The Bastiat Collection
Index
INDEX
Abundance
as poverty, 194
favoring consumers, 177
harming producers, 177
scarcity vs., 175–83, 192, 343–44
Accounting. See Value
Accounts
commercial, 223–24
Accumulation. See Value
Action, human. See Individualism; Mankind
Activity, 478
Agriculture, 147–49, 194–95, 210, 248
analogy to society, 77
example of value of, 729
Persian, 70
Alexander the Great, 668
Algeria, 37–41, 96, 383
Alphonsus, King, 459
Anarchy, 217, 471
Animals
wants and powers of, 515, 517
Antagonism, 4, 10, 473, 474, 539, 540, 543, 544, 779, 789, 942
between buyer and seller, 182
Anti-Corn Law League, ix
Antiquity. See Greece; Rome
Arago, Dominique François, 1003
Archimedes, 413
Aristocracy, 950
Army, 5–7
Arts, 11–16, 105, 501, 570
of necessity and of luxury, 12
Assistance, 548
Association, 445, 467, 744, 808, 825–27, 833, 834, 845
Australia, 122
Autarky, 249, 275
Authority. See Government
Bacon, Francis, 113, 118, 119
Balance of trade, 221–25, 259
Bargaining, 30, 571, 791
Barter, 128, 263, 353, 405 526–27
roundabout, 527, 558
Bastiat, Claude Frédéric
“An Immense Discovery!” xiv
assessed, xiv
Economic Harmonies, xi, xiv–xv
Economic Sophisms, xiv, xvi
life of, xiii–xiv
“Negative Railroad,” xiv
“Petition of the Candlemakers,” xiv
“That Which Is Seen, and That Which Is Not Seen,” xiii
“What is Money?” xvii
Beet-root culture, 194–95
Beggars, 57
Belgium, 24
Beliefs
on society, 449
Billaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolas, 80
Blanc, Louis
competition, 85
doctrine, 83
force of society, 87
labor, 83
law, 90, 91
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 702
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 17, 82
Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise,
Vicomte de, 479, 577
Borrowing, 34–37
See also Credit
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 27, 69–70, 1001
Bread. See Value
Broken-window fallacy, xiii, 2–4
Buchanan, David, 697
Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, 191–92
Buret, Antoine Eugène, 861
Business, 536
transactions, 20
Cabet, Étienne, 680
Cabetists, 86
Caesar, 134
California, 120
Candlemakers, xv, 227–32
Capital goods, 36
Capital, 248, 250, 629–854
absolute and relative shares of, 649–51
availability of, 36
competition and, 759–60
consumed, 141, 162
creation of, stopped, 638
defined, 147
described, 583
displacement, 51
economy of, 525–26
formation and accumulation of, 509, 647, 855
government and, 653
hatred of, 643
insecurity of, 166
instruments of labor, 154, 644
interest and, 135ff.
interest on, falling, 650
labor and, 139, 167–68, 646, 647–48, 652, 834–35, 852–54, 868–69
law of, 649–21, 819
loans, 34–35
mission of, 647
money vs., 17, 34–35, 147
movement of, 642–43
national, 26, 46
paradox of, 645
perpetual return on, 588
productivity of, 151, 154
savings, 45
scarcity of, 164
security and, 647
sterile, 132, 152
tyranny of, 137
use of, 31
utility and, 591
virtue and, 652–53, 654
wage fund, 32, 33, 46
See also Value
Capitalists, 446
as legislators, 358–59
parable of, and laborers, 139–40
privileged, 132
Carey, Henry Charles, 740
Carlier, Pierre, 59
Carpenters, 333–36
disproportion of enjoyments and exertions, 453–54
Carthage, 75
Castes, 98
Catholicism, 541
Catholics
providential laws, 441
Cato, 134
Cause and effect, 1–2
Cause
efficient, 1020–23
final, 1019–23
obstacle and, 185–86
Chalmers, Thomas, xiv
Champ-de-Mars, 17
Charity, 52, 62, 142, 548, 549, 906–08
See also Wealth; Welfare
Chateaubriand, Vicomte François René de, 48, 1017, 1018
Cheapness
dearness and, 341–50
Chinese story, 361–65
Christianity, 312, 977
Civilization
corruption and, 1017
Church of Scotland
Free Kirk schism, xv
Classes, 139, 168
conflict, 545–47
divisions, 761, 788
mobility, 907
Classical studies, 69, 70, 78, 79
Clos-Vougeot, 820–22
Clothing, 670–71
Coal, 753–55
Coal. See Value
Cobden, Richard, xi, 849, 850
Collectivism, 50
See also Government
Colonialism, 259–61
Colonies, 739–40
Commerce, 19–21
improved, 532
mechanism of, 531–32, 533–34
operations of, 21
Commodity
intermediate, 528–29
Communication, 34
Communism, 63, 208
community and, 687–90
Communists, 445, 553, 696
Community, 553, 747, 772–73
