Classical Liberalism and the Austrian School
Index
absolutism, 93
Acton, H. B., 120
Afthalion, Florin, 328–329
Albertin, Lothar, 321
Alter, Max, 4
American militarism, xxii
Ancient Liberty, 222–223
Anderson, Gary M., 132
Anderson, Perry, xxi, 259
Angel, Pierre, 83
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 112
Anti-Capitalistic Mentality, The, xvii
Appleby, Joyce, 95
apriorism, 13–18
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 92
Arblaster, Anthony, 74–75
Aron, Raymond, 120
Arpinati, Leandro, 281
Ashton, T. S., 112
Augustine, St., 93
Austrian Economic Theory, 19–23
business cycle theory, 20
cause of economic action, 22
ideology behind, 27–32
prices as information, 21
social philosophy, 32–39
ties to liberalism, 19–23, 32–29
Austrian School of economics, ix, xiv, 1
and classical liberalism, 1–51
criticism of methodology, 7
economic policy, 32–35
vs. neoclassical economics, 8–11
and subjectivism, 7–12
see also, subjectivism
on welfare economics, 10–11
Balogh, Thomas, 158
Barry, Norman, 80, 95, 99, 130
Bastiat, Frédéric, 221, 240
Bellamy, Edward, 84
Berger, Suzanne, 213
Berlin, Isaiah, 18, 222, 257
Berman, Harold J., 91
Bernstein, Eduard, 83
Birdzell, L. E., 18
Birken, Lawrence, 12
Bismarck, Otto von, 88
Blanqui, Adolphe, 185–186
Böhm, Stephan, 35
Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen, 5, 32
on Austrian economic policy, 35–38
Bolsheviks, 134–136
Boos, Margarete, 51
Boudon, Raymond, 123
bourgeois economics, 7
Brandt, Karl, 31
Brentano, Lujo, 35
Briefs, Goetz, 87
Bright, John, 69
Bringing the State Back In (Skocpol), 213
Bronfenbrenner, Martin, 116
Brunner, Karl, 71, 150, 154, 175
Buchanan, James, 153, 252
Bukharin, Nikolai, 30
Burke, Edmund, 24, 80
Cairncross, Alec, 157
Cairnes, J. E., 250
Calhoun, John C., 212
Cantor, Norman F., 92
Capital (Marx), 17, 184
Capital and Interest (Böhm-Bawerk), 10
Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman), 248
Capitalism and the Historians (Hayek), 18, 112, 113–115
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (Schumpeter), 286
Carlyle, A. J., 91
Catholic Church
role in liberalism, 90–93
Censeur Européen, Le, 189–204, 220, 231
centralized power, 226–228
Chadwick, Owen, 79
Chicherin, Boris, 272
Choi, Young Back, 128
Churchill, Winston, 151, 258
Cicero, 127
Civil War in France, The (Marx), 200
Civilian and the Military, The (Ekirch), 332
class conflict, xix, 183–214
classical economics, 7
classical liberalism, xiii, xvi, xviii, 1, 222, 259
see also liberalism
Coase, Ronald, 111
Cobden, Richard, 69, 77, 133
Colbert, 208
Colburn, Forrest D., 133
Cole, Margaret, 169, 171
Collectivist Economic Planning (ed. Hayek), 174
Commentaire sur l’Esprit des Lois de Montesquieu (Destutt de Tracy), 201
Commentaire sur l’ouvrage de Filangieri (Constant), 248
commerce, 190
Communist Manifesto see Manifesto of the Communist Party
Comte, Charles, 79, 193, 200, 201, 204, 206
Constant, Benjamin, xx, 9, 100, 121, 194, 222–226, 231, 248, 257
Constantin, C., 234
Constitution on Liberty, The (Hayek), 220
Counter-Revolution of Science, The, xvii, 6
Cours d’économie politique (Pareto), 185
Cowling, Maurice, xv, 78–79
Cranston, Maurice, 85, 150
credit expansion, 20
Crisis and Leviathan (Higgs), 137
Cubeddu, Raimondo, 68
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 99
Dasgupta, A. K., 23
