Value and Exchange

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Steve Piraino

Why shouldn't the worker who is willing to render the best services for the least pay be the one who gets the job?  Instinctively, most of us recoil in disgust at the suggestion that wages should reflect nothing more than the cold calculus of supply and demand.  Yet few of us realize just how essential this "cold calculus" is for the long-run welfare of laborers themselves.

Gene Callahan

British economist A.C. Pigou was instrumental in developing the theory of externalities. The theory examines cases where some of the costs or benefits of activities "spill over" onto third parties. When it is a cost that is imposed on third parties, it is called a negative externality. When third parties benefit from an activity in which they are not directly involved, the benefit is called a positive externality. The study of such situations, a part of welfare economics, has been an active area of research since Pigou's efforts early in the twentieth century.