communism and, 687
competition and, 745
false and true, 658
property and, 655–91
utility and, 661, 764
Comparative advantage, 254–55, 336, 402
Competition, 211, 213, 346, 426
Competition, 743–76
as social hell, 473n
anarchical, 743
capital and, 759–60
centripetal and centrifugal, 764
equality and, 746, 752, 765, 905
foreign, 30
labor and, 760–61, 762, 763–65, 852–54, 860–62
liberty and, 744
meaning of, 85
mechanical, 30
pressure of, 19
regulating values, 736
results, 32, 85
spring of action, 748, 770
stifled, 768
See also Value
Comte, Charles, 947
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 78–80, 520, 522, 526
Consent
universal, 459
Consequences, 974–76, 994
Conservability, 582, 595
Considérant, Victor Prosper
competition, 473n
private property, 704–05
right to employment, 731
utopia, 799
wealth, 683
Constituent Assembly, 9, 68
Constitutions, 100–01
Constraint. See Force
Construction
source of wealth, 617
Consumers, 167–68
interest of, 179, 180–81
morality and, 678
producers and, 787–1006
producers vs., 678
Consummation, 511
Consumption, 511
law of, 205, 211
Contracts, Roman, 599n
Contradictions, 30, 191, 192, 619–21
in demands for government, 97
Convention, 82
Conventionality, 79
Conveyance, 671–72
Corn, 147–49
Corruption
civilization and, 1017
Cost
opportunity, xiii
Counterfactual method, xiii
Courier, Paul-Louis, 295
Creation, 517, 705
Credit, 34–37
free, 138, 161, 162
governmental, 103
institutions of, 35
obstacles of, 37
service of, 146
Crete, 71
Crusoe, Robinson, 518, 630–31, 674, 678
Custom house, 361
Customs, 667. See also Tariffs
Dearness
cheapness and, 341–50
Defense
right of, 50, 79, 89
Defoe, Daniel, 518
Demand, 802
Demobilization, 5–7
Democracy, 84, 465–66
Dependence
mutual, 404
Descarte René, 459
Desires, 498–99; 500
Despotism
sought, 474
Destruction
prosperity and, xiii
Diamonds. See Value
Dictatorship, 81–82
Diogenes, 689
Disposition
fatal, 52, 79
Distribution, 76
Diversity, 521, 525
as basis of exchange, 199
Division of labor, 23, 186
Dogmatism, 200
Dole, 57
See also Wealth, redistribution of; Welfare
Dombasle, Matthieu de, 198, 243–44
Droz, Joseph, 1003
Dupin, Charles, 16, 24, 59, 192–93
Dunoyer, Barthélemy Charles Pierre Joseph, 508
Duties. See Tariffs
Economics, 307–08, 325–26, 329
idea, and the moral idea, 41, 45
phenomena, 2
seen and not seen, 1–48
See also Political economy
Economists, 1, 253, 445, 553, 683, 696, 741, 961
Anglo-American, xv
capital and, 136
common sense and, xiii
as enemies of every kind of activity, 12–13
errors of, 439
evil denied by, 442
school of, 436–37, 441
unfeeling, 97
value theory, 439
Economy, 41–46
Education, 104–05, 501
class and, 766–67
classical, 70, 80
controlled, 76
free, 66
government-provided, 67, 88, 133–34, 917
Greek, 70
liberty in, 85
Efforts, 478, 685
exchanged, 497, 514, 584
measure of, 555
objects of exchange, 209
origin of political economy, 482
result and, 189–96
value proportioned to, 585
Egypt, 69–70, 71, 949
Elections, 84
See also Voting
Emergency
taxation and, 18
Employment, 353–55
assigned, 69
created, 16
national, 3, 15, 33
nature of, 14
promoted, 2, 45
rights, 46–48
right to, 708, 731–33
scarcity of, 30
See also Labor
England, 202
coal mines, 753–54
commercial crises, 849
economists, 696, 700
mutual-aid societies, 845
Entrepreneurship, 604–05
Equality
as the end, 511
communism and, 688
competition and, 746, 752, 765, 905
disturbed, 938
freedom and, 31
of the conditions of production, 197–213, 215–20
of value, 144, 145
of wealth, 57, 65, 72, 78
primitive vs. ultimate, 655, 657
utopia of, 730
Equilibrium
tendency towards, 717–18
theorists, xv
Equity. See Justice and injustice
ErroEstrada, Alvaro Florez, 700
Errors, 13, 479, 763, 911–112, 915–16, 944–45, 989
action and, 112, 155
truth and, 300–04
Euler, Leonhard, 889
Evil
dissected, 472
explanation of, 442–43
fact of, 541, 763, 940, 964, 967–68, 969, 1009–12, 1015
function of, 941, 962n, 976
hunted out, 473
Exchange, 513–50, 557
as a want, 574
benefits of, 534
compound, 528–29
distinguishing characteristic, 518
division of labor and, 802
illusion presented by, 497
laws concerning, 534–35
limits of, 531–02, 534, 760, 761
machinery of, 531–32
