pure private property society, 138, 378
Q
Quantity of money, 145, 161, 165, 207, 212–14, 218, 236, 239–40, 251–52, 267, 360
R
Railroads, 6, 19, 88
Randians, 403–08
Rate of time preference, 36, 39–41, 46, 79, 96, 122–23, 136, 141, 146–54, 159–60, 198–99, 202–04, 242–48, 360, 375
Rational ethics, 312, 334
Rational Expectationism, 369
Rationalism/rationalist philosophy, 58, 72, 266, 271–72, 274–75, 278, 282–87, 294, 340, 347–79
Redistribution, 66–75, 82, 84, 87–89, 92–93, 103, 112, 124, 131, 155, 170, 189, 194–97, 235, 244, 251, 332, 377–78
Redistributive policies, 66, 87, 92, 102
Redistributive socialism, 325, 328
Regulation, 64, 67, 69, 73–74, 102–03, 109, 111, 137, 260–61, 325
Relations of production, 118
Relative impoverishment thesis, 38–39
Relativism, 72, 261, 270–72, 294, 347–56, 362, 367–69, 371, 382–83, 385
social, 352–53, 355–56, 362, 368, 371
Resource allocation, 22
Rights, 67, 89, 130, 196, 316, 323, 384, 391, 401–02, 411–12, 414, 416
natural, 58–61, 104, 128, 313–16, 321–22, 340–41, 344–45
property, xi, 11–12, 58, 73, 118, 129–31, 141, 220–22, 226, 230, 232, 317–18, 320, 325, 329, 333, 335–36, 338, 342–45, 370, 373–74, 378–79, 387–88, 391–92, 403, 406, 408–09, 411
Special Drawing, 113, 196, 201
welfare, 412–18
Roman Empire, 57, 70
Ruling class, 66, 93, 101, 117–18, 124–29, 132–38
S
Sales tax, 44, 63, 395
Savers, 79, 94, 123, 125–28, 132, 195–96, 243–44
Savings, 82, 94, 120, 122, 147–49, 151–54, 164, 169, 171–74, 184, 186–89, 192, 195, 197–99, 202, 241–47, 338, 354
Say’s Law, 240–41
Scarcity, 17, 22, 78, 152–53, 163–65, 168, 172, 215–16, 317–18, 332–35, 377, 381–82, 385, 403, 411, 415
Securities, 182
Security/security producers/production, 3–32, 87–89, 131, 226–27, 232, 389, 391, 396
Self-interest, 18, 77–81, 84, 175–76, 184, 188–90, 192, 391
Self-ownership, 412–13
Self-sufficiency, 141, 143, 176
Self-sufficient isolation, 143, 176
Skepticism, 268, 294
Social justice, 67
Social ownership, 138, 379
Social psychology, 68, 408
Social relativism, 352–53, 355–56, 362, 368, 371
Social welfare, 11, 15, 312, 376, 378
Socialism, xi, 3–4, 14, 67, 72, 97, 167, 255–62, 325, 328, 369–70, 379, 396–97
Socialist ethic, 338, 401
Socialization of education, 393
Socialization of investment, 166–67, 170, 172
Sociology, 33–75, 270, 293, 296
Soviet Union, 74, 105–06
Sozialpolitik, 67
Spain, 105
Spanish Scholastics, 58, 104
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 113, 196, 201
Stagnation, xi, 60, 108, 118, 135–38, 152, 168–74, 367, 379
Stagnation theory, 168–74
Standard of living, 34, 37, 39, 42, 45, 49, 62, 77, 104, 199, 305, 311–12, 332, 340, 360, 377
Statist ideologies, 64–75, 88, 395
Structure of knowledge, 281–83, 294
Structure of production, 39–40, 44, 123, 148–49, 153–54, 238–39, 245, 247, 249–51, 307
Subjective costs, 15, 46, 177, 276–77, 292–93, 356, 360, 375
Subjective preferences/subjective value, 8–9, 14–15, 21, 126, 180–81, 250, 259, 261–62, 269, 292, 306, 326–27, 340–41, 343, 400
Substitution effect, 41–42
Supply of money, 145, 150, 160–63, 172, 183, 190–200, 203, 212, 223, 237–40, 243–44, 251–52, 360
Surplus value, 96, 120
T
Tax, 28, 30, 33–75, 103, 129, 225, 227–28, 232, 234–35, 328, 368, 388–92, 395
consumers, 129
producers, 129
incidence, 34–35, 44, 46–47
revenue, 73, 103
states, 49, 71, 74, 103
Taxation, 33–75, 90, 100, 102–03, 109, 111, 134, 137, 225, 227, 234–35, 260–61, 305, 360–62, 378, 388, 393, 395, 406
Taxes, xi, 15, 19, 21, 28–39, 33–75, 87, 95, 103, 131, 235, 308, 324, 361, 391
Theory of ethics, 11, 310, 313–15, 328–30, 370, 377, 400–09, 417–18
Theory of public goods, 3–32
Third World, 72, 113, 120, 367
Time preference, 36, 39–41, 46, 79, 96, 122–23, 136, 141, 146–54, 159–60, 198–99, 202–04, 242–48, 360, 375
Trade barriers, 71
Trade cycle, 167, 172
Transfer payments, 66
Trilateral Commission, 113–14
U
Unanimity principle, 12
U.S. government, 105–06, 111–13
Uncertainty, 136, 143, 146, 149–50, 159, 178–79, 182, 246–51, 253, 392
Universal gold standard, 81, 116, 177, 199
Universal money, 78–81, 84, 177
Universalization principle of ethics, 316–18
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, ix, xii
Utilitarianism, 13, 15, 310–12, 314, 340, 344, 394, 403–08
V
Value of money, 42, 79
Venice, 58
Vienna, 267, 355
Vietnam, 106
Voluntary contributions, 21, 131
W
War, xi, 28, 55–56, 64, 68, 70–71, 74, 99–107, 111–13, 134
Welfare losses, 15
Welfare reform, 67
Welfare rights, 367, 412–18
Western Europe, 57, 61–62, 64, 71, 103–05, 114, 128, 134–35
Western rationalism, 72, 294
Wild West, 26–27
Wilton Park Group, 114
World Central Bank, 99, 114, 116
World paper currency, 99, 107, 113–16
World War I, 64, 70, 105–06
World War II, 70, 105–06, 111
