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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="http://mises.org/Community/utility/FeedStylesheets/rss.xsl" media="screen"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd"><channel><title>The Mises Community</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/</link><description>An online community for fans of Austrian economics and libertarianism, featuring forums, user blogs, and more.</description><dc:language>en-US</dc:language><generator>CommunityServer 2008.5 SP2 (Build: 40407.4157)</generator><item><title>Wingnut Ron Paul is in Good Company</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/wingnut-ron-paul-is-in-good-company.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 03:30:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271465</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Ron Paul is looked at by some as a modern day Don Quixote. His
current windmill is the Federal Reserve, an institution not very well
understood by the American public. For those who don&amp;rsquo;t understand the
Fed, watch this &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5898" target="_blank"&gt;video. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Representative Paul is a Republican, but a strange one. He is a RINO
(republican in name only), a term usually reserved for liberal
Republicans. In fact, he really stands outside both political parties,
much as Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. He and Sanders could not be
more opposite in political philosophy. Yet both are concerned about the
Fed and removing the veil of secrecy the Fed operates under. Indeed,
Ron Paul wants to ultimately abolish the Fed. To many, this position is
radical and unthinkable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Paul&amp;rsquo;s position (and Sanders for that matter) is not at all unusual. As you can see
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5979"&gt;Wingnut Ron Paul is in Good Company&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271465" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/founders/default.aspx">founders</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Fed/default.aspx">Fed</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/paul/default.aspx">paul</category></item><item><title>The Rule of Man, Not Law</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/the-rule-of-man-not-law.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 03:24:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271463</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;On several occasions (&lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5853" target="_blank"&gt;the most recent&lt;/a&gt;)
I have discussed the abandonment of our Constitution and its principles
as leading to the inevitable economic mess we now confront. As an
example of how the Constitution no longer matters, at least in the eyes
of the ruling class, the following article from the American Thinker is
offered. Remember, these people all took an oath to uphold the
Constitution. Have they even read it? If so, apparently it is
considered nothing more than an inconvenient artifact that should not
stand in their way for &amp;ldquo;improving&amp;rdquo; the world. John Adams warned: &amp;ldquo;A
Constitution of Government once changed from Freedom, can never be
restored. Liberty, once lost, is lost forever.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Presumed Ignorant&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mark J. Fitzgibbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1938 under &lt;em&gt;United States v. Carolene Products&lt;/em&gt;, the Supreme Court institutionalized a judicial doctrine that federal legislation was presumed to be constitutional.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While the court is right
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6206"&gt;The Rule of Man, Not Laws&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271463" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/politics/default.aspx">politics</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/law/default.aspx">law</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/constitution/default.aspx">constitution</category></item><item><title>Finally, A Grown-up Speaks Out Against Economic Policies</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/finally-a-grown-up-speaks-out-against-economic-policies.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 02:03:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271432</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Finally. someone is courageous enough to say what everyone else is
thinking . There is little doubt that many other companies feel the
same way and are taking the same actions as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farr" rel="wikipedia" title="David Farr" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f8000000007350a80"&gt;David Farr&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.emerson.com/" rel="homepage" title="Emerson Electric Company" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f80000000004648d1"&gt;Emerson Electric&lt;/a&gt;&amp;rsquo;s
CEO. They choose to keep low profiles by not standing up and speaking
out. Not so Farr, who issued a very powerful indictment against the
economic policies of the Obama Administration. I applaud the man for
his honesty and bravery. Of course I am not a shareholder. Here are
some of his statements:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Washington is doing everything in their manpower, capability, to
destroy U.S. manufacturing,&amp;rdquo; Farr said today in Chicago at a Baird
Industrial Outlook conference. &amp;ldquo;Cap and trade, medical reform, labor
rules.&amp;rdquo; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;m not going to hire anybody in the United States. I&amp;rsquo;m moving. They are
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6078"&gt;Finally, A Grownup Speaks Out Against Economic Policies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271432" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/ideology/default.aspx">ideology</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/incentives/default.aspx">incentives</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/obama/default.aspx">obama</category></item><item><title>Why Regulation Fails Regularly</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/why-regulation-fails-regularly.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 01:54:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271425</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Most people cannot conceive of a world without regulations. I can&amp;rsquo;t
either. But I can conceive of a world that most would think
ridiculously defunct of oversight.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We tend to view the world in terms of what exists now, instead of
what could or should exist. A good economist never ignores the
institutional framework, because it provides the incentives to which
economic actors respond. A great economist, however, goes beyond the
existing. He examines the institutional framework from a normative
perspective. Why did the existing framework evolve? What political and
business interests produced it? Can patches to the system improve it?
Do we need a completely different approach to regulation?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A particularly incisive post on this comes from &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://cafehayek.com/2009/11/no-solutions.html"&gt;Cafe Hayek:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" rel="wikipedia" title="Thomas Sowell" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f800000000014f23f"&gt;Thomas Sowell&lt;/a&gt; has said that economics helps you understand that there are no  solutions, only tradeoffs.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6055"&gt;Why Regulation Fails Regularly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271425" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Carta de renuncia del Secretario General de Human Rights, Sr. Armando Valladares</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/2009/11/21/carta-de-renuncia-del-secretario-general-de-human-rights-sr-armando-valladares.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 19:28:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271295</guid><dc:creator>Rodrigo Diaz</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;Fecha: martes, 13 octubre, 2009 7:25&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormalTable"&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" style="padding:0in;"&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-left:3.75pt;"&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormalTable"&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" style="padding:0in;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-left:3.75pt;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times
New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;#39;Times
                                                                                                                                                                                                New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;"&gt;Esta en total desacuerdo con lo que publicaron sobre Honduras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;&lt;img height="224" width="180" src="http://www.nuevoaccion.com/ARMANDOVALLADARESFHR.jpg" align="left" alt="" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Mi querido Thor: La nota de HRF sobre los sucesos de Honduras no reflejan la verdad ni relatan hist&amp;oacute;ricamente los hechos tal y como sucedieron. Estoy ahora en Italia, no tengo mucho tiempo para un an&amp;aacute;lisis m&amp;aacute;s extenso. Pero el Presidente Zelaya fue y es un traidor a la Democracia. Fue electo enga&amp;ntilde;ando a sus compatriotas y cuando con ese enga&amp;ntilde;o lleg&amp;oacute; al poder, gir&amp;oacute; ideol&amp;oacute;gicamente y comenz&amp;oacute; su plan para cargarse la Democracia en Honduras como lo hizo Ch&amp;aacute;vez en Venezuela, Morales en Bolivia y Correa lo est&amp;aacute; haciendo en Ecuador. Zelaya forma parte de la gran conspiraci&amp;oacute;n neocomunista que pretende apoderarse de Am&amp;eacute;rica Latina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;La estrategia ha sido la misma: llegan al poder con elecciones, despu&amp;eacute;s, cambian la Constituci&amp;oacute;n, disuelven los parlamentos y se perpet&amp;uacute;an en el poder y terminan declar&amp;aacute;ndose marxistas, como Evo Morales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Lo que Zelaya trat&amp;oacute; de hacer para estos planes era ilegal. Qui&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;o cambiar la Constituci&amp;oacute;n para reelegirse. La Corte Suprema le advirti&amp;oacute; que esa maniobra era inconstitucional y por lo tanto ilegal. El Congreso tambi&amp;eacute;n le se&amp;ntilde;al&amp;oacute; que su pretensi&amp;oacute;n violaba la Constituci&amp;oacute;n hondure&amp;ntilde;a y por lo tanto era ilegal. Con el apoyo y el dinero de un gobierno extranjero (todo el material electoral lleg&amp;oacute; desde Venezuela en un avi&amp;oacute;n que envi&amp;oacute; Ch&amp;aacute;vez).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;No obstante las advertencias de la Corte Suprema, sigui&amp;oacute; con sus planes de cargarse la Democracia en su pa&amp;iacute;s, donde imperaba la ley y en base a ese imperio de la Ley, la Corte Suprema le orden&amp;oacute; al Ej&amp;eacute;rcito, (que no est&amp;aacute; para defender al Presidente, sino a la Constituci&amp;oacute;n, ) que arrestara y expulsara del pa&amp;iacute;s a Zelaya. Eso no es un golpe de Estado, no hay militares gobernando en Honduras. Mientras la OEA vio como Zelaya iba actuando ilegalmente, no dijo una palabra, cuando la Corte Suprema le advirti&amp;oacute; era ilegal su pretensi&amp;oacute;n la OEA y los que hoy se rasgan las vestiduras, contemplaban en silencio c&amp;oacute;mplice como este traidor de Zelaya trataba de hundir a su pa&amp;iacute;s en el totalitarismo y que se convirtiera en otra Venezuela, en otra Bolivia o en otra Cuba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;La Declaraci&amp;oacute;n de la HRF es hist&amp;oacute;ricamente incorrecta, dej&amp;aacute;ndose llevar por la cobarde complicidad de los que por falta de valor dejan de hacer o no se atreven a decir las cosas como son. Nada supe de que esa declaraci&amp;oacute;n, ni de su publicaci&amp;oacute;n de la cual he sabido aqu&amp;iacute; en Italia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Por esa raz&amp;oacute;n, por mi desacuerdo absoluto con esa nota, renuncio de forma irrevocable a mi cargo de Chairman de Human Rigths Foundation y tambi&amp;eacute;n a cualquier cargo en la misma ya sea de miembro del Directorio Internacional o cualquiera otro. Te ruego como Presidente que est&amp;aacute;s a cargo del quehacer diario de HRF des curso a esta renuncia m&amp;iacute;a, que yo tambi&amp;eacute;n lo har&amp;eacute; por mi parte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Armando Valladares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271295" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Chavez/default.aspx">Chavez</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Venezuela/default.aspx">Venezuela</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Izquierda/default.aspx">Izquierda</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Comunismo/default.aspx">Comunismo</category></item><item><title>Inflación buena</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/21/inflaci-243-n-buena.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 17:58:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271272</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Joseph T. Salerno. (Publicado el 20 de noviembre de
2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3874"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3874&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La semana pasada un estudiante de mi seminario de
macroeconom&amp;iacute;a intermedia a nivel de MBA plante&amp;oacute; una pregunta provocativa.
Est&amp;aacute;bamos discutiendo los distintos tipos de deflaci&amp;oacute;n (en precios) y cu&amp;aacute;les,
seg&amp;uacute;n los austriacos, son benignos y se acomodan a las preferencias de los
consumidores y cu&amp;aacute;les malignos y entran en conflicto con las preferencias de
los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En la visi&amp;oacute;n de los austriacos de la pol&amp;iacute;tica monetaria
inflacionista como causa primaria de los ciclos econ&amp;oacute;micos y de la crisis
actual en particular, el estudiante pregunt&amp;oacute; si los austriacos consideran alg&amp;uacute;n
tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n como &amp;ldquo;bueno&amp;rdquo; para la econom&amp;iacute;a. Di una corta repuesta
afirmativa y luego pens&amp;eacute; en ello durante el fin de semana. Aqu&amp;iacute; est&amp;aacute; la nota
acerca del asunto que escrib&amp;iacute; para la discusi&amp;oacute;n en clase del d&amp;iacute;a siguiente. (Los
&amp;uacute;ltimos dos p&amp;aacute;rrafos sobre banca libre no son parte de la nota original).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n &amp;ldquo;buena&amp;rdquo; aparece cuando se producen
innovaciones y cambios que permiten a la gente economizar la cantidad de dinero
que mantienen en efectivo. Por ejemplo, la introducci&amp;oacute;n y aumento de la
disponibilidad de las tarjetas de cr&amp;eacute;dito conlleva una disminuci&amp;oacute;n en la
demanda de dinero, que, si todo sigue igual, causa un aumento general en los
precios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Este &amp;ldquo;exceso&amp;rdquo; de efectivo produce un aumento de la demanda
de bienes cuya oferta no ha aumentado. El resultado es que los precios en
general suben. Pero aqu&amp;iacute; la inflaci&amp;oacute;n realiza una funci&amp;oacute;n importante: reduce el
poder adquisitivo del d&amp;oacute;lar hasta el punto en que deja de haber exceso de
oferta porque ahora la gente est&amp;aacute; contenta de mantener el total de la oferta de
dinero en existencia con el fin de planificar transacciones a los nuevos
niveles m&amp;aacute;s altos de precios. Otra forma de explicar esto es que la oferta
&amp;ldquo;real&amp;rdquo; de dinero, es decir, el poder adquisitivo total en t&amp;eacute;rminos de bienes se
ha reducido al nivel exacto que desean los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La que podr&amp;iacute;amos llamar inflaci&amp;oacute;n por &amp;ldquo;ahorro de efectivo&amp;rdquo;
tiende a ocurrir como resultado de cualquier innovaci&amp;oacute;n financiera, incluyendo
la invenci&amp;oacute;n de fondos mutuos en el mercado de dinero, cajeros autom&amp;aacute;ticos,
cuentas PayPal, etc. Tambi&amp;eacute;n puede producirse por innovaciones organizativas o
t&amp;eacute;cnicas en el negocio que promuevan una integraci&amp;oacute;n vertical de las
operaciones en las que los bienes de capital previamente intercambiados entre dos
empresas independientes ahora se producen y emplean dentro de la misma empresa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Obs&amp;eacute;rvese que la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de ahorro de efectivo es benigna
precisamente porque es un resultado de que haya individuos esforz&amp;aacute;ndose por
optimizar sus propiedades mediante un proceso de intercambio voluntario.