Davis, R. W., 83
de la Mare, Nicolas, 87
de Stefani, Alberto, 280
de Viti de Marco, Antonio, 276–279
De officiis (Cicero), 127
De l’esprit de conquête et de l’usurpation (Constant), 190
Decline of American Liberalism, The (Ekirch), 333
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 227
Den Uyl, Douglas J., 71
desacralization of the state, 93
Descartes, René, 13
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 189–190, 201
Dewey, John, 84
Dicey, A. V., 247
Diggers, 94
Disquisition on Government (Calhoun), 212
Doctrinaires, 205
Döhn, Lothar, 70
Dolan, Edward G., 10
Döllinger, Ignaz von, 233
Droll, 133
Dunn, John, 80
Dunoyer, Charles, xix, 189–190, 193, 195–196, 201, 240
Eccleshall, Robert, 102
economic growth
savings vs. credit expansion, 20
Economists and the Public (Hutt), 150
education system, 138–139
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, The (Marx), 199
Einaudi, Luigi, 250–251, 277–278
Ekelund, Robert B., Jr., 32
Ekirch, Arthur, xxii, 332–338
Elster, Jon, xiv, 4, 141
Employment Act of 1946 (US), 155
Engelhardt, H. Tristram, 237–238
Engels, Friedrich, xix, 121, 183–188
Envy (Schoeck), 128
envy and envy-avoidance, 128–129
Erhard, Ludwig, 155
Esai sur l’Histoire de la Formation et des Progrès du Tiers État (Thierry), 206–209
Faguet, Émile, 222
fascism, 153, 258–264
Mises’s rejection of, 261
rise of, 269–271
Federal Reserve, 130, 151
Ferguson, Adam, 27
Ferrara, Francesco, 250
Fetter, Frank A., 28
Figgis, John Neville, xvi
Fourier, Charles, 126
Fourier complex, 126, 287
Freeden, Michael, 73–74
French liberalism, 219–253
Molinari, 238–246
Montalembert, 230–238
political centralization, 226–228
Freud, Sigmund, 172
Friedman, Milton, xiv, 72, 248
attack on Mises, 14–15
response to attack, 15
Garrison, Roger W., 10, 159
Gaxotte, Pierre, 241
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The (Keynes), 150, 151, 161, 163
George, David Lloyd, 69
German Liberalism, 303
Gesell, Silvio, 152
Giretti, Edoardo, 280–281
goods of higher order, 23
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 136
Gottfried, Paul, 75, 88
government action, see state intervention role of, 239
government jobs, 197–198
Gramsci, Antonio, 265
Gray, John, 71
Great Wars and Great Leaders: A Libertarian Rebuttal, xxiii
Green, T. H., 81
Gruner, Shirley M., 205
Guizot, François, 187, 205–207, 233
Hacker, L. M., 112
Hall, John A., 72
Hamburger, Joseph, xv, 79
Hardin, Russell, 94
Harrod, Roy, 162
Hartwell, R. M., 114–115, 130, 140
Hayek, Friedrich, xv, xvii, xx, 112, 117, 136, 157, 220, 239
apriorism, 13–18
on British liberals, 246
on individualism, 13
on intellectuals and socialism, 117–121
on macroeconomics, 10
political attitudes, 40–44
Heilperin, Michael, 155, 162, 163
Hekman, Susan J., 98
Herbert, Auberon, xxi
Higgs, Robert, 120, 128, 137–138
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 72
Hirschman, Albert O., xix, 185, 188
“History and Politics” (Hayek), 139
History of Economic Analysis (Schumpeter), 272–273
History of European Liberalism (Ruggiero), 256
Hobhouse, L. T., 74, 81
Hobson, J. A., 152
Holmes, Stephen, 81, 85–86, 228
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, 40, 44, 96, 282
Hufeland, 31
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, 10
Human Action (Mises), 2, 10
human action, 8–9, 14