mutual benefit from, 520
necessity of, 515
theory of, 483
union of forces, 521
See also Trade; Trade; Value
Exhibitions, public, 13
Experience, 2, 973–76
Existence
means of, 896–1100
Exports. See Trade
Extortion
legal and brutal, 720
Faith, 969, 973
in mankind and in legislators, 13
Fallacy of composition, 121
Family, 41
harmonies in, 781
February Revolution, 34, 166, 542–43, 829, 408, 934
Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe, 158, 490
antiquity, 70–71
Telemachus, 71
Fermage, 906n
Fertility of land, 734
Fine arts, 11–16
Fire
source of wealth, 617
Fixity, 823–25, 832, 835, 837, 846–47, 852
Flanders, 24
Florian, Jean-Pierre Clairis de, 556
Food
as a want, 492, 501, 668
Force, 434–34, 447, 459–60, 535, 925
common or collective, 50–51
individual, 50–51
legitimate, 927
motive, of society, 82–83
social motive, 997–1207
See also Government; Law
Foreign aid, 37
Foreign policy, 105–06, 115–16
Foresight, 2, 509, 602–03, 648, 878–79, 892, 907
Forty-five centimes, 47
Fourier, François Marie Charles, 544, 968
Fourierists, 86
France
aid to Algeria, 37
capital, 38
Constituent Assembly, 544
constitution of, 80–01
economists, 700
employment, 40
February Revolution, 166
iron, 24
liberty, 468
National Assembly, 37, 543
paralysis, 38
population, 886
Provisional Government of, 104
revolutions, 87
Fraternity, 772, 792, 812–13
legally enforced, 62, 66
motive of, debated, 152–53
taxation and, 106
Fraud, 39, 317
Free associations, 23
Free trade, 272, 279, 345, 347–48, 351–60, 367–68, 409–15, 422
See also Protectionism; Trade
Freedom. See Liberty
French Revolution, 80
Free trade, 849–50
business fluctuation and, 850
Free will, 479, 962n, 963n, 970–71, 997–98
Friendly societies, 841–19
government interference with, 843–45
virtue and, 851
Frugality, 41–46
Gambling
analogy to the economy, 121–22, 125–26
Garnier, Clement Joseph, 703, 709
General welfare, 64, 538
Genius, 600
Gifts
economics on, 142
gratuitous, 31
inheritance as, 142
mode of transmission of property, 142
Girardin, Saint-Marc, 948, 949
Glass industry, 2–3
God, 43, 48, 93, 159, 167
as mouths of legislators, 462
evil and, 968–69
faith in, 961, 962n
omnipotence of, 676
Gold and silver, 119, 120, 122
market for, 130
value of, 575–76
Goods, free, 162
Government, 318–21, 413
absence of competition, 923–24
abstraction of, 100, 101
abuses, 22
anatomy of, 542
coexistent with evil, 541
common force organized, 107
contradictory demands of, 95, 97, 103–04, 107
credit, 103
defined, 99
deification of, 101
demands for, 933
demobilization, 5
democratic, 72, 84
displacing private services, 918
diversion from legitimate function, 535, 928
duties, 104–05
education, 67, 88
fall of, 966
force, 50–51
foreign policy, 105–06, 115–16
friendly societies and, 843–44
function, 80 447
growing, 100
interference with capital formation, 653
interference with labor, 663
intermediary, 98–99
intervention in exchange, 144, 541
laws on exchange, 534
limited, 448
loan guarantees, 35
monopoly, 85
morality, 81
motive force, 82–83
omnipotent, 97
petitioned, 99
power, 88
property of, 929
public services, 18–19, 57
public works, 16–18
relaxed, 77
republican, 73, 81
responsibility, 51, 87–88, 90, 1004
results, 71
security, 5
self-interested, 99–100
social programs, 815
society vs., 914
spending, 37
stability, 74
subsidies, 11
tasks of, 539–40, 542, 928
two hands of, 102, 106
undefined, 95
vested interests in, 923
virtue, 81
workshops, 47
See also Communism, Interventionism, Socialism, Taxation
Greece, 465
education, 70
law, 70
republic, 73
Sparta, 75, 78, 80
Greed, 52, 626, 813–14, 985
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume, 330
Gutenberg, Johannes, 206–07
Hands
right and left, 417–23
Happiness
of the governed, 71
Harmony of interests, 262
denied, xiv–xv, 113, 118, 167
Hats, 283–84
Hebrews, 889
Henri IV, 562
Highway robbery, 376–77
History, 48, 52
Hoarding, 875
Hodgson, William Ballantyne, xiv
Holland, 161
Hope, 126, 127
Houses, 150
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido, xi, xiii
Humanity, lost, 64
Hungary, 96
Icaria, 24
Ice. See Value
Idleness, 983–84
Ignorance, 443
Imports. See Trade
Imposture, 462