Tambi&amp;eacute;n es digno de menci&amp;oacute;n que este tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n implica un aumento de
precios de una sola vez: una vez que el nuevo m&amp;eacute;todo de pago o invento se
convierte en ampliamente adoptado, cesa la ca&amp;iacute;da de la demanda de dinero y los
precios dejan de subir. Al final, la inflaci&amp;oacute;n causada por la gente que
responde a oportunidades de economizar en sus existencias de dinero no tiene un
efecto sistem&amp;aacute;tico en los mercados del cr&amp;eacute;dito y el tipo de inter&amp;eacute;s y, por
tanto, no precipita el ciclo econ&amp;oacute;mico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un segundo tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n buena es la que se produce por
efecto de una reducci&amp;oacute;n en las ofertas de bienes y servicios causada por
desastres naturales, el agotamiento de recursos naturales o el aumento de las
preferencias de la gente por el ocio (causando una disminuci&amp;oacute;n de la
participaci&amp;oacute;n en las fuerzas laborales) o por bienes de consumo presentes
(causando la no renovaci&amp;oacute;n o &amp;ldquo;consumo&amp;rdquo; de bienes de capital). Todos estos
acontecimientos traen, antes o despu&amp;eacute;s, una mayor escasez de bienes
intercambiables en la econom&amp;iacute;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La reducci&amp;oacute;n de las ofertas de bienes en el mercado, si todo
lo dem&amp;aacute;s permanece constante, incluyendo la existencia de dinero, hace que
aparezca un exceso de demanda de bienes. Los precios en general aumentar&amp;aacute;n
naturalmente para restaurar el equilibrio en los mercados de bienes. El aumento
de precios a la vez indica la mayor escasez de bienes disponibles y asegura que
se asignan a los usos m&amp;aacute;s valorados por los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por el contrario, puede decirse que hay una ca&amp;iacute;da en la
demanda de &amp;ldquo;intercambio&amp;rdquo; de dinero, que se constituye por los bienes ofrecidos para
intercambio. La disminuci&amp;oacute;n en la demanda de dinero en intercambio, cuando no
ha cambiado la oferta de dinero, produce inicialmente un excedente de dinero,
porque &lt;i&gt;a los bajos precios prevalecientes&lt;/i&gt;, la oferta de dinero ofertada
excede la oferta de bienes en el mercado. Al final, el poder de compra del
d&amp;oacute;lar se ajusta a la baja, los precios de los bienes suben y todos los d&amp;oacute;lares
ofrecidos se absorben a cambio de los bienes que ahora tienen precios m&amp;aacute;s
altos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;De nuevo advertimos que, al contrario que la actual
inflaci&amp;oacute;n de precios que normalmente causa la expansi&amp;oacute;n de la oferta monetaria
de los bancos centrales, la inflaci&amp;oacute;n generada por las menores ofertas de
bienes es asunto de una sola vez. Los precios dejan de subir tan pronto como
las ofertas de bienes y servicios dejan de caer y se estabilizan al nivel
inferior, consistente con el cambio en los datos econ&amp;oacute;micos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La inflaci&amp;oacute;n de la &amp;ldquo;escasez&amp;rdquo; es por tanto beneficiosa porque
facilita el c&amp;aacute;lculo econ&amp;oacute;mico y la operaci&amp;oacute;n correcta de los mercados en una
situaci&amp;oacute;n en la que las preferencias de la gente o sus oportunidades de
producci&amp;oacute;n han sufrido un cambio radical. La historia ha demostrado vez tras
vez (durante guerras, revoluciones, asedios y malas cosechas) que cualquier
intento por reprimir la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de escasez mediante controles de precios o
una distribuci&amp;oacute;n centralizada de las necesidades genera un caos de c&amp;aacute;lculo,
pobreza generalizada y desorden social.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por tanto, nuestra conclusi&amp;oacute;n es que un aumento general de
los precios generado por la demanda de dinero siempre mejora el bienestar
econ&amp;oacute;mico tal y como entienden el t&amp;eacute;rmino los austriacos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Con el fin de aportar todo, advierto que la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los
austriacos m&amp;aacute;s modernos que apoyan la banca libre, aunque est&amp;eacute;n de acuerdo
conmigo sobre la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de escasez estar&amp;iacute;an muy en desacuerdo conmigo en que
la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de ahorro de efectivo sea benigna. Autores como Larry White,
George Selgin y Steve Horowitz insisten en que cualquier cambio en el gasto
total causado por cambios en la demanda de dinero deben deshacerse r&amp;aacute;pidamente
por un cambio de la oferta de dinero en la misma direcci&amp;oacute;n. Por tanto, bajo
nuestro sistema actual de moneda fiduciaria, si aparecen innovaciones
financieras que induzcan a la gente a reducir su demanda de efectivo e
intercambiar el dinero m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pidamente, de acuerdo con los &amp;ldquo;banqueros libres&amp;rdquo;,
el banco central debe contraer la oferta de dinero para prevenir el aumento en
precios que corresponda a las elecciones voluntarias de la gente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es una implicaci&amp;oacute;n directa de la &amp;ldquo;norma de productividad&amp;rdquo; de
los banqueros libres, de acuerdo con la cual el banco central debe suprimir
activamente cambios &amp;ldquo;sin sentido&amp;rdquo; en los precios. Los cambios sin sentido en
los precios incluyen aqu&amp;eacute;llos causados por cambios en lo que los banqueros
libres califican (err&amp;oacute;neamente, en mi opini&amp;oacute;n) como &amp;ldquo;la velocidad del dinero&amp;rdquo;.
As&amp;iacute;, los banqueros libres se convierten en animadores de una deflaci&amp;oacute;n
monetaria realizada por el banco central como un medio de ahogar un modelo de
intercambios de propiedades libremente elegidos que expresan las preferencias
de los consumidores de precios m&amp;aacute;s altos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La posici&amp;oacute;n de los banqueros libres no s&amp;oacute;lo es err&amp;oacute;nea sino
tambi&amp;eacute;n parad&amp;oacute;jica. Acusan a los austriacos de Escuela Neomonetaria, creada por
Mises y Rothbard, de ver la deflaci&amp;oacute;n y la inflaci&amp;oacute;n asim&amp;eacute;tricamente,
favoreciendo la deflaci&amp;oacute;n y condenando la inflaci&amp;oacute;n. Pero como he intentado
probar anteriormente, los austriacos de la Escuela Neomonetaria son
perfectamente consistentes en sus actitudes hacia la subida y bajada de
precios: tanto la &amp;ldquo;inflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo; como la &amp;ldquo;deflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo; son benignas siempre que
est&amp;eacute;n de acuerdo con las preferencias de los consumidores voluntariamente
expresadas. No pasa esto con los banqueros libres, que afirman estar a favor de
un sistema monetario libremente competitivo, pero presumen saber de antemano
qu&amp;eacute; resultado producir&amp;aacute;n los empresarios operando en este sistema, que es una
estabilidad completa de una variable macroecon&amp;oacute;mica concreta.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Luego el punto de fricci&amp;oacute;n real entre banqueros libres y sus
oponentes neomonetarios es si debe invocarse la norma de productividad para
animar al banco central a emplear su poder de manipular la oferta monetaria con
el fin de estabilizar el &amp;ldquo;gasto total&amp;rdquo;, un macroagregado &lt;i&gt;ex post&lt;/i&gt; sin
sentido. La respuesta de los banqueros libres es &amp;ldquo;S&amp;iacute;&amp;rdquo;. Los austriacos de la
Escuela Neomonetaria aceptan la opini&amp;oacute;n de Mises de que las subidas y bajadas
de precios no significan nada por s&amp;iacute; mismas en evaluar la solidez de un r&amp;eacute;gimen
monetario. Como &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/12/inflaci-243-n-y-deflaci-243-n.aspx"&gt;escribi&amp;oacute;&lt;/a&gt;
Mises:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las nociones de inflaci&amp;oacute;n y
deflaci&amp;oacute;n no son conceptos praxeol&amp;oacute;gicos. (&amp;hellip;)&amp;nbsp;[Implican] la popular falacia de
que no existe el dinero neutral o de poder de compra estable y que el mejor
dinero deber&amp;iacute;a ser neutral y estable en poder de compra. (&amp;hellip;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sin embargo quienes aplican esos
t&amp;eacute;rminos no se da cuenta del hecho de que el poder de compra nunca permanece
inalterado y que consecuentemente siempre hay inflaci&amp;oacute;n o deflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;--------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Joseph Salerno es vicepresidente acad&amp;eacute;mico del Mises
Institute, profesor de econom&amp;iacute;a en la Universidad de Pace y editor del &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/qjaedisplay.asp"&gt;Quarterly Journal of Austrian
Economics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Ha sido entrevistado en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/aen/aen16_3_1.asp"&gt;Austrian Economics
Newsletter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/fullarticle.asp?record=321&amp;amp;month=13"&gt;Mises.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271272" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Dr. Alan Blinder: Ideology Trumps Economics</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/dr-alan-blinder-ideology-trumps-economics.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 12:35:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271213</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An earlier version of this article appeared on &lt;a href="http://americanthinker.com/" target="_blank"&gt;American Thinker&lt;/a&gt;. This version appeared on my site, &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/" title="economicnoise.com" target="_blank"&gt;Monty Pelerin&amp;#39;s World&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dr. &lt;a class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f800000000048ad98" title="Alan Blinder" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blinder"&gt;Alan Blinder&lt;/a&gt;,
Professor of Economics at Princeton and former vice chairman of the&amp;nbsp;
Federal Reserve Board (amongst many other prestigious accomplishments),
had an editorial on November 16 in the Wall Street Journal entitled &amp;quot;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748703683804574533843234723498.html" target="_blank"&gt;How Washington Can Create Jobs&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp;
The editorial is a typical example of the Keynesian and Statist
mentality that most economists have toward job creation. It may also be
Exhibit A as to why good economists should not be involved in politics:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;ldquo;&amp;hellip; it is very dangerous for an economist to seek fame and fortune
and to work closely with political establishments, &amp;hellip; the most important
trait of a good economist is the courage to say the unpopular thing. If
you value your position and privileges more than truth, you will say
what people want to hear rather than what needs to be said.&amp;rdquo; &lt;/strong&gt; Llewellyn H. Rockwell Jr.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the editorial Dr. Blinder arbitrarily sets a spending budget of
$30 billion for new jobs and then explores two different alternatives.
First, he suggests hiring 1.0 million new government employees at a
cost of $30,000 per hire. Second, he suggests using a &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot; for
private industry for newly hired employees that would effectively lower
the wage costs for new employees by an estimated 10%. He estimates this
plan, using econometric estimates based on job elasticities, to create
&amp;quot;... about 5.5 million net new jobs ...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;His own figures reveal the economically correct answer as to which alternative to select. The &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot; &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/blinder2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-6361" title="blinder2" src="http://www.economicnoise.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/blinder2-300x192.jpg" alt="blinder2" height="192" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;alternative
produces 5.5 times as many jobs as the government hiring program.
Furthermore, they will be real jobs, rather than mostly make-work jobs.
Yet, he chooses the government hiring program, apparently blinded by
the ideology that more government is better. His rationale for
rejecting the tax incentive plan is that employers would engage in
behavior that he describes as &amp;quot;gaming the system.&amp;quot; All governmental
interventions, including his alternative plan of government hiring new
employees, are plagued by such costs and unintended consequences.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;#39;s use Dr. Blinder&amp;#39;s own numbers to show why his choice appears
ideological. Accepting his econometrics (simple historical statistical
relationships), &amp;quot;a 10% reduction in after-tax wage costs... should
boost employment by roughly 4%.&amp;quot; Suppose 5.5 million real jobs were
produced, but 7.5 million were claimed, nearly a 40% overstatement of
reality. The &amp;quot;gaming costs&amp;quot; would be the 2.0 million jobs not actually
created. The government would pay $42 billion when it should have paid
about $30 billion. This gaming cost is equal to about $12 billion. A
similar gaming calculation for the program that Dr. Blinder recommends
could also be done. We saw how easy it was to fudge &amp;quot;jobs saved&amp;quot;
recently.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While Dr. Blinder expressed great concern in his editorial for the
unemployment problem in this country, he rejects a proposal that he
says would create 5.5 million jobs in the private sector for one that
would create 1.0 million in the public sector. Yes, the first one costs
more, but those costs could be somewhat mitigated via monitoring as Dr.
Blinder suggests.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regardless, Dr. Blinder&amp;#39;s preferred public sector choice would
reduce unemployment from 10.2% to about 9.5%. The rejected &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot;
plan would reduce the unemployment rate to 6.2%, per his own numbers.
Either ideology or lack of math skills seems to be at work here. Dr.
Blinder&amp;#39;s continued support for minimum wage legislation would suggest
that it is ideology. Supporting raising the minimum wage is a vote for
increased unemployment of the poorest segment of society. His own
econometric data tell him that.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271213" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Great+Society/default.aspx">Great Society</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/ideology/default.aspx">ideology</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Blinder/default.aspx">Blinder</category></item><item><title>Impuestos</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/20/impuestos.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:31:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271015</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Frederic Bastiat. (Publicado el 19 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido de la versi&amp;oacute;n en ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original en
ingl&amp;eacute;s se encuentra aqu&amp;iacute; &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3805"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3805&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;[De &lt;i&gt;&amp;ldquo;Lo que se ve y lo que no se ve&amp;rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;, 1850]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;iquest;Nunca han o&amp;iacute;do decir: &amp;ldquo;No hay mejor inversi&amp;oacute;n que los
impuestos. Vean s&amp;oacute;lo la cantidad de familias que mantienen y consideren c&amp;oacute;mo
act&amp;uacute;a sobre la industria: es una corriente inagotable, es la propia vida&amp;rdquo;?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Con el fin de combatir esta doctrina, debo referirme a mi &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/03/el-cristal-roto.aspx"&gt;anterior
refutaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt;. La econom&amp;iacute;a pol&amp;iacute;tica sabe suficientemente bien que sus
argumentos no son tan convincentes que podr&amp;iacute;a dec&amp;iacute;rsele, &lt;i&gt;rep&amp;iacute;talo, por favor&lt;/i&gt;.
Por tanto ha cambiado el proverbio en su beneficio, convencida de que, en su
boca, &lt;i&gt;las repeticiones ense&amp;ntilde;an&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las ventajas que defienden los funcionarios &lt;i&gt;son las que
se ven&lt;/i&gt;. El beneficio que dan a los proveedores &lt;i&gt;es tambi&amp;eacute;n lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;.