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 9, 44, 87
on government intervention, 11
Hume, David, 94
Hutchison, T. W., 30, 31
attack on Mises, 13–16
response to attack, 15–16
Hutt, W. H., 23, 150, 152
ideology, 137–138
Illusion of the Epoch, The (Acton), 120
immigration, 289–292
imperialism, 292–293
In Coena Domini, 92
individual human beings, 7–12
human actors, 8–9
see also, human action
individual rights, xiii
individualism, 13, 95
individuality
as effects inequality, 12
Industrialism, 189, 193–204
critique of, 204
inequality of humans, 12
Influence of Sea Power Upon History, The 1660–1783, xxii, 334
intellectuals, anti-capitalism, 111–141
bias, 140
envy, 128–129
historical myths, 139–141
Investigations (Menger), 3, 5
Jaguaribe, Helio, 72
Jasay, Anthony de, 43–44
John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity (Raeder), 79
Johnson, Harry, 151–152
Jouvenel, Bertrand de, 112–114
July Monarchy, 210
Kautsky, Karl, 29
Kauder, Emil, 22, 26, 33, 34
Kehr, Eckart, 320
Kennedy, Paul, 303
Keynes, John Maynard, xvii, xviii, 69
and the arts, 160–161
on eugenics, 159–160
hatred of money, 171–175
and liberalism, 149–175
Keynesian System, 151–156
on Soviet Communism, 166–171
and totalitarian “experiments,” 161–166
and utopia, 158–161
Khrushchev, Nikita, 135
Kirzner, Israel, 4, 8, 9, 11, 18, 22, 116
on freedom in market processes, 21–23
on welfare economics, 11
Kitch, Edmund, 111
Klinger, Friedrich, 93
Krieger, Leonard, 86
Krohn, Claus-Dieter, 259–262
labor theory of value, 28–32
Lachmann, Ludwig, 7, 8, 97
on inequality, 12
Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique, 228
laissez-faire, 81–82, 156, 162, 201
as a political guideline, 246–253
Lange, Oskar, 20
Langton, Stephen, 92
Laski, Harold, 256
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 34, 311–312
Law and Revolution (Berman), 91
Law of Force, The (Wieser), 33
Leggett, William, 211–212
Lenin, Vladimir, 264
Levellers, 93–94, 333
Levy, Carl, 124
liberalism, ix, x, xiii, xiv, xv, 1, 23
American liberalism, 73
attack on the modern state liberal response, 93–96
Christian roots, xvi
conceptual misuse, 68–75, 84
differing definitions of, 70–71, 81
“means” of liberalism, 83
and the medieval Church, 90–93
“Old” vs. “New,” 81–85
religious freedom, 94
roots of authentic liberalism, 89–90
utilizing the “ideal” type of, 97–102
and the welfare state, 85–89
Liberalism (Mises), xxi, 255–293
libertarianism, 73–74, 75
liberty, 77
Lilburne, John, 93
Limits of State Action, The (Humboldt), 12, 87
List, Friedrich, 47
Locke, John, 15, 150–151
Lomansky, Loren, 78
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 84
Lord Acton, xx, 85, 90
Loria, Achille, 29
Lukes, Steven, 80–81
Lycurgus Myth, 26–27
Lyon, Eugene, 171
Mably, 27
Macedo, Stephen, 229
Macgregor, D. H., 246
Machlup, Fritz, 3
macroeconomics, 9–10
Madison, James, 333
Magna Carta, 92
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, xxii
Malia, Martin, 134
Manent, Pierre, 67, 89
Manifesto of the Communist Party, xix, 121, 183, 256
Mann, Golo, 121
Manning, David, 77
Mao Zedong, xvii
Marcks, Erich, 324–325
Marcuse, Herbert, 258
marginal utility theory, 32, 37, 41, 138
marginalism, 12, 27, 29
as an answer to socialism, 27–28
market economy, 22–23
market processes, 10
Marshall, Alfred, 246–247
Marx, Karl, xv, xix, 4, 121, 183–188, 199–201, 209, 252