Inconsistency, 30, 600, 617, 618
Independence, national, 275–77
Individualism, 50, 807–22
Industrialism, 952
Industry, protected. See Protectionism
Inequality, 206, 492
onerous utility and, 667
Inflation, 120–22, 125–26
Inheritance, 142–43, 480
Insurance, 105
fire, 825–27
Intelligence, 196, 998
Interest, 132, 135ff., 635
annihilated, 138, 161, 162
as artificial, 695–96
defended, 141
defined, 162
harmlessness of, 154–55
lawfulness of, 136ff., 642
legitimacy of, 637, 639
perpetual, 138, 140, 156–57
perpetuity of, 637
principle of, 136–37
productivity of, questioned, 136–37
service, 146, 154
significance of controversy over, 137–38
suppression of, 636, 979
tendency to fall, 760
Interests
antagonism in, 436, 440, 473, 474, 539, 540, 543, 544, 779, 789, 942
harmony of, 443, 441–42, 458, 474–75, 479–80, 539, 540, 552, 652, 654, 659, 684, 749, 779, 939–40, 941, 964
individual vs. general, 435
mainspring of action, 458, 478
natural and artificial, 535
of consumers, 179, 180
political economy and, 476–77
of producers, 178–80
self- (personal), 216, 276–77
two-sided, 177
See also Public interest; Self-interest
Intermediaries, 507, 827
Interventionism, xvii, 167
loans, 35–36
trade, 24
Inundation, 296–97
Invasion, 296
Inventions, 29, 31, 206–08, 756–58
diffusion of, 758
imitation of, 757
Iron industry, 218
Iron, 24
Isolation, 481, 504, 513–14, 515
abundance and, 177–78
capital formation in, 629–32
mankind reduced to, 199, 203, 275
population and, 537
poverty in, 518
society vs., 519, 620
See also Nature, state of; Value
Jobs, 964. See also Employment
Jonnès, Alexandre Moreau de, 885
Journal des Economistes, xii
Judges, 150
Judgment
value and, 557, 594
Justice and injustice, 36, 39, 144, 146, 260, 357, 415, 447, 542–43, 547, 549, 641
distinction between, 54
divine, 965n
generalized, 54
immutable, 89
intentions and, 63
law and, 51, 53, 89
progress vs., 158–59
reigning, 64
Kepler, Johann, 477
Knowledge, 525, 547, 974
La Ruche Populaire, 136
Labor
absolute and relative shares of, 649
as measure, 598
as wealth, 193, 423
capital and, 139, 167–68, 647–48, 652, 657, 834–35, 852–54, 860–62, 867–68
competition and, 760–31, 762, 763–36
created, 16
defined, 508
displaced, 40, 51, 283–84, 353–56, 362–65
disutility of, 98, 954–55
division of, 23, 521–22, 523, 526, 678, 945
exchanged, 606–08, 901–02
force, 33
increased, 418–22
limited uses of, in a state of abundance, 181
meaning of, 288
national and human, 279–84
promoted, 3, 45
productivity of, 14, 15, 178, 189, 190
reallocated, 40
remuneration of, 209
rights, 46
saved, 402–03, 407, 427, 630, 797
supply and demand, 31
transferred, 40
value, 15
unlimited uses of, in a state of scarcity, 188
unskilled (manual), 598, 668, 902
value and, 288, 290–91, 292
wages, 5
war and, 425
wealth, 503
workshop, 47
Laborers, 445–46, 676, 731, 841–51, 903–04
interests of, 165
organization of, 167
parable of, and capitalists, 139–40
fraternity, 62
government power, 88
subsidies, 11, 12
Laissez-faire, 659, 941
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de
employment, 15
Lamennais, Félicité de, 891, 895
Landed property, 566, 579, 587, 693–941
advantages of, 728
as monopoly, 695, 699–901, 703, 710, 735
example of, 711–20
improvements to, 727
interdiction on clearances, 718
justified, 702
labor and, 606–07, 702
legislative response to, 709
necessity of, 699, 701, 708
private, 718–23
value of, 734, 738
Language, 514
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de, 639
Law
against sins, 983
borrowing, 37
Cretan, 72
defined, 25, 50, 62, 89
Egyptian, 69, 71
explained, 49–94
fraternity and, 62
functions, 62, 74–75, 89
Greek, 70, 71–72
human and natural, 995
indispensable, 452
justice and, 51, 62, 90
morality and, 54, 66
motive force, 69
natural, 45, 452, 475, 549, 977
object of, 64
omnipotence, 84, 89
Persian, 70
perverted, 49, 52
philanthropic, 62
plunder and, 53, 59
posterior and inferior, 50
respect for, 54–55
Rousseau’s views, 74, 80–81
sanctions, 485–94
spirit of, 75
study of, 69
United States, 58
See also Legislation
Lawyers, 643
Lawgiver, 80, 84
Legislation
conflict in, 75
monopoly on, 53
struggle for control of, 58
universal right of, 54
See also Law