Esto ciega a todos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero los inconvenientes que los contribuyentes deben
soportar son &lt;i&gt;los que no se ven&lt;/i&gt;. Y el da&amp;ntilde;o que generan a los proveedores
es tambi&amp;eacute;n &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;, aunque esto tendr&amp;iacute;a que ser evidente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cuando un funcionario gasta para su propio beneficio cien
soles extra, implica que un contribuyente gasta en su beneficio cien soles
menos. Pero la ganancia del funcionario &lt;i&gt;se ve&lt;/i&gt;, porque el acto se
realiza, mientras que la del contribuyente &lt;i&gt;no se ve&lt;/i&gt;, porque, despu&amp;eacute;s de
todo, se le ha impedido obtenerla.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Comparamos la noci&amp;oacute;n, quiz&amp;aacute; con una porci&amp;oacute;n reseca de tierra
y el impuesto como una lluvia fertilizante. Dej&amp;eacute;moslo as&amp;iacute;. Pero tendr&amp;iacute;amos que
preguntarnos d&amp;oacute;nde est&amp;aacute;n las fuentes de esta lluvia y si no son precisamente
los mismos impuestos los que eliminan la humedad de la tierra y la resecan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Tambi&amp;eacute;n tendr&amp;iacute;amos que preguntarnos si es posible que el
suelo puede recibir tanta agua de la lluvia como la que pierde por evaporaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hay una cosa muy cierta: que cuando Jaime B separa cien
soles para el recaudador, no recibe nada a cambio. M&amp;aacute;s tarde, cuando un
funcionario gaste esos cien soles y los devuelva a Jaime B, ser&amp;aacute; por un valor
equivalente en grano o trabajo. El resultado final es una p&amp;eacute;rdida de cinco
francos para Jaime B.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es muy cierto que a menudo, quiz&amp;aacute; muy a menudo, el
funcionario realiza para Jaime B un servicio equivalente. En ese caso no hay
p&amp;eacute;rdida en ninguno de los lados: es simplemente un intercambio. Por tanto, mis
argumentos no aplican en absoluto a funcionarios &amp;uacute;tiles. Lo que yo digo es que
si se desea crear una oficina hay que probar su utilidad. Demostrar que su
valor para Jaime B, en t&amp;eacute;rminos de los servicios que le presta, es igual a lo
que le cuesta. Pero, aparte de su utilidad intr&amp;iacute;nseca, no se ofrezca como
argumento el beneficio que produce al funcionario, su familia y proveedores: no
se afirme que favorece la industria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cuando Jaime B dan sus cien soles a un funcionario del
gobierno a cambio de un servicio realmente &amp;uacute;til, es exactamente lo mismo que si
diera cien soles a un zapatero a cambio de un par de zapatos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero cuando Jaime B da cien soles a un funcionario del
gobierno y no recibe nada de &amp;eacute;l, excepto molestias, igual se los podr&amp;iacute;a dar a
un ladr&amp;oacute;n. No tiene sentido decir que el funcionario del gobierno gastar&amp;aacute; esos
cien soles para el beneficio de la industria nacional: el ladr&amp;oacute;n har&amp;iacute;a lo mismo
y tambi&amp;eacute;n Jaime B si no le hubiera parado por el camino el par&amp;aacute;sito extralegal
o la sanguijuela leg&amp;iacute;tima.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por tanto, acostumbr&amp;eacute;monos a evitar juzgar las cosas s&amp;oacute;lo
por &lt;i&gt;lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;, juzgu&amp;eacute;moslas por &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El a&amp;ntilde;o pasado yo estaba en el Comit&amp;eacute; de Finanzas, pues bajo
la constituyente, los miembros de la oposici&amp;oacute;n no estaban excluidos
sistem&amp;aacute;ticamente de todas las comisiones: en eso la constituyente actu&amp;oacute;
inteligentemente. Hemos escuchado al Sr. Thiers decir: &amp;ldquo;Me he pasado la vida
oponi&amp;eacute;ndome al partido legitimista y al partido de los sacerdotes. Como el
peligro com&amp;uacute;n nos ha juntado, ahora que soy su socio y les conozco y que
hablamos cara a cara, he descubierto que no son los monstruos que yo sol&amp;iacute;a
imaginar&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Si, se exageraba la desconfianza, se fomentaba el odio entre
partidos que nunca se mezclaban y si la mayor&amp;iacute;a permitiera a las minor&amp;iacute;as estar
presentes en las comisiones, quiz&amp;aacute; se descubrir&amp;iacute;a que las ideas de los
diferentes lados no son tan perversas como se supon&amp;iacute;a. En todo caso, el a&amp;ntilde;o
pasado yo estaba en el Comit&amp;eacute; de Finanzas. Cada vez que uno de nuestros colegas
hablaba de mantener en una cifra moderada el mantenimiento del Presidente de la
Rep&amp;uacute;blica, de los ministros y embajadores, se respond&amp;iacute;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Por el bien del servicio, es necesario dotar a ciertos
departamentos de esplendor y dignidad como medio de atraer a gente de m&amp;eacute;rito.
Un gran n&amp;uacute;mero de personas desafortunadas apelan al Presidente de la Rep&amp;uacute;blica
y le podr&amp;iacute;amos en una posici&amp;oacute;n muy dolorosa oblig&amp;aacute;ndole a rechazarlos
continuamente. Cierto estilo en los salones ministeriales es parte de la
maquinaria de los gobiernos constitucionales&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Aunque esos argumentos pueden ser controvertidos, sin duda
merecen un examen serio. Se basan en el inter&amp;eacute;s p&amp;uacute;blico, sea este correctamente
estimado o no y en lo que a m&amp;iacute; respecta tengo mucho m&amp;aacute;s respeto por el p&amp;uacute;blico
que muchos de nuestros Catones, quienes se mueven por un estrecho esp&amp;iacute;ritu de
parsimonia o celos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero lo que me revuelve la parte econ&amp;oacute;mica de mi conciencia
y me hace ruborizar por los recursos intelectuales de mi pa&amp;iacute;s, es cuando se
presenta esta absurda reliquia del feudalismo, lo que sucede constantemente, y adem&amp;aacute;s
se recibe favorablemente:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Adem&amp;aacute;s, el lujo de los grandes funcionarios del gobierno favorece
las artes, la industria y el trabajo. La cabeza del estado y sus ministros no
pueden dar banquetes o fiestas sin hacer que la vida circule por las venas del
cuerpo social. Reducir sus medios ahogar&amp;iacute;a la industria parisina y
consecuentemente la de toda la naci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Debo pedirles, se&amp;ntilde;ores, que por lo menos presten un poco de
atenci&amp;oacute;n a la aritm&amp;eacute;tica y no decirlo ante la Asamblea Nacional de Francia, no
sea que lamentablemente est&amp;eacute; de acuerdo en que un suma da un resultado distinto
de acuerdo con si se suma de abajo a arriba o de arriba abajo la columna.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por ejemplo, quiero contratar a alguien para que me cave una
zanja de drenaje en mi campo por cien soles. Justo cuando acabo de cerrar el
acuerdo aparece el recaudador, se lleva mis cien soles y los env&amp;iacute;a al Ministro
del Interior, mi acuerdo termina, pero el ministro tendr&amp;aacute; otro plato en su
mesa. &amp;iquest;Bajo qu&amp;eacute; premisas se atrever&amp;aacute;n a afirmar que este gasto oficial ayuda a
la industria nacional? &amp;iquest;No se ve que en esto s&amp;oacute;lo hay un rev&amp;eacute;s de satisfacciones
y de trabajo? Un ministro tiene su mesa mejor cubierta, es cierto, pero tambi&amp;eacute;n
es verdad que un agricultor tiene su campo peor drenado. El due&amp;ntilde;o de una
taberna de Par&amp;iacute;s ha ganado cien soles, lo concedo, pero deben concederme que un
cavador no ha podido ganar cinco francos. Se trata de eso: de que la satisfacci&amp;oacute;n
del funcionario y el tabernero es&lt;i&gt; lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;, el campo no drenando y
el cavador sin trabajo es &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;iexcl;Vaya! &amp;iexcl;Qu&amp;eacute; problema hay para
probar que dos y dos son cuatro y si tenemos &amp;eacute;xito en probarlo se dice que &amp;ldquo;la
cosa es tan sencilla que es bastante tediosa&amp;rdquo; y votan como si no hubi&amp;eacute;ramos
probado nada.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;---------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Fr&amp;eacute;d&amp;eacute;ric Bastiat fue el gran proto-austrolibertario franc&amp;eacute;s
cuyas pol&amp;eacute;micas y an&amp;aacute;lisis trataron acerca de todos los clich&amp;eacute;s estatistas. Su
intenci&amp;oacute;n principal como escritor fue llegar a la gente de la forma m&amp;aacute;s
pr&amp;aacute;ctica con el mensaje de la urgencia moral y material de la libertad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271015" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>A View from the Trenches, November 20th, 2009: "When the fiscal side starts ruling" </title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/20/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-20th-2009-quot-when-the-fiscal-side-starts-ruling-quot.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 14:03:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270929</guid><dc:creator>Tincho Sibileau</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>Please, click here to read this article in pdf format: www.sibileau.com In the chart below (source: Bloomberg), I show the intraday spread between the 30-yr US Treasury and the S&amp;amp;P500 Index. As you can see, this spread widened significantly until 11am yesterday. Macroeconomic data released yesterday morning by 10am were mixed. On one hand, the initial jobless claims and Philadelphia Fed Manufacturing Index were positive. Jobless claims are approaching the 500k level and should they break through...(&lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/20/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-20th-2009-quot-when-the-fiscal-side-starts-ruling-quot.aspx"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270929" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Bruce Yandle on the tragedy of the commons, evolution of cooperation &amp; property, and the struggle against government theft</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/2009/11/20/bruce-yandle-on-the-tragedy-of-the-commons-the-evolution-of-cooperation-and-property.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 10:45:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270932</guid><dc:creator>TokyoTom</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;I`ve &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/search.aspx?q=yandle"&gt;often referred to&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;Bruce Yandle&lt;/b&gt;, a &amp;quot;free-market environmentalist&amp;quot; who is dean emeritus and Distinguished Professor&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt; of Economics Emeritus at&amp;nbsp;Clemson University`s College of Business &amp;amp; Behavior Sciences, Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Economics &lt;a href="http://www.mercatus.org/PeopleDetails.aspx?id=17006"&gt;at the Mercatus Center&lt;/a&gt;, a faculty member with George Mason University&amp;#39;s Capitol Hill Campus, and a Senior Fellow &lt;a href="http://www.perc.org/bio.php?staff_id=14http://www.perc.org/bio.php?staff_id=14"&gt;at the Property and Environment Research Center&lt;/a&gt; (a free-market environmentalism think tank which has great links to his many works).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I`d like to draw attention attention to one short paper by Yandle which I find insightful in providing a perspective on the evolution of prperty rights and problems with resource management which arise from government owenership, even as he has short-shrifted the importance of community property mechanisms, which Nobel Prize-winner &lt;b&gt;Elinor Ostrom&lt;/b&gt; has so extensively researched and documented (as &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/search.aspx?q=ostrom"&gt;I keep noting&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yandle`s paper, &lt;a href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-commons-tragedy-or-triumph/"&gt;The Commons: Tragedy or Triumph?&lt;/a&gt;, was published by the &lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Foundation for Economic Education&lt;/span&gt; in its April 1999 online edition of &lt;i&gt;Freeman&lt;/i&gt;. Here are portions I`d like to highlight:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; The feeder is a commons, but not just for hummingbirds. Bees are
attracted to it as well, and oddly enough, they can drive off the
larger hummingbirds. So even if the dominant bird is able to deflect
competition from other members of the species, that is not enough to
protect the nectar, and the defense itself is costly in energy burned.
The feeder contents are never secure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Hummingbirds have no way to stake a claim to the feeder. So far as
we can tell, hummingbird communities have no constitution that reflects
socially evolved rules for establishing a social order. Most likely, a
long process of adaptation and selection has generated a hummingbird
capable of living in a world where nourishment is a common-access
resource, a commons. Hummingbirds live a life of flight, engaging in a
constant search for nourishment to feed their high-energy lives and, at
times, fighting for temporary control over valuable resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Human Commons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; We all know the tragedy of the commons story. Wonderfully written
by Garrett Hardin in 1968, the highly stylized rendering is about a
pasture devoid of rules, customs, or norms for sharing.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
It is open to all comers. In this never-never-land, shepherds logically
add sheep to their flocks as long as doing so adds an increment of gain
for the particular flock. Uncoordinated in their effort, and unaware of
the effects of their individual actions on others, the unconcerned
shepherds collectively destroy the pasture. What could be a story of
plenty, if only the shepherds understood, turns into a story of
poverty. The passive shepherds are like hummingbirds. [Yandle has this wrong; Hardin posits competing shepherds who don`t talk w/ each other,and so look after only their narrow self-interests.]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; As Hardin artistically puts it: &amp;ldquo;Therein is the tragedy. Each man
is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without
limit&amp;mdash;in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which
all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that
believes in freedom of the commons.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Garrett Hardin&amp;rsquo;s words beautifully bundle aspects of an endless
human struggle to form communities, accumulate wealth, and improve
well-being. With that phrase&amp;mdash;tragedy of the commons&amp;mdash;the essence of the
challenge hits us squarely between the eyes: &lt;b&gt;When there are no property
rights&amp;mdash;formal or informal&amp;mdash;that limit use of a scarce natural resource,
human action leads inevitably to untimely resource depletion and
destruction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; &lt;b&gt;But people are not hummingbirds. People can build institutions that
take the edge off frantic commons behavior. People have unwritten and
written constitutions that help to establish social order. People can
and do accumulate wealth. People communicate, invent lines of kinship,
and develop customs, traditions, and rules of law that limit
anti-social behavior. People define, enforce, and trade property
rights. People can and do avoid the tragedy of the commons. Indeed,
instead of living with tragedies, people triumph over the commons. But
the triumphs are never perfect or complete. There is always another
commons to manage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Ascent of Man&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; I wish to put forward the notion that &lt;b&gt;encounters with the commons
form the fundamental stimulus that yields, instead of tragedy, what we
today call civilization.&lt;/b&gt; The ascent of man from a primitive existence
with no wealth accumulation to life as we know it is fundamentally a
story about triumph over, not tragedy of, the commons. Let me explain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Our very existence as human beings is defined by evolved
institutions for avoiding tragedies. We have names, which serve the
economic purpose of identifying us as parties to contracts and
agreements. Those names, first and last, form webs of communication
that reduce the social cost of assigning responsibilities and
liabilities. They enhance truth-telling and promise-keeping; they raise
the cost of engaging in anti-social behavior. They limit a tragedy of
the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; We have abstract symbols of ownership&amp;mdash;deeds, titles, and
contracts&amp;mdash;that define spheres of autonomous behavior. We speak of our
homes, our cars, our clothes, our families, and our pasture. Even
language has evolved to provide a possessive form that accommodates
triumph over the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; We write and observe contracts, wills, and marriage agreements that
define relationships, identify turf, and conserve wealth. We accept
evolved bodies of law and law-enforcement activities to assure the
integrity of our agreements. We carry papers that enable us to acquire
property, extinguish debt, cross borders, drive vehicles, and
communicate effectively with strangers. And we have locks, keys, walls,
fences, brands, and encryption devices, all this in an effort to avoid
a tragedy of the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Property rights define who we are and what we have. Property rights
guard others from our unwanted advances and prevent us from
contributing to a tragedy of their commons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;  Avoiding a tragedy of the commons is costly. The benefits must be large. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; The tragedy is found where for reasons having to do with power,
intolerance, or cost, human beings have not yet defined private
property rights. Or, as we shall see, where evolving property rights
encouraged by man the institution builder have been destroyed. What was
once a triumph can become a tragedy. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; What about fisheries? How can we avoid a tragedy of the commons
there? Long before the Europeans arrived on the scene in the Pacific
Northwest, Native Americans had figured it out. Small tribes in what is
now Washington State had salmon fishing rights. Don Leal tells us that
&amp;ldquo;in some cases, the tribe owned the rights; in others, families or
individuals or a combination owned the rights.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; And what happened when the Europeans arrived? You guessed it. Leal
tells the story this way: &amp;ldquo;Instead of recognizing the well-defined and
enforced fishing rights, the U.S. government allowed newcomers to place
nets across the mouth of the Columbia. This quickly depleted salmon
runs, so traps and weirs were banned&amp;mdash;only to be replaced by purse seine
boats powered by internal combustion engines. The race to catch salmon
moved to open waters. Ironically, from the country where private
property is considered sacrosanct came a socialistic legal system
driven by politics and military power.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#6"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
What had been private property was turned into a commons. What had been
an institution-builder triumph became a political tragedy. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; For centuries before anyone in the United States thought much about
environmental quality, our common law defined and protected the
environmental rights of ordinary people.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#10"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
Enforced by judges in courts across the land, common law protected the
right of downstream property owners to receive water and air in
undiminished quality for reasonable use. At common law, rivers could
not be treated as open sewers if doing so imposed costs on downstream
rightholders. Industrial plants could not blow smoke and emissions onto
the land and property of ordinary people. The record is filled with
cases, here and in Canada, decided under English common-law traditions:
where farmers sued industrial plants and won; where citizens of one
state sued polluters in another state, and won; and where common-law
judges ordered polluters to clean up or shut down. There are also cases
where this did not happen, where judges turned away from
property-rights enforcement and behaved as policy makers. But when the
judges got it wrong, their decisions affected a small number of people,
not an entire nation. [I note &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/2008/12/23/limited-liability-produces-both-pollution-and-political-meddling-block-on-environmentalism.aspx"&gt;Walter Block disagrees strongly&lt;/a&gt; and views this change in common law as leading to the rampant pollution that set the stage for federal legislation.] This, of course, changed with the advent of
legislation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Prior to the passage of federal pollution-control statutes, every
major city in the United States had taken steps to define public
property rights to air quality. Many states, including California, had
taken a river-basin approach to the management of water quality, this
in addition to the use of common law. Multi-state compacts were
forming. By the 1960s, environmental quality was improving rapidly in
many locations. The property rights institution builders were on their
way to avoiding a tragedy of the commons. Common law was converting the
commons to private property.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;
 This was changed with the passage of &lt;b&gt;federal legislation that
effectively nationalized air and water quality in the United States.