Marxism, xiv, 7, 199–201
Marxism-Leninism, 134
Meek, Ronald L., 7, 30
Mehring, Franz, 187, 309
Mencken, H. L., 173
Menger, Karl, 3, 5, 9, 32, 33
order in society, 23–27
political positions, 33–34
social development, 24
social philosophy, 46–51
view of the capitalist system, 23
mercantilism, 150–151, 153, 195
Merquior, José, 72–73
methodological individualism, xiv, 3–7
Meyer, Alexander, 327
Mignet, François, 206–207
militarism, 332–338
Mill, John Stuart, xv, xvi, 12, 28, 47, 49, 82, 86, 165, 225, 257
distortions of liberalism, 76–81
Mirabeau, 87
Mises, Ludwig von, ix, x, xi, xiv, xvii, xxi, 2, 35, 38, 39, 75, 114, 125, 141
apriorism, 13–18
attacks on, 13–15
against interventionism, 21
critique of socialist planning, 19
on Fascism, democracy, and imperialism, 255–293
on immigration, 289–292
on inequality of humans, 12, 21
on intellectuals and anti-market
attitudes, 126–128
praxeology, 14
on reason and history, 44–45
Mises seminar, x
Molinari, Gustave de, xxi, 234–235, 238–246, 283
Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, xix, xx, 230–238, 245
Montesquieu, 201
Montlosier, 190
morality in economics, 2, 3
Morgan, Philip, 269
Morgenstern, Oscar, 32
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 171
Myers, A. R., 92
National Liberals of Imperial Germany, 69
Naumann, Friedrich, 69–70, 322–324
neoclassical economic theory, 8
minimizing the individual, 8–9
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 24
Nitti, Francesco, 265
Nolte, Ernst, 302
North, Douglass C., 136–137
Nozick, Robert, 116
Nyiri, J. C., 44
O’Donnell, 159
On Liberty (Mill), xvi, 12, 79, 257
Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Popper), xv, 16
Opium of the Intellectuals, The (Aron), 120
order
in society, 23–27
spontaneous, 24–27
Oriental Despotism, xxi–xxii
Paine, Thomas, 99
Pantaleoni, Maffeo, 273
Pareto, Vilfredo, 8, 12, 185, 279–284
and fascism, 265, 274–276
Partei der Freiheit, Die (The Party of Freedom), ix, x, xxii
Patterson, Annabel, 94
Paul, Ellen, 86
Peacock, Alan, 162
Pictures of a Social Democratic Future (Richter), 310
Pipes, Richard, 135
“police science,” 87
Pollard, Arthur, 140
Popper, Karl, xiv, xv
mislabeled a liberal, 16–18
Positive Theory of Capital, 34
positivism, 124
praxeology, 2, 14
Principles, (Mill), 49
Principles of Economics (Menger), 1, 28
private property, xiii, xv, 71, 73, 153, 256
progressive taxation, 32, 35, 37, 41
public schools see education system
Radnitzky, Gerard, 17
Raeder, Linda, xv, 79
Raico, Ralph, ix–xi, xiii–xxiii
Rauschning, Hermann, 135
Rawls, John, 257
rhetoric, 138 see also ideology
Ricardo, David, 28
labor theory of value, 28
Richelieu, 208
Richter, Eugen, x, xxii, 303–329
career, 306–307
opposition to Sozialpolitik, 312–314
social philosophy, 307–310
on war and imperialism, 318–319
Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 123–124
Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, The (Arblaster), 74
Rise of Liberalism (Laski), 256
Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 42, 119, 157
Robbins, Lionel, 246
Robinson, Joan, 37
Roosevelt, Franklin, 164
Roosevelt, Theodore, xxiii, 334
Röpke, Wilhelm, 155
Roscher, Wilhelm, 31
Rosen, Sherwin, 20
Rosenberg, Nathan, 18
Rothbard, Murray, x, xi, 7, 30, 34, 45, 94, 129–130, 153, 156, 219, 260–261