Legislators, 464–65
omnipotence of, 1002
Leisure
gained, 674
kinds of, 158
progress and, 158
Lepéletier, Louis Michel de Saint-Fargeau, 80–81
Liberty
advocates of, xi, 14, 468, 542, 455
as power, 84
class struggle under, 167
competition and, 85, 745
defined, 83
denied, 85–86
described, 92
education and, 85
equality and, 31
equilibrating tendency of, 200, 204, 273
feared, 923
force vs., 550
government services and, 919–20
individual, 50
protection of, 535
returned to, 94
sacrificed, 925–26
seeking, 79
Life
faculties of, 49
Lighting industry, 210,
Loan, 34–37, 632–33
direct, 160
as exchange, 144
as service, 635, 760, 874
See also Capital; Interest
Lottery, 419
Luxury, 14, 41–46, 106
attacked, 494
lack of enjoyment of, 495
promoted, 616
Lycurgus
government, 73, 78
influence, 75, 82
Mably, Abbé Gabriel Bonnot de, 77, 81
Machinery, 29–34
banned, 188
reproached, 279–81
of society, 456–57
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 462
Malthus, Thomas Robert, population, 532, 899n
Mankind
assimilation, 49
concern for, 93
degraded, 69, 627
divided, 67
inert, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 78, 80–81, 83, 85, 87
inertia, 85
as machine, 74
nature of, 76
perfectibility of, 516
restlessness of, 493
sociability of, 990
variability of, 510
violation of, 91
wants of, 516
Manufacturing, 287–94
Marriage, 893–94
Marseilles, 21, 37
Materiality
value and, 562, 577–78, 595
McCulloch, John Ramsey, 698
McCord, Louisa, xvi
Means
indefinite development of, 499
of subsistence, 509
Measure
of utility, 793
of value, 576, 596–97, 598, 793
Melun, Armand de, 91
Mentor, 71–72
Mercantilism, 111ff., 253
Metaphors, 295–98
Metayage, 468, 1106n
Midas, 123
Middlemen, 18–24
Military, 920n
Mimerel de Roubaix, Pierre Auguste Remi, 58, 91
Molière, 329, 371n
Money, 528–30
abolished, 110
capital vs., 160
consumption and, 183
depreciation of, 120, 128, 130–31
function of, 112, 124
hateful, 109
illusion, 17
in loans, 34–35
inflation, 120–22, 125–26
manipulation of, 127
measure of wealth, 129
medium of exchange, 119, 123, 126, 128, 143
paper, 117–26
sign of wealth, 129
substitutes, 110
title to property, 124
value of, 130–31, 575–76
warrant to service, 634
wealth vs., 111ff., 144
Moniteur Industriel, 4
Monopoly, 52, 85, 309–10, 321, 372–73, 545–48, 751, 814–15
liberty and, 469, 470n
See also Privilege; Landed property
Montagnards, 104, 106, 107
Montaigne, Michel de, 113, 118, 180, 514
Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, 59, 60
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 72–74
Morals
acquired, 489–90
faculties of, 508
law and, 66
production and consumption, 805
religious, 328
restraint, 892–93
science of, 476
social ideas and, 41, 45
utilitarian (defensive), 328
two systems of, 325–31
Music, 570
Mutual aid societies, 825–26
Napoleon, 17, 82, 173
National Assembly, 37, 104
National Printing Bureau, 127
Nature, 209, 211–12, 230
as slave, 524
cooperation of, 523, 554
creation of, 506
diffusion of forces of, 524
forces of, 29 504, 757
gifts of, 50, 502–03, 504, 750
human, 464, 469, 491, 549, 662, 973
of labor, 14
remunerated, 507, 755
state of, 494, 513–14
See also Utility, gratuitous; Isolation; Value
Necessity, 156
Newspapers, 4, 33–34
Newton, Isaac, 469
Obstacles
cause and, 185–88
cause of prosperity to producers, 187
developed and multiplied, 187
proportionate to wealth, 613–14
removal of, 186, 236–37, 662
tariff as, 235–39
to want-satisfaction, 611, 612, 686
Odessa, 22
Oliver de Serres, Guillaume Antoine, 72
Oppression, 328
Oranges, 203
Order, 51
Organization
artificial, 540, 544, 967, 970
natural and artificial, 451–70, 540
of society, questioned, 451
See also Socialism
Ownership. See Property
Pain, 488
Paraguay, 73
Parasitism, 20, 23
Paris, 25, 34, 272–74
Pascal, Blaise, 216
Pauperism, 549, 763
Peace
disturbances lessened by, 850
Peel, Sir Robert, 849
Perfectibility
of man, 458, 896, 964
Perfection, 841, 969, 1013–19
Persia, 70
Persius, 371n
Personality, 50
Persuasion, 460
Petty, Sir William, 617
Phalansteries, 24, 94
Philanthropy, 548, 549, 906–08. See also Charity
Physicians, 529
Physiocrats, 599
Physiology, 964–66, 1011, 1020
Planes, 151ff.
