Frank A. Fetter, Chapter 18: Markets and Prices

Primitive forms of trade

Trading is so familiar a sight to us today that it is hard to realize how recently it began in human history. Adam Smith declared that men had “a natural propensity to truck and barter,” but all observation of the more primitive peoples shows that before the visits of explorers and travelers “truck and barter” of any developed sort was unknown. The primitive families and groups produced for themselves all the goods that they consumed. Within the groups duties and goods were apportioned by custom and authority, and trade was unknown.

The Problem with Paid Parental Leave

A Chinese fable called “Three in the Morning and Four in the Evening,” relates this story: An old man in ancient China wanted to reduce his pet monkeys’ food as he can’t afford the previous amount any longer. He first told them that he would reduce the monkey’s ration to three acorns in the morning and four acorns in the evening. Thereupon, his monkeys protested angrily. Then the old man said, “How about four in the morning and three in the evening?” Knowing that he would get four acorns the next morning, the monkey became ecstatic.

Frank A. Fetter, Chapter 17: Desires, Choice, and Value

Direct and indirect means of livelihood

ECONOMICS, as pointed out in Chapter I, is the study of the various problems which arise when men try to make a living. Making a living is getting the means of living — first, the barest physical necessities, and then the comforts and refinements that men desire. A solitary man getting his living on a desert island would be dealing only with the impersonal materials and forces of nature, the physical environment. Nevertheless certain economic problems arise even there, and certain simple economic principles apply.