on the free market and social order, 23–24
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 26
Rowley, 150, 157
Ruggiero, Guido de, 68, 256
Ruyer, Raymond, 122–123, 130
Ryan, Alan, 75, 76
Saint-Simon, Henri de, 6, 79, 189
Salerno, Joseph, 158
Sartori, Giovanni, 137
Savigny, 24
Say, J. B., 31, 47, 185
Schacht, Hjalmar, 164
Schäffle, Albert, 26
Schatz, Albert, 100
Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., 112–113
Schmoller, Gustav, 5, 6, 24, 48
Schoeck, Helmut, 128–129
Schumpeter, Joseph, 81, 115, 119, 132, 138, 248–249, 287, 293, 338
on the intellectual proletariat, 121–126
scientism, 6
self-image, 138
Sen, Amartya, 138
Shaw, George Bernard, xiv
Shearmur, Jeremy, 17–18
Short View of Russia, A, 166
Silverman, Paul, 35
Skidelsky, Robert, xvii, 98, 120, 154, 157, 162, 166
Skocpol, Theda, 213
Smith, Adam, 33, 34, 50, 99, 112, 132, 240
social philosophy, 46–47
Smith, David, 82
Smith, Dennis Mack, 270
Social Contract (Rousseau), 26
socialism, 82–83
as a negative label, 84
socialization of investment, 153
Sombart, Werner, 325
Sonnenfels, Joseph von, 87
Sorokin, Pitirim, 183–184
Soviet Communism: A New Civilization (Webb), xviii, 168–171
Soviet Communism, 134–136, 166–171
Spartan Man, 26
Spencer, Herbert, 9, 69, 72, 89
Spitz, David, 72
spoliation, 188, 194, 249, 278
Stalin, Joseph, xvi, 164–165
state intervention in the economy, 11, 247
collective economy, 41–43
credit expansion, 20
instability of, 21
Stigler, George, 116, 120, 128, 130–133, 136
Streissler, Erich, 15, 21, 29–31, 38
analysis of Menger’s social policy, 46–51
on Austrian theory and Menger, 32–34
strikes, 265–266
subjective theory of value, xiv, 29
scientific usefulness of, 36
subjectivism, 7–12
effects on policy, 9–10
Sulzbach, Walter, 288–289
Sumner, Charles, 334
Szasz, Thomas, 81
taxation, 92
Taylor, Harriet, 78
Taylor, John, 211
Theory and History (Mises), 45
Thierry, Augustin, xiii, xix, 187–189, 193, 205
and Industrialism, 201–204
rejection of Industrialism, 207–209
Thiers, Adolphe, 207
Third Estate, 195, 205–209, 255
Tocqueville, Alexis de, xx, 226–228
Tollison, Robert D., 132
Traders and Heroes (Sombart), 325
Traité de l’ économie politique (Say), 190
Traité de police (De la Mare), 87
Treatise on Money (Keynes), 172
Treatise on Political Economy (Destutt de Tracy), 189
Trilling, Lionel, 70
Trotsky, Leon, 160
True Grandeur of Nations, The (Sumner), 334
Turner, Henry Ashby, Jr., 140–141
union violence, 265–266
universalized conscription, 241
utility, 37, 132, 191, 193, 196
see also marginal utility theory
Vaughn, Karen, 20, 151
Verein für Sozialpolitik (Association for Social Policy), 38, 42, 125
Viner, Jacob, 92
Vleugels, Wilhelm, 36–37
voluntary exchange, xv
Wagener, Otto, 163
Walter, Bruno, 327
Warner, Stuart D., 71
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 158, 169–172, 175
Weber, Max, xv, 2, 72, 97, 99, 317
Webster, Daniel, 334
Weiss, Franz X., 22, 38
welfare economics, 10–11
welfare state, xv, xxii, 41–43, 74, 124–125, 323–324
and liberalism, 85–89
stages of, 87–88
Werner, Karl Ferdinand, 93
Weydemeyer, Joseph, 186
White, Lawrence H., 4, 8
Why the Intellectuals do not Like Liberalism (Boudon), 123
Wicksteed, Philip, xiv
Wieser, Friedrich von, 5, 6, 21, 32, 41
on socialism, 27–28
Winch, Donald, 157
Winter in Moscow (Muggeridge), 171
Wittfogel, Karl, xxi
Yeager, Leland, 9