What was becoming private property was made public property, almost a
commons. The new system of command-and-control regulation allowed
polluters to operate legally if they had a permit. With permits in
hand, new polluters could enter already crowded river basins. The new
regime provided political access to industries and municipalities that
hoped to postpone the day of reckoning in common law courts.&lt;/b&gt; ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; This work sheds light on mankind&amp;rsquo;s struggle to avoid the tragedy of
the commons. It tells us that at very low levels of income, what might
be called stage one, human beings cannot afford to do much about
property-rights enforcement and the commons. They live in a world where
custom and tradition sustain them. As incomes rise and losses from the
commons expand, stage two is entered. Fences go up, and rules are set
for protecting the commons. Finally, in stage three, markets evolve
along with rules of law that define spheres of private and public
action. Private rights replace public control, and the triumph replaces
the tragedy of the commons. [Yandle ignores government mismanagement here, and how Western markets and Westernized leaders have seamrollered native institutions.] &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Life for mankind began on a commons where tragedies were
commonplace and the incentive to improve was powerful. Out of the
struggle to survive and accumulate wealth evolved markets, property
rights, and the rule of law&amp;mdash;a triumph on the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; But just as bees compete with hummingbirds in the struggle to
control access to nectar, institution builders who seek to support
markets and property rights compete with others who seek to
redistribute wealth. Actions to redistribute wealth blunt the incentive
to protect property rights and create wealth. This converts triumph to
tragedy.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="refHTML"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270932" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/tragedy+of+commons/default.aspx">tragedy of commons</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/ostrom/default.aspx">ostrom</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/yandle/default.aspx">yandle</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/evolution/default.aspx">evolution</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/cooperation/default.aspx">cooperation</category></item><item><title>El sistema de amenaza de huelga</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/19/el-sistema-de-amenaza-de-huelga.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 18:49:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270694</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Robert G. Anderson. (Publicado el 19 de noviembre de
2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3852"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3852&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;[The Freeman, 1973]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Se ha refutado otra falacia econ&amp;oacute;mica mediante el erudito
an&amp;aacute;lisis de W.H. Hutt de su m&amp;aacute;s reciente libro. La falsa creencia de que los
sindicatos mejoran la situaci&amp;oacute;n del trabajador ejercitando la amenaza de huelga
ante los empresarios se analiza concienzudamente y la conclusi&amp;oacute;n es evidente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;El efecto de lo salarios
determinados bajo la presi&amp;oacute;n de los sindicatos es distorsionar la estructura de
producci&amp;oacute;n de la sociedad sin causar ninguna redistribuci&amp;oacute;n en absoluto a favor
de las clases m&amp;aacute;s pobres como tales, el sistema ha ida reduciendo el flujo de
los salarios reales y la media de &amp;eacute;stos&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Aunque el libro se preocupa principalmente por las
consecuencias econ&amp;oacute;micas de la amenaza de huelga en nuestro mercado laboral,
pregunta una argumentaci&amp;oacute;n igualmente devastadora a favor de la superioridad
del libre mercado en la determinaci&amp;oacute;n de los salarios de los trabajadores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El libro demuestra&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;que lo que llamamos &amp;lsquo;el mercado&amp;rsquo;
ofrece los &amp;uacute;nicos medios concebibles de conseguir la ordenaci&amp;oacute;n y la
eliminaci&amp;oacute;n de la acci&amp;oacute;n coercitiva en el proceso de cooperaci&amp;oacute;n humana o los
resultados que se consideran intuitivamente como &amp;lsquo;justos&amp;rsquo; por abrumador
consenso entre la gente libre&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En principio esto puede parecer simplemente una reafirmaci&amp;oacute;n
de los argumentos del libre mercado. Sin embargo, la tesis de Hutt no concede
el &amp;ldquo;derecho a la huelga&amp;rdquo;, un asunto en el que la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los defensores del
libre mercado est&amp;aacute;n dispuestos a ceder. Hutt argumenta:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Prohibir huelgas y boicots no
ser&amp;iacute;a restringir ning&amp;uacute;n derecho humano b&amp;aacute;sico. Toda persona seguir&amp;iacute;a siendo
libre de rehusar vender sus activos, sus productos y sus servicios, siempre que
el reh&amp;uacute;se no sea un incumplimiento de contrato. Esto es, una persona retendr&amp;iacute;a
su ilimitado derecho a preferir (a) ser contratado por otro, (b) trabajar por
su cuenta o (c) disfrutar de tiempo libre en lugar de una remuneraci&amp;oacute;n
pecuniaria. Pero no puede apelarse a este derecho como justificaci&amp;oacute;n del
rechazo concertado o simult&amp;aacute;neo de un grupo de personas a trabajar en una
industria, una empresa o una posici&amp;oacute;n clave en una industria o empresa&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El argumento de Hutt contra la ausencia masiva de todos los
trabajadores es convincente. Sin embargo, aunque demuestra claramente que de
esa acci&amp;oacute;n s&amp;oacute;lo puede resultar una p&amp;eacute;rdida de riqueza para los miembros de la sociedad,
aparece el dilema en el asunto de su implantaci&amp;oacute;n. Cualquier ley &amp;ldquo;antihuelga&amp;rdquo;
ser&amp;iacute;a contraria a los principios de la filosof&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado salvo que
pueda demostrarse una clara vulneraci&amp;oacute;n de contrato.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Al refutar el argumento de John Stuart Mill acerca de la
futilidad de hacer huelga, Hutt argumenta que a veces las huelgas dan
resultado. Pero &amp;ldquo;dan resultado&amp;rdquo;, dir&amp;iacute;a yo, porque no se aplican leyes que
protejan la propiedad. El crecimiento del sistema de amenaza de huelga ha
aparecido porque se han implantado leyes favoreciendo a los sindicatos y no se
han aplicado leyes que protegen a las personas y propiedades.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La amenaza de huelga es claramente producto de una
mentalidad colectivista y con toda probabilidad no existir&amp;iacute;a en una sociedad
libre ideal. Sin embargo, si los individuos desean realizar una acci&amp;oacute;n
perjudicial para su bienestar (el rechazo concertado o simult&amp;aacute;neo de un grupo
de personas de trabajar en una industria), su libertad para perseguir esa
tonter&amp;iacute;a debe defenderse. El Profesor Hutt argumenta de otra forma y despu&amp;eacute;s de
una lectura detenida de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Strike-Threat-System-The-P554.aspx"&gt;The
Strike-Threat System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, el lector deber&amp;iacute;a sacar sus propias conclusiones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hutt se ocupa extensamente de los an&amp;aacute;lisis del pasado del
trabajo y de compartir el trabajo. Entierra la idea popular de que los
sindicatos hayan sido alguna vez beneficiosos, demostrando que &amp;eacute;stos siempre
han infligido injusticias e interrumpido la producci&amp;oacute;n. Sus cap&amp;iacute;tulos sobre el
impacto de los sindicatos en el mercado total del trabajo son inestimables para
la cr&amp;iacute;tica de la historia sindical.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Lo que es seguro es que este libro se convertir&amp;aacute; en un
cl&amp;aacute;sico para estudiantes de la filosof&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado al examinar el
mercado del trabajo. Por fin existe un libro satisfactorio para ense&amp;ntilde;ar la
teor&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado de la econom&amp;iacute;a laboral. Todos debemos gratitud al
Profesor Hutt por rellenar este hueco de la literatura econ&amp;oacute;mica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Robert G. Anderson ense&amp;ntilde;&amp;oacute; econom&amp;iacute;a y gesti&amp;oacute;n de empresas en el
Grove City Collage en Pennsylvania, antes de unirse a la Fundaci&amp;oacute;n para la
Educaci&amp;oacute;n Econ&amp;oacute;mica. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Esta cr&amp;iacute;tica apareci&amp;oacute; originalmente en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/books/freeman1973.pdf"&gt;The Freeman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 1973, Vol.
23, N&amp;ordm; 1, pp. 758-760.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270694" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>El mercado puede regular los automóviles</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/19/el-mercado-puede-regular-los-autom-243-viles.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 18:09:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270675</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Daniel Hewitt. (Publicado el 18 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3842"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3842&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Una de los ejemplos m&amp;aacute;s habituales que aportan quienes se
oponen a la abolici&amp;oacute;n de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental de los productos de
consumo es el del autom&amp;oacute;vil. La l&amp;oacute;gica de esta objeci&amp;oacute;n es que el autom&amp;oacute;vil es
el producto de consumo m&amp;aacute;s caro y complejo que la mayor&amp;iacute;a compra en su vida.
Tiene tanto impacto en la seguridad personal, el medio ambiente y nuestra
cultura en general que es demasiado importante como para dejar que lo regule el
libre mercado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es ingenua la visi&amp;oacute;n de trampas mortales chapuceramente
dise&amp;ntilde;adas cubriendo el planeta con un espeso humo. Por el contrario, ya hemos
visto atisbos en nuestra sistema regulado actual de c&amp;oacute;mo funcionar&amp;iacute;a uno no
regulado, pues los deseos b&amp;aacute;sicos del consumidor trascienden cualquier
regulaci&amp;oacute;n impuesta por el gobierno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Contaminaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El Dr. Walter Block &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3431"&gt;se
ocupa del asunto de la contaminaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt; en su reciente libro &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Privatization-of-Roads-and-Highways-P581.aspx?utm_source=Mises_Daily&amp;amp;utm_medium=Embedded_Link&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily"&gt;The
Privatization of Roads and Highways&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
[&lt;i&gt;La privatizaci&amp;oacute;n de las carreteras&lt;/i&gt;] y demuestra r&amp;aacute;pidamente que la
pesadilla de los estatistas de una contaminaci&amp;oacute;n sin control es falsa. Los
propietarios de carreteras privadas, conscientes de que ser&amp;iacute;an los objetivos
m&amp;aacute;s evidentes de demandas de contaminaci&amp;oacute;n por parte de propietarios
colindantes, se proteger&amp;iacute;an cobrando tarifas m&amp;aacute;s altas a veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s
contaminantes, dando incentivos a los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles para dise&amp;ntilde;ar y
construir equipos de control de contaminaci&amp;oacute;n en sus veh&amp;iacute;culos. La explicaci&amp;oacute;n
de Block es tan l&amp;uacute;cida y racional que tiene m&amp;aacute;s sentido examinar los fallos de
actual sistema regulado que el funcionamiento de uno no regulado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las regulaciones del Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
dictadas en los a&amp;ntilde;os 1970, se tomaron bajo la mentalidad del &amp;ldquo;gobierno federal
como salvador&amp;rdquo;, en reacci&amp;oacute;n al embargo de petr&amp;oacute;leo de los pa&amp;iacute;ses &amp;aacute;rabes.&lt;a name="_ftnref2"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Desde entonces CAFE se ha transformado durante d&amp;eacute;cadas en un medio por el que
los fan&amp;aacute;ticos del medio ambiente pueden reducir nuestra &amp;ldquo;huella de carbono&amp;rdquo;,
independientemente de la voluntad del individuo. Con un Congreso elegido
popularmente obligando a la econom&amp;iacute;a de gasolina a los fabricantes de
autom&amp;oacute;viles, las millas por gal&amp;oacute;n requeridas han aumentado constantemente &lt;a href="http://mises.org/story/909"&gt;con poca consideraci&amp;oacute;n de los deseos (o
vidas) de los consumidores&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Como el c&amp;aacute;lculo del CAFE se pondera por volumen de ventas,
la cantidad de unidades vendidas de cada modelo es cr&amp;iacute;tica para el cumplimiento
de los requerimientos por el fabricante. Para aumentar el volumen de ventas,
deben descontarse los veh&amp;iacute;culos peque&amp;ntilde;os, eficientes en consumo. En cambio los
precios aumentan para los veh&amp;iacute;culos grandes con niveles de consumo m&amp;aacute;s altos
para disminuir las ventas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles, de alguna forma
contraintuitivamente, no se oponen a est&amp;aacute;ndares m&amp;aacute;s estrictos. Se llega a
acuerdos con los lobbys de los autos, como subvenciones a tecnolog&amp;iacute;as e
investigaciones que economicen gasolina a cambio del apoyo de fabricantes a
requisitos del CAFE a los que de otra manera se opondr&amp;iacute;an. Igualmente puede
negociarse la categorizaci&amp;oacute;n de modelos concretos para disminuir el impacto en
los fabricantes. Los autobuses y camiones tienen diferentes est&amp;aacute;ndares CAFE y
con la aparici&amp;oacute;n de los crossover los l&amp;iacute;mites entre camiones y autom&amp;oacute;viles se