Plato
republic of, 73
Plows, 34, 35–36
Plunder, 303–04, 307–23, 327–28
absence of, 61
burdens of, 53
consequences of, 309
defined, 62
extralegal, 59
general welfare and, 64
kinds, 59
legal, 28, 53, 59
organized, 60
origin of, 53, 98
partial, 61
reciprocal, 100
socialistic, 59
universal, 54, 61
Poetry, 477, 570
Political economy
advocacy of property, 550
blamed, 488, 1004, 1010
consumption and, 775
contention in, 1006
errors of, 496
existence of, 452
hypothetical cases, 672
inconsistency of, 684
laws of, 856–60
measurement and, 496, 510
nomenclature of, 774
optimism of, 658–59
origin and limit of, 482
purpose of, 468
scope of, 723
subject of, 456, 476–67, 554, 1005
Political science
purpose of, 447
Politicians
dreams of, 78
genius of, 73–74
goodness of, 69
importance of, 67
responsibility of, 71
social engineers, 67–68, 75–76, 79, 80–81, 83, 85
superior, 22, 86, 93
Politics
exaggerated importance of, 55
Poor relief. See Charity; Wealth, redistribution of; Welfare
Population, 877–1109
density of, 532–33
distribution of, 40
law of limitation of, 890–92, 900
law of multiplication, 884–89, 900
limit of, 721–23
preventive and repressive checks on, 887, 892, 900, 988
principle of, 882–83
systems compared, 724
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy, 367–69
Poverty, 549, 763
abundance vs., 194
Power, 569
altered in nature, 448
See also Government
Practice
theory and, 251–57
Press, 4, 33–34, 96
Prices, 32
natural, 342
nominal, 243–46, 343
Priest
value and the, 572
Primogeniture, 440
Principles
absolute, 271–74
conflict of, 259–62
Printing, 206–07
Private services, 18
Privileges, 545–48
Producers
antisocial desires of, 179–80
consumers and, 787–1006
interest of, 178–79
privilege and, 749
Production and consumption
free choice and, 20
machines, 32
Production
conditions of, 197–213
spoliation vs., 952
Productivity, 195, 686
Profit and loss, 23, 27, 31–32, 47–48, 538–39
Progress, 189, 327, 428, 520, 552, 580, 605, 612, 621, 642, 646, 667, 669–75, 715, 768–69, 777–78, 858, 878, 897, 966, 967, 1013, 1016
justice and, 158–59
leisure and, 158
Proletariat, 445–46, 676, 731, 841–51, 903–04
Property
as theft, 589, 664
attacked, 579–80, 660, 694
communality and, 655–91
deduced, 480
defended, 553, 580, 689
disappeared, 676
inequality of, 683
labor and, 664–65
legitimacy of, 663, 704–05
limit of, 681
man and, 50
origin of, 52
of services, 660
proletaires and, 676
protected, 535
relational, 667, 679
value and,
See also Landed property; Value
Proprietors, 445, 568, 642
attacked and defended, 656
compensation to, 579, 587
services of, 587
Protectionism, xvi, 63, 197, 243–44, 259–61, 287, 333–36, 337–40, 348–49, 388–92, 399–408, 417–23
concentrated benefits of, 172
enforced, 24–25
free trade vs., 171, 345, 351–60
legislated, 25–26
profit and, 47–48
system of, 346
transition from, 353–54, 415
two modes of, 218
United States, 58
wages and, 247–50
See also Tariffs
Protectionists, 788
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 110, 136, 138, 152, 161, 163, 165
competition, 618n
contradiction, 618–19, 621
interest, 583
mutuality of services, 662
property, 709
rent, 579, 589
Proudhonians, 86
Providence, 43, 48, 93, 159, 167, 730, 811, 962n
Provisions, 631
Public interest, 43, 179, 181–82
Public relief, 57, 65, 72
Public services, 18–19
Public works, 16–18
Purchase, 528
Railway, negative, 269–70
Rarity. See Value
Raw materials, 285–94, 504
Raynal, Abbé Guillaume, 76–77
Reason, 173, 743
Redistribution
of industry, 32
of jobs, 40
of loans, 36
of wealth, 15, 16, 17, 27, 37–38, 47
Reformers, 658
Religion, 41, 316–17 965, 977–78
false, 979
political economy and, 1019–23
State, 67
Rent, 817–22
abused, 641
as artificial, 579, 587
as unjust, 695, 698
See also Value
Reproduction
means of, 883–85
Republic
kinds of, 73
virtues of, 81
Respiration, 482–53, 501, 558–30, 668
Responsibility, 743–44, 543, 915–16, 922, 961–88, 989, 1014
females and, 988
government and, 1004
object of, 972
sanctions of, 977
solidarity and, 963n
Result
effort and, 189–96
Retrogression, 180
Revolt, 53
Revolution, 87, 545–47, 923, 931
cause of, 102
French, 80
justification for, 138–39
Rhodes, 75
Ricardo, David
capital, 642
labor, 606
rent, 698
value, 596
wealth, 611
Rights
delegated, 927
employment, 46–48
individual, 50, 926
Risk
assumption of, 833–35
Roads, 818
Rivoli, rue de, 14, 47
Robespierre, Jean Jacques
government, 80
lawgiver, 82
Romanet, Viscount de, 173, 198
Rome
France and, 133
virtue, 75
Rothbard, Murray N., xii, xiv
Roubaix, P.A.H. Mimerel de, 58, 91
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 310
authority, 461–62
disciples, 55
equality, 510–11
evil, 500n
foresight, 603
government and society, 914
custom, 667
lawgiver, 74–76, 475, 1002
liberty, 465
national purpose, 949
nature and man, 29
property, 679
political economy, 452
sociability of man, 990
social contract, 463, 473
state of nature, 514, 519
want-satisfaction, 494, 495
Rumilly, Gauthier de, 221
Ruskin, John, 137, 147, 152, 165
Sciences
social, 301–02
Saint-Chamans, Auguste, Vicomte de, 4, 245–46, 252–53, 280
wealth, 614–15, 617, 621, 622
Saint-Cricq, Barthélemy, Pierre Laurent, Comte de, 90, 193–94, 286
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 80
Saint-Simonianism, 208
Saint-Simonians, 24
Sale, 528
Salentum, 70, 72
Salerno, Joseph T., xv
Sanctions, 977–83
Satisfactions, 479, 511
as the end of human efforts, 512
Savages
story of, 164
Savings, 32, 45–46, 148, 871–75
definition of, 871
interest and, 874
money and, 871–72
spending and, 872
time and, 873
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 143, 329
creation, 506, 517n, 564
land, 579, 588, 700
taxation, 913n
utility, 586–87
value, 586, 600
wealth, 610, 611, 621
Scarcity, 593
abundance vs., 175–83, 343–44
favoring producers, 176
theory of, 179, 246
Scialoja, Antonio, 700
Science
classified, 480
faith and, 969
function of, 1005
progress of, 592
strengthened, 485
unassailable, 502
Scrope, George Poulette, 698, 701
Security, 318–19
consequences, 51
national, 5
Seen and unseen, 1–48, 917–18
Self-control, 509
Self-defense, 50, 79, 89, 979
Self-interest, 24, 105, 112, 536, 538, 685, 749, 810, 953–54, 997–1207
substitutes for, 688
Selflessness, 807–22, 1000
Self-sacrifice, 276–77
Selfishness, 52
Senior, Nassau William
rarity, 593
rent, 579, 699
Sensibility, 477, 488
Sentimentalist schools, 500n Serres, Oliver de, 72
Services, 20
common (gratuitous), 690, 918–19
complications in, 593
defined, 484
determinants of, 557
disproportion in, 453–54
imaginary, 573–74
judge of, 745
law of, 640
lending, 146
mutual, 20, 23, 445
natural and human, 588–89
private and public, 18–19, 911–35
received and rendered, 125, 129
reciprocity of, 143, 145, 557, 663, 744
socialistic, 19
transmission of, over time, 636
warrant to, 455, 634
See also Value
Sheep
heads of, analogy to interest, 163
Sin
original, 990
Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de, 614, 617, 861
Sisyphism, 191–93, 196
Sisyphus, 190n
Slavery, 98, 100, 312–13, 666–67, 663, 932
mental, 782
United States, 58
universality, 52
Smith, Adam
agriculture, 696
capital, 583
labor, 523, 583, 600, 702, 863
land, 698, 708, 712
unproductive classes, 507, 578
value, 507, 557, 581, 620
Social contract, 463
Social mechanism, 553
Socialism
confused, 66
constitution of man and, 458–59
defined, 60
degrees of, 46–47
disguised, 66
dream of, 138
elements of, 971
experiments, 68
humanity and, 919–20
legal plunder, 59
merchants and, 21–22
puerility of, 1011–12
refutation of, 60
salvation in, 550
sincerely believed, 63
social engineers, 67–68
varieties of, 1004–05, 1006–07
world, 745
Socialists, 436–37, 445, 683, 696, 704ff., 741, 749, 940, 961
aphorisms of, 807–22
greed and, 985
insurance and, 828
overthrowing political economy, 438
responsibility and, 984
wages-system and, 829, 839
Society
artificial, 451–70, 540, 544, 942
as debtor, 125
defined, 18
dependent on exchange, 513
enlightened, 79
experiments, 68, 82
government vs., 914
invented, 514
isolation vs., 498, 519, 746–47, 869–70
motive force, 82–83
object of, 78
parable of the traveler, 93
primitive, 824
progress and, 1010
reorganized, 110
solidarity and, 992
wants and powers, 515
Solidarity, 908, 963n, 989–96
artificial, 990
Solitude. See Isolation
Solon, 75, 78
Sophisms, 300–04
Sparta, 75, 78, 80, 110
Speakers, 96
Spending
government, 40
opinions, 41
private vs. public, 16, 37–38
protectionist, 26
Spoliation, 446–47, 544, 663, 780–81, 882, 913–14
efforts in, 956
moral consequences of, 956–57
politics and, 782
privilege and, 783
production vs., 953
resistance against, 956
sacrilege and, 782
socialist principle and, 813
theories defending, 934–35
State. See Government
Statistics, experimental, 825
Stirling, Patrick James, xv–xvi
Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, 557, 594, 622
Student
example of, 455
Subsidies, 11–12, 218, 374–78, 385
Suffering, 13, 487–89, 500, 520, 970, 1009–10
exceeding enjoyment, 457
mission of, 489
Suffrage, 465
Sugar culture, 194–95
Sun, 228–32
Superstition, 314–15
Supply and demand
laws of, 31, 155, 162
Syllogisms, 177
Sympathy, 536, 538, 573, 810
Tailors, 200
Tariffs, 720, 756, 932
as obstacle, 235–39
differential, 233–34
protectionist, 176, 182, 267
reciprocity in reduction of, 239–42
reduction of, 235–38
revenue-enhancing, 173, 216
See also Protectionism
Tastes
diversity of, 803–04
morals and, 512
Tax gatherer, 381–86
Taxation, 215–20, 413–14, 616, 800, 818, 930
disadvantages, 8–11
effects, 7
exemption from, 96–97, 102
funding the army, 6
incidence of, 801