han difuminado (el PT Cruiser de Chrysler se ha clasificado como cami&amp;oacute;n).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La primera consecuencia no deseada de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n CAFE ha
sido su impacto negativo en la seguridad de los pasajeros. El efecto de los
siempre crecientes est&amp;aacute;ndares de economizaci&amp;oacute;n de combustible ha sido una
tendencia acelerada hacia veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s peque&amp;ntilde;os (m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pida que la tendencia
que habr&amp;iacute;a tenido el mercado si se le dejara actuar). Los ocupantes de
veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s peque&amp;ntilde;os y ligeros tienen mayores riesgos en colisiones
m&amp;uacute;ltiples, debido a la gran disparidad en el tama&amp;ntilde;o.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un an&amp;aacute;lisis de 1999 del &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt; estimaba que de
1975 a 1999, murieron aproximadamente 46.000 personas en accidentes que habr&amp;iacute;an
sobrevivido si hubieran conducido veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s grandes. Son 7.700 muertes
acumuladas por cada milla por gal&amp;oacute;n ganada.&lt;a name="_ftnref3"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Se han realizado diversos estudios (con distintas conclusiones, pues es
necesario cierto an&amp;aacute;lisis subjetivo), pero la premisa general de que la
disparidad en tama&amp;ntilde;o aumenta las tasas de mortalidad permanece como totalmente
l&amp;oacute;gica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Perdido en el debate sobre el economizaci&amp;oacute;n de gasolina est&amp;aacute;
el hecho de que hoy existe tecnolog&amp;iacute;a para veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s eficientes en combustible,
pero el mercado los ha rechazado en su mayor parte. Los compradores de coches
han evitado constantemente el cambio manual de marchas, a pesar de su impacto
positivo en la eficiencia del combustible, a favor de la m&amp;aacute;s c&amp;oacute;moda pero menos
eficiente caja de cambios autom&amp;aacute;tica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Tambi&amp;eacute;n los compradores han optado por los tradicionales
motores de gasolina frente a motores di&amp;eacute;sel m&amp;aacute;s eficientes. Igualmente la
ganancia en eficiencia de combustible de un motor turboalimentado no ha atra&amp;iacute;do
a los compradores para hacer la inversi&amp;oacute;n adicional. Los fabricantes no han
sido capaces de compensar el mayor coste de los paneles de la estructura de
aluminio (que reducen la masa y por tanto aumentan la eficiencia) con un precio
de venta m&amp;aacute;s alto y as&amp;iacute; el acero sigue siendo el componente principal de sus
carrocer&amp;iacute;as.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El hecho de que el ahorro de gasolina se haya convertido en
un asunto de debate p&amp;uacute;blico en lugar de ser una elecci&amp;oacute;n del consumidor, es un
indicador deprimente de lo difundida que est&amp;aacute; la visi&amp;oacute;n colectivista de la
necesidad de un mercado regulado por el gobierno. Obligaciones de una mayor
eficiencia en combustible de autom&amp;oacute;vil y financiaci&amp;oacute;n p&amp;uacute;blica de combustibles
alternativos siguen siendo ideas masivamente populares&lt;a name="_ftnref4"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
a pesar de que los segmentos de coches peque&amp;ntilde;os y medianos cubren s&amp;oacute;lo un 45%
de todas las ventas de autom&amp;oacute;viles.&lt;a name="_ftnref5"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Calidad&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt;
es una revista muy conocida que publica revisiones, comparaciones, pruebas y
gu&amp;iacute;as de compra de productos de consumo de autom&amp;oacute;viles nuevos y usados. La publica
la organizaci&amp;oacute;n sin &amp;aacute;nimo de lucro Consumers Union y se financia por sus
suscripciones. Para mantener la objetividad a ojos de sus suscriptores, su
c&amp;oacute;digo operativo es estricto: no aceptan publicidad de fuentes externas y
compran an&amp;oacute;nimamente todos los veh&amp;iacute;culos que prueban. Su relaci&amp;oacute;n con los
fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles ha sido tempestuosa desde hace tiempo, pues dichos
fabricantes han criticado frecuentemente los m&amp;eacute;todos de prueba de &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt;, el peque&amp;ntilde;o tama&amp;ntilde;o de las pruebas, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sin embargo, con el tiempo, &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; ha
ganado tanta influencia y ha acumulado el suficiente respeto y buena voluntad
entre los compradores, que los fabricantes de veh&amp;iacute;culos empezaron a trabajar
con ellos desde el primer momento. La pr&amp;aacute;ctica de pruebas de nuevos modelos de &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt; permaneci&amp;oacute; inmutable, pero los fabricantes de coches enviar&amp;iacute;an
veh&amp;iacute;culos en preproducci&amp;oacute;n a su instalaci&amp;oacute;n de pruebas para pedir la opini&amp;oacute;n de
los ingenieros de pruebas. As&amp;iacute; pod&amp;iacute;an incorporarse las sugestiones de los ingenieros
al dise&amp;ntilde;o del veh&amp;iacute;culo y antes del inicio de la producci&amp;oacute;n en masa (y la
consiguiente compra al azar y prueba de &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt;) y lograr una
mejor cr&amp;iacute;tica.(6)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En 2003 se inform&amp;oacute; ampliamente de esta pr&amp;aacute;ctica, forzando a &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt; a abandonarla, porque pon&amp;iacute;a en cuesti&amp;oacute;n su objetividad.&lt;a name="_ftnref7"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Incluso la apariencia de parcialidad, fuera real o no, fue motivo suficiente
para que &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; cambiara de actitud. En una econom&amp;iacute;a de
mercado, la opini&amp;oacute;n de sus clientes era sacrosanta, como en el caso de
cualquier vendedor de un bien o servicio.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;J.D. Power &amp;amp; Associates, propiedad de la sociedad
an&amp;oacute;nima McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., est&amp;aacute; especializada en encuestas de
satisfacci&amp;oacute;n de los consumidores. Su principal fuente de ingresos son las
compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as de autom&amp;oacute;viles que compran los datos que recogen. Su ampliamente
conocida Encuesta de Calidad Inicial (IQS, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s) se ha
convertido en la referencia de calidad del producto en el sector de la
automoci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Se encuesta a los compradores durante los 90 d&amp;iacute;as despu&amp;eacute;s de
la compra de un veh&amp;iacute;culo nuevo y se les pide que indiquen Cosas que Van Mal
(TGW, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s). El resumen de datos de Cosas que Van Mal por
cada 100 veh&amp;iacute;culos (TGW/100) para cada modelo, fabricante, segmento y planta de
fabricaci&amp;oacute;n se presenta anualmente al p&amp;uacute;blico.(&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Se entregan datos detallados por cada categor&amp;iacute;a TGW y modelo a los clientes de J.D.
Power &amp;amp; Associates.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La IQS tiene limitaciones: cada TGW tiene un peso
equivalente, as&amp;iacute; que un posavasos dif&amp;iacute;cil de usar tendr&amp;iacute;a el mismo impacto que
un motor que funciona mal. Tambi&amp;eacute;n 90 d&amp;iacute;as es un periodo de servicio demasiado
corto para juzgar la calidad a largo plazo de un modelo. Sin embargo, todos los
fabricantes de autos est&amp;aacute;n forzados a respetar el profundo impacto que tiene la
IQS en la percepci&amp;oacute;n del consumidor y todos la han adoptado como una medici&amp;oacute;n
interna de calidad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; y J.D. Power &amp;amp; Associates juegan
un papel importante en cualquier Mercado, regulado o no, y sin duda continuar&amp;aacute;n
existiendo y prosperando por lo que podr&amp;iacute;an abolirse las regulaciones
gubernamentales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Seguridad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS)&lt;a name="_ftnref9"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
es una organizaci&amp;oacute;n sin &amp;aacute;nimo de lucro, que recibe fondos de las aseguradoras
de autom&amp;oacute;viles en un intento por reducir el n&amp;uacute;mero de accidentes, el alcance de
los da&amp;ntilde;os y el nivel de lesiones personales. Al reconocer que las regulaciones
impuestas por el estado a trav&amp;eacute;s de la Administraci&amp;oacute;n de la Seguridad en el
Tr&amp;aacute;fico de las Carreteras Nacionales (NHTSA, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s) no reflejaban
adecuadamente los objetivos de clientes y aseguradoras, el IIHS formul&amp;oacute; varios
tests propios de seguridad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Adem&amp;aacute;s de la obligada prueba por parte de la NHSTA del
impacto frontal, el IIHS desarroll&amp;oacute; la prueba de impacto frontal limitada para
representar mejor los impactos de la vida real. La mayor parte de los impactos
son limitados, es decir, el impacto se produce s&amp;oacute;lo en una parte del frontal
del autom&amp;oacute;vil y no se distribuye por igual en toda la parte frontal. La prueba
de impacto lateral del IIHS tambi&amp;eacute;n es distinta de la versi&amp;oacute;n de la NHSTA, para
simular la m&amp;aacute;s peligrosa y cada vez m&amp;aacute;s com&amp;uacute;n situaci&amp;oacute;n de que un veh&amp;iacute;culo
todoterreno m&amp;aacute;s alto impacte en el lateral del autom&amp;oacute;vil. En 2009, el IIHS
empez&amp;oacute; a probar el aplastamiento de techos en veh&amp;iacute;culos todoterreno, que son
propensos a accidentes con vuelco para un est&amp;aacute;ndar m&amp;aacute;s estricto que el que
obliga la NHSTA.&lt;a name="_ftnref10"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;IIHS compra y prueba modelos nuevos y redise&amp;ntilde;os, con los
resultados detallados a disposici&amp;oacute;n de fabricantes y aseguradoras e informes
resumen para el p&amp;uacute;blico general.&lt;a name="_ftnref11"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Los beneficios netos para los consumidores son veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s seguros y primas
de seguro m&amp;aacute;s bajas, derivadas del beneficio de las aseguradoras por menos
indemnizaciones y de menor importe. Tambi&amp;eacute;n los fabricantes se benefician por
las mejores pruebas que representan mejor las condiciones de la vida real y as&amp;iacute;
reducen el riesgo de litigios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Estos deseos permanecer&amp;iacute;an en un mercado verdaderamente
libre y por tanto el IIHS o un competidor que a&amp;ntilde;adiera un valor similar
mantendr&amp;iacute;an este importante papel. Los dispositivos de seguridad de dudoso
valor, &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/114"&gt;como los airbags&lt;/a&gt;, recibir&amp;iacute;an la
revisi&amp;oacute;n atenta que merecen en un mercado verdaderamente libre y los
consumidores se beneficiar&amp;iacute;an de la transparencia y franqueza que falta a
nuestro sistema actual.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Podemos imaginar f&amp;aacute;cilmente que los propietarios de
carreteras privadas impondr&amp;iacute;an un est&amp;aacute;ndar m&amp;iacute;nimo de seguridad a los veh&amp;iacute;culos
que las transiten. El nivel de rendimiento de seguridad requerido seguramente
variar&amp;iacute;a de una carretera a otra. Por ejemplo, un tractor que viaja s&amp;oacute;lo cortas
distancias en carreteras rurales no necesitar&amp;iacute;a tener el mismo equipamiento de
seguridad que un turismo familiar en una autopista de circunvalaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por encima del umbral m&amp;iacute;nimo, los fabricantes se adaptar&amp;iacute;an
a las elecciones individuales de los consumidores. Los modelos con niveles m&amp;aacute;s
altos de seguridad satisfar&amp;iacute;an a los consumidores que valoran primas de seguro
m&amp;aacute;s bajas o tranquilidad. Los modelos con menores niveles de seguridad
satisfar&amp;iacute;an a los consumidores que se centran en el coste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La NHSTA emite los conocidos Est&amp;aacute;ndares de Seguridad
Federales para Veh&amp;iacute;culos a Motor (FMVSS, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s). Aunque el
lobby del sector tiene influencia, las regulaciones de los FMVSS son,
esencialmente, dependientes del gobierno. Y, como todo lo que depende del
gobierno, crean distorsiones en el mercado. Las aparentemente peque&amp;ntilde;as
diferencias entre regulaciones ocasionan gastos adicionales para los
fabricantes, privando a los consumidores del ben&amp;eacute;fico m&amp;aacute;ximo de la divisi&amp;oacute;n
internacional del trabajo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los veh&amp;iacute;culos importados deben modificarse para cumplir con
los requerimientos propios de los FMVSS, ya sea en la f&amp;aacute;brica de origen o por
un adaptador local, elevando su coste. Los veh&amp;iacute;culos exportados se ven
penalizados de forma similar. Por ejemplo, los modelos exportados al Canad&amp;aacute;
deben equipar luces para el d&amp;iacute;a (DRL) y un parachoques con otro dise&amp;ntilde;o, pues
los CMVSS (el equivalente canadiense de los FMVSS) tienen provisiones propias,
obligando a tener luces operando durante el d&amp;iacute;a y una mayor velocidad de
impacto para la vulnerabilidad del parachoques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Conclusi&amp;oacute;n&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Todos los consumidores dan un alto valor a su seguridad
personal. Los vendedores de cualquier producto de consumo &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/557"&gt;deben atender este deseo&lt;/a&gt; con el fin de
prosperar en una econom&amp;iacute;a capitalista.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles, a causa de los deseos de sus
consumidores de acceder a las carreteras al menor coste posible y para obtener
un seguro tambi&amp;eacute;n con el m&amp;iacute;nimo coste, se beneficiar&amp;iacute;an produciendo productos
seguros que cumplan los est&amp;aacute;ndares establecidos por los reguladores privados.
Los reguladores privados, que dependen de su propia reputaci&amp;oacute;n y honradez como
marcas, competir&amp;iacute;an entre s&amp;iacute; por la posibilidad de probar y certificar
autom&amp;oacute;viles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El seguro dejar&amp;iacute;a de ser obligatorio, dejando la elecci&amp;oacute;n a
cada individuo. Es posible que algunos propietarios de carreteras requieran a
sus usuarios que tengan seguros personales. Adem&amp;aacute;s, para proteger los activos
que est&amp;aacute;n financiando, quienes otorguen cr&amp;eacute;ditos para compra de coches pueden
requerir que el comprado contrate un seguro de colisi&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El libre mercado posee los medios para regularse por s&amp;iacute;
mismo. Los autom&amp;oacute;viles no son demasiado importantes como para dejar que los
gestione el libre mercado. Son demasiado importantes como para dejarlos al
gobierno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;--------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Daniel Hewitt es ingeniero de autom&amp;oacute;viles en Detroit,
Michigan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;

&lt;hr align="left" /&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn1"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; Walter Block, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Privatization-of-Roads-and-Highways-P581.aspx?utm_source=Mises_Daily&amp;amp;utm_medium=Embedded_Link&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily"&gt;The
Privatization of Roads and Highways&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Auburn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn2"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn2"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
NHTSA: &lt;a href="http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm"&gt;CAFE
Overview&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn3"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn3"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; James R. Healey, &amp;quot;Death by the
Gallon: Push for Better Mileage Raises Death Tolls,&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, Edici&amp;oacute;n
Especial Reimpresa, reimpresa de &lt;i&gt;Money&lt;/i&gt;, 2 de Julio de 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn4"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn4"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://pewresearch.org/pubs/756/mixed-signals-on-energy-policy"&gt;&amp;quot;Mixed
Signals on Energy Policy&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Pew Research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn5"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn5"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html"&gt;Auto Sales -
Markets Data Center&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn6"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(6)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2003-09-16-cr_x.htm"&gt;&amp;quot;Many Car
Shoppers&amp;#39; First Stop Is &amp;#39;Consumer Reports&amp;#39;&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, 16 de
septiembre de 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn7"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn7"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2003-09-29-cr_x.htm"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;#39;Consumer
Reports&amp;#39; Changes&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, 29 de septiembre 2003.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn8"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jdpower.com/corporate/news/releases/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2009108"&gt;&amp;quot;2009
Initial Quality Study&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J.D. Power and Associates, 22 de junio de
2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn9"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn9"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; IIHS, &lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/origins.html"&gt;&amp;quot;Origins and Purposes of the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn10"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn10"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr032409.html"&gt;Noticia divulgada por el
IIHS&lt;/a&gt;, 24 de marzo de 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn11"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn11"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/ratings/default.aspx"&gt;Clasificaci&amp;oacute;n de veh&amp;iacute;culos
del IIHS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270675" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Establishing further ties between Africa and South America</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/2009/11/19/establishing-further-ties-between-africa-and-south-america.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 16:22:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270663</guid><dc:creator>Rubén</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A long term goal could be to expand direct scheduled commercial airline and ocean freight service between South American and African countries through private investors willing to establish a true global infrastructure. Help from governments is certainly useful, but our political systems are generally prone to corruption and diverted resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In terms of tourism and emigration, South Americans like to travel to North America and Africans like to travel to Europe. In that sociological context, promoting direct&amp;nbsp;trave between Africa and South America is quite tough at this time. We should continue establishing online bonds between our people, so that eventually our fresh intercontinental market becomes big enough for transportation companies to profitably establishing direct air and sea routes. We need more convenient transportation options to develop our intercontinental tourism industry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The borders between contiguous African and South American countries are inherited from colonial times and they continue separating kindred from each other. These intracontinental rivalries do not seem on their way to being resolved any time soon. In the mean time, we should promote a very strong bilateral relationship between South Africa and Brazil. The next two Football World Cups as well as a future Olympiad will take place in either of these countries. Africans and South Americans from across our continents should take advantage of the global rise of Brazil and South Africa, because the smaller countries might also accelerate the integration between our various local cultures through the help of the big two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The history of slavery is far from having been exhaustively studied. It is easier nowadays to construct a person&amp;#39;s genealogy tree through sites such as geni, myheritage and even facebook. It would be interesting that a team of Nigerian, Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast researchers teamed up with Caribbean, Colombian, Venezuelan and Brazilian counterparts with the goal of finding out their common ancestors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The petroleum and gas industries of Venezuela and Nigeria are facing tremendous production challenges due to internal conflicts arising from our local populations. Perhaps a stronger integration among the people of our countries could divert some interest out of nationalistic subsidies back into meritocracy. Our countries are potentially rich in developing alternative sources of energy, but the legal issue of private vs. state ownership of resources remains as a significant drawback to investment, research and development.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I have not studied any of these issues in depth and I am sure there are people out there who are much more qualified than me to propose a framework for establishing further ties between our continents. The main purpose of this essay is to promote a wake up call to other Africans and South Americans to further develop our direct interaction within the context of competitive globalization. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rub&amp;eacute;n Rivero Capriles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;Caracas, November 19, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.riverocooper.com"&gt;http://www.riverocooper.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.rroopstr.com"&gt;http://www.rroopstr.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270663" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Venezuela/default.aspx">Venezuela</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/genealogy/default.aspx">genealogy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/tourism/default.aspx">tourism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Africa/default.aspx">Africa</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Brazil/default.aspx">Brazil</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Nigeria/default.aspx">Nigeria</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/slavery/default.aspx">slavery</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/freight/default.aspx">freight</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/South+America/default.aspx">South America</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/South+Africa/default.aspx">South Africa</category></item><item><title>Why the Government is not willing to cut-off the "Umbilical Cord"</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/why-the-government-is-not-willing-to-cut-off-the-quot-umbilical-cord-quot.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:21:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270575</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Poverty is a topic that we often hear about, yet I don&amp;#39;t believe many of us have ever truly experienced it.&amp;nbsp; I am writing about poverty based on my&amp;nbsp; knowledge and without claiming that I have done research on actual statistics.&amp;nbsp; No, I won&amp;#39;t be telling you how many poor people are in the world and how many have died as a result of poverty.&amp;nbsp; I will however give you my perspective on how poverty will affect us in the future.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First of all let me say that poverty is a very broad subject and I won&amp;#39;t get very detailed because all I want to do is to get a point across without making you fall asleep.&amp;nbsp; Poverty is directly influenced by politics and economics and reality is that poverty will always exist.&amp;nbsp; It is very sad but the world is not perfect, had never been perfect, and it will never be perfect.&amp;nbsp; You&amp;#39;ll also find poverty to be different based on which part of the world you&amp;#39;re in.&amp;nbsp; If you go to Somalia you probably won&amp;#39;t find the 350 pounds woman paying for her mountain full grocery cart with food stamps.&amp;nbsp; Please don&amp;#39;t think I have a problem with overweight people because I don&amp;#39;t.&amp;nbsp; My problem is with those that claim they&amp;#39;re poor yet they have their own big plasma TV&amp;#39;s, they&amp;#39;re using prepaid cell phones, they buy lottery tickets on the first day of the month, and are not starving, for sure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For now I will not discuss poverty in Somalia or Zimbabwe.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are however certain characteristics that are quite similar in all countries where poverty exists.&amp;nbsp; One of the characteristics is the direct relation between poverty and education, or shall I say &amp;quot;lack of education&amp;quot;. Now, lack of education does not mean necessarily that one is stupid but it provides an incredible avenue for others from a different class, a much higher class to exploit them.&amp;nbsp; I hear all the time politicians, university professors, and &amp;quot;community organizers&amp;quot; saying that they&amp;#39;re all fighting to extinguish poverty in the world.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fine, I&amp;#39;m all for it as long as they don&amp;#39;t make me poor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But let&amp;#39;s go back to the correlation between poverty and the lack of education.&amp;nbsp; I thought that when you give a man a fish you feed him for the day.&amp;nbsp; And when you teach a man how to fish you feed him for life.&amp;nbsp; But this is contrary to what our politicians are doing.&amp;nbsp; They take and take from us, in form of taxes, to give and give to some in form of welfare, Section 8 housing subsidies, and food stamps.&amp;nbsp; And don&amp;#39;t forget they get FREE health care, too!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I first arrived in America I was entitled to all these government &amp;quot;goodies&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; I was ashamed and embarrassed waiting in line for the welfare check the government was handing me, however I noticed that feeling was not quite predominant in the Welfare office.&amp;nbsp; For many around me it was just a &amp;quot;usual&amp;quot; thing.&amp;nbsp; After 2 months I decided I&amp;#39;d get any job available out there and I did.&amp;nbsp; I just could not stand the humiliation.&amp;nbsp; And even though I was making less money from my minimum hourly wage employment I was happy because dignity was something I grew up with.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Receiving something on a regular basis for just &amp;quot;existing in this world&amp;quot; is called &amp;quot;dependency&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; Contrary to being self-sufficient, dependency is like a deadly disease.&amp;nbsp; Now, I am not referring to the elderly nor the disabled whose conditions are completely justified.&amp;nbsp; I am referring to those that are able but not willing to work.&amp;nbsp; Yes, generation after generation that depends on these kinds of govt. programs.&amp;nbsp; Have you ever wondered WHY are our politicians feeding these folks on a daily basis rather than teaching them how to fish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OK, you are educated, and many Americans are educated.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately there are many whose brains are so darn passive that nothing can make them think.&amp;nbsp; Of course, when food and all the rest of the life&amp;#39;s necessities are met by the surrogate government, why bother?&amp;nbsp; Notice one thing with these folks?&amp;nbsp; They have the right to VOTE.&amp;nbsp; And who do you think they&amp;#39;re going to vote for?&amp;nbsp; Those politicians that would make them get off their behinds to go work for a living or those that promise them to not cut off the &amp;quot;umbilical cord&amp;quot;? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When a man is educated he is a threat to the government.&amp;nbsp; He is a threat because his smart brain is able to figure out if the government is cheating him or if the government is lying to him. The smart man is able to distinguish between what&amp;#39;s right and wrong.&amp;nbsp; The smart man will challenge the corrupt politicians.&amp;nbsp; The smart man is able to see through the pompous words that have no substance.&amp;nbsp; The educated man will challenge the politician&amp;#39;s position and consequently his lavish lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; Now you&amp;#39;ll understand WHY the &amp;quot;unfit&amp;quot; politician would rather keep generations of folks dependent on the government.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270575" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/government/default.aspx">government</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/dependency/default.aspx">dependency</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/welfare/default.aspx">welfare</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/politicians/default.aspx">politicians</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/poverty/default.aspx">poverty</category></item><item><title>Where there is Freedom there is Hope</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/where-there-is-freedom-there-is-hope.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:13:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270573</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Looking back at my childhood in communist Romania I remember the respect towards authority that was instilled in all of us.&amp;nbsp; Yes, I grew up in a system where the authority was always above everyone else, they were never wrong no matter the circumstance and we had the right to keep our mouth shut and never dispute their decisions.&amp;nbsp; Judicial system was not a venue for the average citizen to pursue.&amp;nbsp; Not one person would dare to bring suit in a court of law against the government because repercussions would certainly follow.&amp;nbsp; Something like this could only happen in a corrupt regime and please trust me when I say that all communist governments are filthy of corruption.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, our national television channels - and we had two in Romania during the 70&amp;#39;s - were showing almost all day coverage of how great our economy was and all the wonderful things our president was doing for our country.&amp;nbsp; Whenever I&amp;#39;d turn on the TV at night he was on - does this sound familiar to any of you?&amp;nbsp; President Ceausescu was speaking of the &amp;quot;great society&amp;quot; the Romanian people were creating through their hard work.&amp;nbsp; He was using all these pompous words that, as a child, had no meaning to me.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When I got into my teens I started to realize that nothing he or the national media were saying made any sense.&amp;nbsp; The authority was saying we were a prosperous nation yet my mom was waking up at 2:00 a.m. to stay in line for milk, butter, and eggs.&amp;nbsp; The authority was saying we had a high standard of living yet we only had hot water in our government owned apartment between 6:00 - 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 - 10:00 p.m. daily.&amp;nbsp; And let me clarify the fact that the shortages we had were ALL created by the government.&amp;nbsp; The food and the energy Romania was producing were all exported to other countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am asking you how would you react if you had to suddenly change the way you live your lives.&amp;nbsp; What if tomorrow the food will be rationed and you&amp;#39;d have to wake up at 2:00 a.m. to stay in line for food?&amp;nbsp; What if there is an energy shortage and you&amp;#39;ll only be allowed to take a shower whenever the govt. decides it&amp;#39;s the best time?&amp;nbsp; You think this can NEVER happen in America?&amp;nbsp; Yes, it can!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Allow me to share with you that before I immigrated to America I was interviewed by the American Consulate in Italy.&amp;nbsp; Among the first questions he had for me was WHY was I escaping communism?&amp;nbsp; Was it for economic reasons or any other reason?&amp;nbsp; I shared with him my ONLY reason for which I escaped communism and that was FREEDOM.&amp;nbsp; I guess he must have liked my answer because I could see the sign of a smile on his face.&amp;nbsp; He continued asking me what would I do if America went through an economic crises and there was a food shortage.&amp;nbsp; I said &amp;quot;Sir,&amp;nbsp; when there is Freedom, there is hope, and when there is hope I can keep on living.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; After about half an hour of more questions that I was supposed to answer he was done with the interview.&amp;nbsp; On my way out he said to me &amp;quot;I know you&amp;#39;ll do well in America&amp;quot;!&amp;nbsp; Reality is that I did and it was because I had FREEDOM.&amp;nbsp; With Freedom there is hope, and when the freedom is gone there is no more hope.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270573" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/hope/default.aspx">hope</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/government/default.aspx">government</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/corruption/default.aspx">corruption</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/freedom/default.aspx">freedom</category></item><item><title>Redestributing the Wealth</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/redestributing-the-wealth.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:00:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270570</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Is it fair for George Soros to enjoy the riches of this country while others struggle with putting food on their table? Is it fair for George Clooney to spend long vacations in Italy while a young honor student dies during a Chicago high-school riot?&amp;nbsp; Well, whenever I&amp;#39;d ask these kind of questions, a friend of mine used to always reply with &amp;quot;The fair is in Columbia, South Carolina&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am here to set the record straight about the subject of Wealth Redistribution.&amp;nbsp; I lived for many years in a communist country, where every citizen was supposed to own the wealth of Romania &amp;quot;COLLECTIVELY&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; The reality was that not only we had the right to own nothing individually but the president and his powerful elite enjoyed the benefits of collectivism.