intervention by, 12–13
as loss, 912–13
new, 104
rain and, 8
reform, 106
services received and, 921–22
spending and, 37
as spoliation, 913–14
subsidies and, 15
thieves and, 9
unseen, 17–18, 37–38, 39
See also Tariffs
Technology, 715 Telemachus, 71
Terminology, 507–08
Terror
as means of republican government, 81
Theaters subsidized, 11–16
Theory
practice and, 251–57
Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 414
doctrine, 91
education, 85
Thirst, 501, 560
Thoré, Théophile, 136, 137, 161
Thornton, Mark, xvii
Thrift, 41–46
Time-preference, 638
Tocqueville Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de, 440, 1011
Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de, 525
Trade, 115–16
attacked in principle, 199
creating two interests, 178
equity of, 144
gains and losses from, 118–19, 120
mutually beneficial, 212, 255
reciprocity of services, 143
restraint of, 24–29
war and, 428–30
See also Free trade
Translators, xii, xv–xvii
Transportation, 192–93, 235, 671
Tribute, 19–20, 297
Truths, 741, 962n
incontrovertible, 497
Tyranny
capital over labor, 168
Uncertainty, 835, 837, 846–47. See also Fixity
United States, 58, 711, 746, 932, 949
Constitution of, 101
Universal suffrage
demand for, 84, 86, 87
importance of, 57
incapacity and, 56
objections, 56
University of Edinburgh, xvi
Usufruct, 707–08
Usury, 136, 979
Utility, 261, 502
approximation to gratuitous, 592
distinct kinds of, 559, 623
gratuitous, 478–79, 483–84, 524, 590, 623, 656, 661, 689, 753, 765, 777–78
materiality and, 586
onerous, 478–79, 524, 777–78
tendency to become gratuitous, 552, 623–24, 670, 684
Utopias, 488, 636, 640, 799, 943, 1015
imagined, 472
variety of, 461
Utopians, 102, 110
Value, 551–808, 564–65, 567–68, 568–69, 578–79, 581n, 583–85, 586–93, 588–89, 596, 661, 664, 665, 666, 679, 694, 696–97, 747–48, 750, 790, 795, 863
accidents relating to, 557–58, 576
accounting and, 556
accumulation and, 596
annihilated, 673
as material, 507, 562, 577–78
basis of, 504
bread and, 564–65
capital and, 583, 590, 591, 633–34
coal and, 567
competition and, 747–48, 750
conservability of, 582, 595
definition of, 473, 556, 564, 741
determinants of, 537
diamonds and, 561–62
effort and, 560, 673
equal, 144, 145
erroneously conceived, 554, 555
exchange and, 555
fluctuations of, 736–37, 865–66
from service to product, 599–804
fundamental to political economy, 551
ice and, 567
in use and in exchange, 619
infinite divisibility of, 163
isolation and, 555
judgment and, 557
labor and, 288, 290–91, 292
law of, 562
measure of, 576, 596–97, 598
money as representative of, 160
nature and, 567–68, 578–79, 581n, 588–89, 696–97, 734
primitive form, 603
property and, 661, 665, 679
rarity and, 593
rent and, 566
services exchanged, 517, 556, 561, 565, 577, 581, 735, 864
tendency to diminish, 553, 673
theories of, 576–95, 599–80
understanding of, disputed, 439
utility and, 505, 559, 586–93, 621–22, 664, 790
value and, 574
water and, 725–26, 736–37
wealth and, 610–13
wine and, 616
Vengeance, 995–96
Vested interests, 59
Vigilante protectionism, 24–25
Violence, 28–29
Virtue and vice, 72, 73, 77, 78, 81
Voltaire, François Marie Aronet de, 990
Voluntary action
forced vs., 298, 318
Vengeance, 995–96
Voting
responsibility and, 56
right of, 57
See also Universal suffrage
Wage fund, 32, 33, 46
Wages, 823–70
abolition of, 830
as slavery, 829
bargaining over, 831
driven to zero, 638
inequality and, 766
iron law of, 762
natural, 358
protectionism and, 247–50
rates, 131
Walking
analogy to money and wealth, 112
Want-satisfaction, 51, 487–722
elasticity of, 493, 495–96, 498, 502, 674–76
means of, 20
nature and labor and, 501
order of, 12, 489–90, 668
variation in, 492
See also Value
War, 116–17, 261, 275–77, 296, 312, 947–59
end of, 959
effects of, 957–58, 994
origin of, 955–56
spirit of, 958
trade and, 428–30
wealth and, 616
Water
property and, 679–80
See also Value
Wealth, 490–92, 509, 609–28, 615, 738
accumulating and diminishing, 613, 767
actual (effective) and relative, 610, 624
as demand, 537–38
basis of, 552, 580
compared, 597, 612, 668
contempt of, 110
defended, 495
defined, 128, 609–10
desire for, 625–26
distribution of, 31, 131, 649
of enjoyment (natural) and of value (social), 614–15, 621–22, 677, 683
equality of, 57, 65, 72, 78
esteemed, 307
exemplified, 110–11
labor as, 193, 503
means of acquisition of, 626
morality of, 624–28
morals and, 490–92
money vs., 111ff., 144
redistribution of, 15, 16, 17, 27, 37–38, 39, 47
sign and measure of, 129
studied, 481
Welfare, 57, 65, 72
See also Wealth, redistribution of
Well-being, 15
Wells, David A., xvii, xviin
Wheat, 669–70, 726–27
farming, 199–200
Wine. See Value
Winemaking, 188
Work. See Labor
Workshops, national, 47
Xerxes, 460
Youth
appealed to, 433, 449