&amp;nbsp; There are ramifications to the fact that we were all working for the &amp;quot;right to own collectively&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; The simple answer to what were these ramifications lays in a question for you and that is &amp;quot;If you work hard for years and you really don&amp;#39;t get to experience the fruit of your labor individually for yourself and your family, what is your incentive to keep on working so hard?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The answer that you probably have should lead you to understand that communism is like the land of Utopia.&amp;nbsp; It exists in theory but in real life it&amp;#39;s not feasible.&amp;nbsp; Socialism is the last step before reaching communism.&amp;nbsp; So, if communism does not exist in real life, what do all those countries that call themselves &amp;quot;communist&amp;quot; are?&amp;nbsp; They are dictatorships and totalitarian, where a small group - usually the president and the powerful elite behind closed curtains - control all the affairs of the country and the people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the Bolsheviks took over Eastern Europe and &amp;quot;fundamentally transformed&amp;quot; it in 1917 they did it with the powerful print media and the money of the powerful elite.&amp;nbsp; Lots of money were invested by those with a powerful agenda into making the average people believe that the wealth of some would be taken away and redistributed &amp;quot;fairly&amp;quot; to all.&amp;nbsp; But it never happened the way people thought it would.&amp;nbsp; And no, I am not an idealist to believe that one day I&amp;#39;ll have a neighbor whose name is Warren Buffet or Bill Gates and I&amp;#39;ll have him over for the Sunday football cook-out!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately we are now seeing history repeating itself.&amp;nbsp; Are the free people going to allow the same mistake happen all under the ideal concept of &amp;quot;compassion&amp;quot;?&amp;nbsp; The very wealthy ones have contributed exorbitant amount of money for the president&amp;#39;s campaign.&amp;nbsp; Do you actually believe that anyone, including the president, will dare to touch any of the wealth that helped him become president?&amp;nbsp; Contrary, these are the folks that are now expecting their pay-back. For example, how come America committed to lending $2 billion to Brazil for off-shore drilling about 3 months ago when only in June - a few months prior - George Soros had invested about 24% of his securities portfolio in the Brazilian company Petrobras, who happens to be the largest oil producer in the Southern hemisphere.&amp;nbsp; Do you believe this is just a mere coincidence and George Soros was just a lucky guy?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No, my friend, this kind of wealth will not be redistributed the way one might think.&amp;nbsp; This kind of wealth will increase even more in a regime of &amp;quot;collective ownership&amp;quot; which is the direction our govt. is taking.&amp;nbsp; So, how will this affect us?&amp;nbsp; At least two major events will cause the redistribution of our wealth.&amp;nbsp; Taxation and Inflation.&amp;nbsp; We&amp;#39;ll keep on working hard but we&amp;#39;ll contribute more of our income towards the &amp;quot;greatest cause ever&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;collectivism&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; Why be selfish trying to keep more money in our pocket when we should be compassionate towards those that live in the projects?&amp;nbsp; After all, they need it more than we do!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inflation is another form of spreading equality amongst people.&amp;nbsp; In a nutshell, all the govt. spending will only increase the deficit.&amp;nbsp; Unless a miracle happens it&amp;#39;s not logical to say that the budget can or will be balanced without a sacrifice.&amp;nbsp; Printing more currency to pay for the govt.&amp;#39;s insane spending will cause our hard-earned dollar to diminish in value.&amp;nbsp; With this, our purchasing power decreases causing us and the rest of our neighborhood to drop from the &amp;quot;middle class&amp;quot; level somewhere below.&amp;nbsp; I know I an not ready to sacrifice my family and lifestyle for the good of collectivity.&amp;nbsp; Are you?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270570" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/communism/default.aspx">communism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/redistribution/default.aspx">redistribution</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/wealth/default.aspx">wealth</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/lifestyle/default.aspx">lifestyle</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/collective/default.aspx">collective</category></item><item><title>Swiss Model Health-Care in America</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/swiss-model-health-care-in-america.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 02:26:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270565</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Just the other day my nephew, a brilliant 22 years old with the wisdom of a much older and experienced individual - by the way, he&amp;#39;s also an independent thinker - brought to my attention a recent article that appeared in the NY Times. Here is the link to it just in case you&amp;#39;d like to read it http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/health/policy/01swiss.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had to read it twice to grasp its full meaning.&amp;nbsp; By now we all pretty much know that more than 51% of Americans are against a government run health-care which makes many of our politicians very nervous since they&amp;#39;ve been committing to the special-interests lobbyists to pass this bill no matter at what cost.&amp;nbsp; That means that, if after all avenues have been exhausted and the Americans still don&amp;#39;t want it, they will still pass this bill AGAINST the wishes and needs of the American people. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To get a little more help from their buddies (the obedient media) they are now using one of their &amp;quot;avenues of indoctrination&amp;quot; called NY Times.&amp;nbsp; Mr. Nelson Schwartz is presenting the idea that if the government-run health-care is presented as a successful system in another country we will then, right away, buy into it and will stop giving the president and the endorsers of this bill such a hard time.&amp;nbsp; So, he is using the model of Switzerland and wants to convince us that if it works for the Swiss it&amp;#39;s going to work for the Americans.&amp;nbsp; I do not claim to know exactly how the Swiss model works but my cousin, who lives in Switzerland, shared with me valuable information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let&amp;#39;s first start with the reasons for which we oppose this bill.&amp;nbsp; I happen to be experienced with government-run health-care since I lived in a communist country.&amp;nbsp; Government-run health-care will lead to...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Rationing of health care due, in part, to a shortage of doctors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; Increase in fraud (the larger the bureaucracy the higher the fraud, and we for sure don&amp;#39;t have a shortage of that).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Huge increase in the deficit as a result of non-accountability (our govt. has never been able to be profitable in ANY arena).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; Decrease in the quality of health care.&amp;nbsp; You see, when doctors become govt. employees with a salary cap and also become restricted by the Health care Czar on the treatment of their patients, there will be no incentives for older doctors to stay in the field of medicine and no incentives for young people who sacrifice their young lives and get themselves into student loan debt.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, the govt. will have to lower their medical school standards (both, acceptance in the school and the curriculum) just to get average ordinary folks into the field of medicine.&amp;nbsp; At that point we will have mediocre doctors graduating from medical schools with less desires to be the best they can be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; There are also many reasons for some of us to believe that it may cause an environment promoting some sort of a black market.&amp;nbsp; If you had to wait a few months for a procedure to be done and you had the money, wouldn&amp;#39;t you go to the doc and say &amp;quot;Hey Doc, here is.....(bribe), I need to get this done next week&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; I believe this might happen, after all it did happen where I come from.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; Another step forward towards the complete take-over of the American industry by the govt.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;OK, what the NY Times says is that Switzerland does have a government run system that is issued THROUGH private insurance companies.&amp;nbsp; They also emphasize how great this system works and they are subliminally implying that the bill introduced by the government is kind of what the govt. has in mind to do here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, I tell you how this, first of all, is another attempt to persuade the American people to buy into this.&amp;nbsp; Here are the questions that I would ask the editor from NY Times if he gave me the chance to a debate.&amp;nbsp; So, Mr. Schwartz , please...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Show me official statistics of the annual percentage of malpractice lawsuits in USA vs. Switzerland. (I wonder if the Swiss have as many as we have here, including the frivolous ones that still cost money).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; How about statistics of obesity in America vs. Switzerland. (Hmmm, last time I checked we were leading the world with our obesity rates).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; 2008 shows Switzerland being No. 7 in the top of the least govt. corruption.&amp;nbsp; USA is shown as No. 17 (and that&amp;#39;s before we found out about Acorn).&amp;nbsp; I would say we fall past 20 very easily, which means that the US govt. is much more corrupt than the Swiss govt.&amp;nbsp; Corruption leads to fraud.&amp;nbsp; Fraud and unaccountability lead to massive loss of money, money that the tax payers have to pay, just so that the &amp;quot;chunky&amp;quot; bureaucrats don&amp;#39;t have to lower their standard of living.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.&amp;nbsp; How about statistics of how many &amp;quot;parasites&amp;quot; does Switzerland have compared to America?&amp;nbsp; You know, those that are able to but do not want to work, are not productive in the society, and don&amp;#39;t pay into the system yet they benefit from it.&amp;nbsp; I would want the editor to look me up in the eyes and dare to tell me that Switzerland has as many welfare and section 8 housing dependents as America has.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; How about heart attacks, strokes, and other high risk conditions that are the result of a sedentary and poor lifestyle?&amp;nbsp; How is it in both countries and how it compares from one to another?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6.&amp;nbsp; How many illegals do they have in Switzerland that are covered under the system?&amp;nbsp; Do you think he might choke on this question? ;-)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And finally, do you think the above questions should have some answers before an obedient, politically-correct columnist from NY Times rushes to write and dares to say that what they now have in Switzerland will have the same success here in this country? I do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270565" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/health-care/default.aspx">health-care</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/government+run+health+care/default.aspx">government run health care</category></item><item><title>My two cents on Free Banking: Why Austrians fail at pitching it and how it could be fixed</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/18/my-two-cents-on-free-banking-why-austrians-fail-at-pitching-it-and-how-it-could-be-fixed.aspx</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 20:26:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270450</guid><dc:creator>Tincho Sibileau</dc:creator><slash:comments>3</slash:comments><description>I thought I would throw these thoughts to the Mises.org crowd: Canada, where I work, has only 5 big banks. These banks play a sort of &amp;quot;money distribution&amp;quot; role in the system. Money flows from the Bank of Canada to these banks, which later allocate it as they see fit. At my work, I think I &amp;#39;ve had the privilege to see how the whole credit crisis unfolded and will continue. Having always been on the side of free banking, I&amp;#39;ve noticed that whenever I suggested the advantages of such...(&lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/18/my-two-cents-on-free-banking-why-austrians-fail-at-pitching-it-and-how-it-could-be-fixed.aspx"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270450" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>The Button</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/numarloo/archive/2009/11/18/the-button.aspx</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 19:04:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270436</guid><dc:creator>Ross Lippert</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;(No, no, not that button...)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a movie in major release called The Box, which is a retelling of a 1980s Twilight Zone episode called &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button,_Button_(The_Twilight_Zone)"&gt;&amp;quot;Button, Button&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, based on an earlier short story by the same name.&amp;nbsp; The basic story is that a couple, who has fallen on some hard times, receives a visit from a mysterious stranger who brings a box into their home containing a big red button.&amp;nbsp; &amp;quot;If you push this button,&amp;quot; he says.&amp;nbsp; &amp;quot;Two things will undoubtedly happen. The first is that somewhere in the
world, a person you do not know, will die. The second is that after
pushing the button, you will receive a briefcase filled with 1 million dollars.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; It&amp;#39;s a nice open premise for several story variations with lots of philosophical wrangling over the pushing, the inevitable pushing (rules of drama dictate that it must get pushed), and a number of possible surprise ending twists at the end.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What is the nature of&amp;nbsp; button proposition?&amp;nbsp; Would you sacrifice a stranger for a million dollars?&amp;nbsp; More generally, would you have X taken away from a stranger to receive Y?&amp;nbsp; You get a &amp;quot;good&amp;quot;, and he gets a &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; The attractiveness or horror of the proposition might shift depending on how big the bad and the good are.&amp;nbsp; Would you have $1 million taken from a stranger for your life?&amp;nbsp; Would you have $100 taken from a stranger and you get $50?&amp;nbsp; Does it make any difference if the good is greater than the bad or less?&amp;nbsp; In some parts of the world or in the right circumstances, $100 might mean life or death for the stranger, while to you $50 buys a nice dinner.&amp;nbsp; Then again, I might need $50 more than the stranger needs $100.&amp;nbsp; Interpersonal comparisons of happiness are pretty thorny.&amp;nbsp; Some strangers might rather have $1 million that they could leave to their families than their own lives.&amp;nbsp; The world is full of different people in different circumstances.&amp;nbsp; But it is safe to say that the only way to get an exciting movie out of it is for Y to be something really big and for X to be something even bigger.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now, what if the polarity were reversed?&amp;nbsp; For the reverse-button: &amp;quot;Two things will undoubtedly happen. The first is that somewhere in the
world, a person you do not know, will be saved. The second is that after
pushing the button, you will be sued for 1 million dollars.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; You get the bad and he gets the good.&amp;nbsp; What?&amp;nbsp; No way!&amp;nbsp; Obviously no pushing, right?&amp;nbsp; Are you being greedy and selfish for not pushing?&amp;nbsp; Is &lt;i&gt;not &lt;/i&gt;pushing the reverse button that different from pushing the regular button?&amp;nbsp; Don&amp;#39;t you still weigh a stranger&amp;#39;s life against your financial comfort?&amp;nbsp; Now, if you could save a life for $10, and $10 didn&amp;#39;t mean as much to you, you might very well push it many times.&amp;nbsp; You might push the button to give your life to save the lives of million strangers.&amp;nbsp; What makes this palatable, however, is your decision to take the &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; is in your hands, not in the hands of a stranger who is thinking primarily of his &amp;quot;good&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And what of the stranger angle?&amp;nbsp; Part of the temptation to push the button (and the apathy towards the reverse button) has to do with the fact that the losses (or gains) are suffered by &amp;quot;a person you do not know&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; You have the opportunity to commit a perfect crime, anonymous and untraceable.&amp;nbsp; With no connection to the victim, it is quite understandable that anyone would feel less guilty than if the victim were a friend or a neighbor.&amp;nbsp; Thousands of people have terrible misfortune&amp;#39;s every day.&amp;nbsp; What&amp;#39;s one more statistic?&amp;nbsp; The real genius of the button proposition is the diffusion of the loss into the nameless masses and the concentration of the gain to yourself.&amp;nbsp; The stranger premise naturally dilutes the &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; in the equation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;#39;s consider a slightly different button (in some places a lever, in others a touch screen,...):&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;If you push the button two things will undoubtedly happen. The first is that the taxes of people whom you don&amp;#39;t know will rise. The second is that your job will be saved, and you will get a raise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That&amp;#39;s a button many seem keen to push.&amp;nbsp; A diffuse loss to be borne by others and a concentrated gain to oneself.&amp;nbsp; The perfect crime.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270436" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>El magnífico ensayo de Rothbard sobre Mises</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/18/el-magn-237-fico-ensayo-de-rothbard-sobre-mises.aspx</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 17:40:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270397</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Henry Hazlitt. (Publicado el 18 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3851"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3851&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;[The Freeman, 1973]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Se han publicado dos libros en honor del gran economista
Ludwig von Mises, ahora en su 92 aniversario. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/On-Freedom-and-Free-Enterprise-Essays-in-Honor-of-Ludwig-von-Mises-P121.aspx?utm_source=Mises_Daily&amp;amp;utm_medium=Embedded_Link&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily"&gt;On
Freedom and Free Enterprise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; [&lt;i&gt;De la libertad y la libre empresa&lt;/i&gt;],
editado por Mary Sennholz, publicado por primera vez en 1956 y que conten&amp;iacute;a
ensayos de 19 ilustres estudiosos. El segundo apareci&amp;oacute; en 1971, con ocasi&amp;oacute;n de
90 cumplea&amp;ntilde;os de Mises en ese a&amp;ntilde;o. Ten&amp;iacute;a dos vol&amp;uacute;menes y conten&amp;iacute;a ensayos de no
menos de 66 escritores de 17 pa&amp;iacute;ses. Ambas publicaciones conten&amp;iacute;an muchos
estupendos ensayos. Adem&amp;aacute;s ha habido otros homenajes a los logros de Ludwig von
Mises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero nadie ha hecho hasta ahora lo que ha conseguido con
&amp;eacute;xito Murray N. Rothbard al elaborar &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unioneditorial.co.uk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;amp;product_id=207&amp;amp;category_id=29&amp;amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;amp;Itemid=27"&gt;Lo
esencial de Ludwig von Mises&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, un peque&amp;ntilde;o tributo de unas 11.000
palabras. No ofrece en forma breve, pero muy compresible un perfil de las
asombrosas contribuciones del Dr. Mises a las ciencias de la acci&amp;oacute;n humana.
Biograf&amp;iacute;a, historia, exposici&amp;oacute;n y cr&amp;iacute;tica se entremezclan de forma soberbia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El Dr. Rothbard empieza con el nacimiento de Mises en 1881
en Lemberg nos recuerda que Mises creci&amp;oacute; durante la gran marea de la Escuela
Austriaca de Econom&amp;iacute;a. Describe qu&amp;eacute; era &amp;eacute;sta, compar&amp;aacute;ndola con la econom&amp;iacute;a
cl&amp;aacute;sica ricardiana a la que desplaz&amp;oacute;, y explica lo que ya hab&amp;iacute;an aportado Carl
Menger y B&amp;ouml;hm-Bawerk, maestro de Mises.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Luego, punto por punto nos explica c&amp;oacute;mo Mises fue m&amp;aacute;s all&amp;aacute;:
su unificaci&amp;oacute;n de la teor&amp;iacute;a monetaria con el an&amp;aacute;lisis austriaco, su nueva
teor&amp;iacute;a de los ciclos econ&amp;oacute;micos, su demostraci&amp;oacute;n de que el socialismo no era un
sistema viable porque no pod&amp;iacute;a resolver el problema del c&amp;aacute;lculo econ&amp;oacute;mico, sus
grandes contribuciones a la metodolog&amp;iacute;a y otros hallazgos que pueden verse en
sus tres sobras maestras: &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unioneditorial.co.uk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;amp;product_id=66&amp;amp;category_id=9&amp;amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;amp;Itemid=27"&gt;La
Teor&amp;iacute;a del dinero y el cr&amp;eacute;dito&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unioneditorial.co.uk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;amp;product_id=198&amp;amp;category_id=9&amp;amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;amp;Itemid=27"&gt;El
socialismo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unioneditorial.co.uk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;amp;product_id=74&amp;amp;category_id=24&amp;amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;amp;Itemid=27"&gt;La
acci&amp;oacute;n humana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La obra de Rothbard es una bella exposici&amp;oacute;n del pensamiento
de Mises y una introducci&amp;oacute;n admirable a sus escritos. Es m&amp;aacute;s que eso. Es una
historia compactada de la econom&amp;iacute;a desde 1880, homenajea a otros que hicieron
contribuciones e indica brevemente las falcias de desviaciones de moda como el
keynesiasmo, el institucionalismo, la econometr&amp;iacute;a y la econom&amp;iacute;a matem&amp;aacute;tica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero a pesar del territorio que cubre, nunca pierde de vista
a Mises, el hombre, que reacciona &amp;ldquo;al mundo que se oscurece a su alrededor con
una vida de gran coraje e integridad personal&amp;rdquo;, sin dejarse llevar nunca por
los vientos de cambio, no desvi&amp;aacute;ndose ni un &amp;aacute;pice en la b&amp;uacute;squeda y proposici&amp;oacute;n
de la verdad como &amp;eacute;l la ve&amp;iacute;a y no quej&amp;aacute;ndose nunca de la vergonzosa ignorancia
de sus contribuciones por parte de la mayor&amp;iacute;a del mundo acad&amp;eacute;mico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Rothbard concluye citando un homenaje del eminente
economista franc&amp;eacute;s Jacques Rueff:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Ludwig von Mises ha preservado
las bases de una ciencia econ&amp;oacute;mica racional (&amp;hellip;) Con sus ense&amp;ntilde;anzas ha sembrado
las semillas de una regeneraci&amp;oacute;n que dar&amp;aacute; fruto tan pronto como los hombres
empiecen de nuevo a preferir teor&amp;iacute;as que son verdad a teor&amp;iacute;as que les gusten.
Cuando llegue ese d&amp;iacute;a, todos los economistas reconocer&amp;aacute;n que los m&amp;eacute;ritos de
Mises merecen su admiraci&amp;oacute;n y gratitud&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;------------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Henry Hazlitt (1894-1994) fue un famoso periodista que
escribi&amp;oacute; sobre asuntos econ&amp;oacute;micos en el &lt;i&gt;New York Times&lt;/i&gt;, el &lt;i&gt;Wall
Street Journal&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;Newsweek&lt;/i&gt;, entre otras muchas publicaciones. Es tal
vez m&amp;aacute;s conocido como autor de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.unioneditorial.co.uk/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;amp;flypage=shop.flypage&amp;amp;product_id=168&amp;amp;category_id=24&amp;amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;amp;Itemid=27"&gt;La
econom&amp;iacute;a en una lecci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Esta cr&amp;iacute;tica apareci&amp;oacute; originalmente en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/books/freeman1973.pdf"&gt;The Freeman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 1973, Vol.
23, N&amp;ordm; 1, pp. 447-448.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270397" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Good for Afghanistan, Good for America.</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/2009/11/18/good-for-afghanistan-good-for-america.aspx</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 15:02:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270380</guid><dc:creator>FutbolGuru</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;We all know that Afghanistan has one of the most corrupt governments on the planet. This is mainly due to the fact that it has never paid to be honest in Afghanistan. Since before Alexander&amp;#39;s failed campaign over 2,000 years ago, Afghanistan has been ruled by the fist. After 100 generations of brutality, watching your family starve on principle just doesn&amp;#39;t make a lot of sense. Can we really blame them?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is finally beginning to affect international policy in Afghanistan. For the last ten years, and the ten before that, and probably the ten before that, various aid organizations have been sending money to various agencies in Afghanistan to help the poor beleagured masses. A good example is the $70,000,000 sent by Saudi Arabia this year&amp;nbsp;to help pilgrims make the Hajj - the yearly Muslim trek to Mecca. Unsurprisingly the Hajj Minister promptly helped himself to $20,000,000. And I wouldn&amp;#39;t be the least bit surprised to find that lower level functionaries, all the way down to the local level, stuck their hand in the till. That&amp;#39;s how it works in Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tired of fueling the corruption, agencies such as the US Institute for Peace have been studying ways to combat this problem. One of the more effective strategies their Director for Pakistan and Afghanistan, Alex Thier, has identified, is bypassing the central government and going directly to local organizations. For instance, the National Solidarity Program (NSP), an Afghan agency that distributes foreign money to localities in Afghanistan, has been directly involved with aid programs to over 22,000 villages. But there is a more telling statistic and one that we as Americans can learn from. Using local labor and local decision making, the NSP has collaborated in the construction of hundreds of schools. In essense, local Afghan leadership and workers used foreign money to buld their own schools without the involvement of the central government. While this is a good thing, there is a shocking revelation that goes along with it. It is well known that the Taliban spends a lot of time burning down schools in Afghanistan. But of the hundreds of schools built by the NSP, only two have been destroyed by Taliban terrorists. Two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This points out a fundamental trait of human social interaction. When people - not governments - have ownership, success follows. In the case cited above, local people who built their own school are going to see that it doesn&amp;#39;t get destroyed. Conversely, Taliban actions against these schools would result in massive pushback against the Taliban. Put local people in charge and good things happen. This scenario isn&amp;#39;t specific to Afghanistan but has been repeated the world over for thousands of years.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So why is the US Government trying to insert itself more and more deeply into state and local affairs? Every piece of evidence gathered over the last hundred years (or more) shows that tighter government control results in a shrinking middle class, an expanding lower class, and a fixed upper class. And why does this always happen? The reason is ridiculously simple: when people can get money for free, they do. And unchecked bureaucrats are the first to get their hand in the till. Following their example, lower level functionaries make sure they get their cut too. By the time the money is to be used for it&amp;#39;s &amp;#39;intended&amp;#39; purpose, there isn&amp;#39;t enough left to do any good. So taxes are raised and even more money is allocated the next time around - with predictable results. Why does it keep happening? Because the &amp;#39;intended&amp;#39; purpose isn&amp;#39;t to fund local activities,&amp;nbsp;the &lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; purpose&amp;nbsp;is to fund bureaucrats.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So let us civilized Americans take a lesson from those barbarians in the East. Even they&amp;#39;ve figured out that less government is better for everyone. Why should we think it would be any different here?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Futbol Guru, &lt;a href="http://www.not-a-lemming"&gt;www.not-a-lemming&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270380" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/tags/Schools/default.aspx">Schools</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/tags/US+Institute+of+Peace/default.aspx">US Institute of Peace</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/tags/Afghanistan/default.aspx">Afghanistan</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/tags/National+Solidarity+Program/default.aspx">National Solidarity Program</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/not-a-lemming/archive/tags/Taliban/default.aspx">Taliban</category></item><item><title>A View from the Trenches, November 18th, 2009: "Update on latest market themes"</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/17/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-18th-2009-quot-update-on-latest-market-themes-quot.aspx</link><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 04:21:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270301</guid><dc:creator>Tincho Sibileau</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>Please, click here to read this article in pdf format: www.sibileau.com Perhaps yesterday was an opportunity to take a break and think matters over more carefully. Although equities closed almost flat in the US, there was some intraday volatility. The underperformance in mortgage-backed securities (some overseas trading at 7am ET exactly) caught my attention, as it would not be the first time that such overseas/overnight trading sets the stage for the day or week&amp;hellip; There are a few themes (not...(&lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/17/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-18th-2009-quot-update-on-latest-market-themes-quot.aspx"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270301" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Open letter to the people of Saskatchewan</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/2009/11/17/open-letter-to-the-people-of-saskatchewan.aspx</link><pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 21:44:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270137</guid><dc:creator>Rubén</dc:creator><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is an open letter to the people of Saskatchewan and anyone who has followed the rise of this beautiful, formerly forgotten Canadian province.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although my business is based in Florida as I happen to hold a U.S. social security number which helped me incorporate it, I now live and work in my home country of Venezuela. The Venezuelan petroleum industry has produced over the whole span of the twentieth century a number of very qualified oil engineers and technicians, many of them are now looking for employment opportunities in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Several qualified Venezuelan petroleum experts actually turn to me in order that I recommend to them suitable people they may contact in the prairie provinces. Alberta in particular has recently benefitted from many Venezuelan immigrants who have lent their know-how to the benefit of the Alberta oil boom, and it seems that Saskatchewan is now becoming the hot spot to work in Canada. So you should not be surprised if, in the near future, you and your Saskatchewan kindred start noticing further international interest on what happens there, instead of the previous emphasis on the now unemployment-ridden Ontario and Qu&amp;eacute;bec.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When I studied the International Baccalaureate at the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West in New Mexico, I became a very good friend of Sask-born Ian Chisholm (now Senior Partner at the Roy Group in Sydney, British Columbia). We had a contest on naming Canadian provinces and their capitals, and I happened to win that contest! In return, my English was really bad at the time so I had to endure a few misleading jokes because of it, but that is the way great friendships are born.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Saskatchewan and Canada&amp;#39;s experience with the first nations is also a topic of interest for me as here in Venezuela we must also deal with issues of integration to mainstream culture against the loss of traditional values and ways of life from our native population.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I am under the impression that people in Saskatchewan are wary of this sudden international interest in their province. I sympathize with you in your strive for keeping your province free of mega urban atrocities, so my request to the people of Saskatchewan is that you manage to find a way to keep your provincial assets while welcoming a few good input that may selectively come from the outside world.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I do look forward to exchange more impressions with Saskatchewans during these times of social changes and challenges.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rub&amp;eacute;n Rivero Capriles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Caracas, November 17, 2009&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.riverocooper.com"&gt;www.riverocooper.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.rroopstr.com"&gt;www.rroopstr.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270137" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Venezuela/default.aspx">Venezuela</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Saskatchewan/default.aspx">Saskatchewan</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/outside+world/default.aspx">outside world</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/first+nations/default.aspx">first nations</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/oil/default.aspx">oil</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/traditional/default.aspx">traditional</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/employment/default.aspx">employment</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/petroleum/default.aspx">petroleum</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/urban/default.aspx">urban</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/province/default.aspx">province</category></item><item><title>Star Trek: "A taste of armageddon" and the State</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/numarloo/archive/2009/11/17/star-trek-quot-a-taste-of-armageddon-quot-and-the-state.aspx</link><pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 19:57:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270139</guid><dc:creator>Ross Lippert</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;What would the State look like if I hadn&amp;#39;t been brought up in it?&amp;nbsp; Alternatively, what would happen if the proverbial &amp;quot;man from mars&amp;quot; came to Earth and had a look at the State, having no such experience?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I think an old Star Trek episode, &lt;a href="http://memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/A_Taste_of_Armageddon"&gt;&amp;quot;A taste of Armageddon&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, gives a good answer (you can also &lt;a href="http://www.imdb.com/video/cbs/vi2873425945/"&gt;watch it&lt;/a&gt;).&amp;nbsp; Kirk and the crew visit a planet involved in an interplanetary &amp;quot;war&amp;quot;, only it&amp;#39;s not really a war, and it is not really a peace.&amp;nbsp; You could call it a &amp;quot;clean war&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; There had been a real war once.&amp;nbsp; The governments of Eminiar and Vendikar, using interplanetary missiles and such, began devastating each others&amp;#39; cities 500 years ago.&amp;nbsp; But soon after the war began, their governments reached an agreement.&amp;nbsp; Since bombs and missiles were creating far too much collateral damage on either side, and since their governments still wanted to destroy one another&amp;#39;s people, they agreed to spare each other further property damage by fighting their war through a computerized simulation, which could accurately compute the casualties inflicted by the imaginary bombs from the other side, and exterminating their own citizens as casualties (reducing unnecessary transportation costs, I suppose).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The landing party beams down to Eminiar, and they see a calm and peaceful planet with a high standard of living.&amp;nbsp; They meet with the Eminiar leader, Anan, who tells them that despite appearances, they are still at war, as they have been for 500 years, with casualties ranging from one to three million per year.&amp;nbsp; Then an alarm goes off, signaling and incoming attack, and the leader and his generals spring into action, manning some equipment with flashing lights.&amp;nbsp; The attack results in &amp;quot;a hit&amp;quot; nearby.&amp;nbsp; There are no explosions, and no radiation is detected, as no missile has actually struck, but the Eminiarans are somber, and the leader bemoans the casualties of this attack -- a half million people.&amp;nbsp; Additionally, the Enterprise itself was wracked up as a casualty of this attack, creating the essential conflict of the episode.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The leader explains: &amp;quot;Understand captain.&amp;nbsp; We have been at war for 500 years.&amp;nbsp; Under ordinary conditions, no civilization could withstand that, but we have reached a solution...Our civilization lives.&amp;nbsp; The people die, but our culture goes on.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kirk: &amp;quot;You mean to tell me your people just walk into a disintegration machine when told to?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anan: &amp;quot;We have a high consciousness of duty, captain.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; In other words, yes they do.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Later, Kirk interviews Mea, a recent &amp;quot;casualty&amp;quot; who must report to a disintegrator within 24 hours.&amp;nbsp; &amp;quot;Don&amp;#39;t you see,&amp;quot; she says.&amp;nbsp; &amp;quot;If I refuse to report, and others refuse, then Vendikar would have no choice but to launch real weapons.&amp;nbsp; We would have to do the same to defend ourselves.&amp;nbsp; More than people would die then.&amp;nbsp; A whole civilization would be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; Surely, you can see that ours is the better way.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; A &amp;quot;State or Chaos&amp;quot; false choice lies behind her attempt at suicide.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some people must be sacrificed for the sake of avoiding real war.&amp;nbsp; Mea&amp;#39;s logic is eerily reminiscent of calls to sacrifice made by our Earthly governments.&amp;nbsp; Can you imagine our government reaching some version of a clean war treaty, purchasing peace through the sanitary sacrifice of a small fraction of our population every year?&amp;nbsp; In some ways, our State already does this in numerous domestic wars it fights on our behalf.&amp;nbsp; Is the Eminiar/Vendikar treaty that unimaginable?&amp;nbsp; As war is the health of the State, the governments of Eminiar and Vendikar probably experienced a substantial growth in their own power over the people when their interplanetary war started.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps they just didn&amp;#39;t want to give that up and agreed to their clean war instead of peace.&amp;nbsp; Maybe, in the interest of an economic stimulus, our governments will recreate the allegedly salutary effects of world war II through a clean war.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In his final speech, defending the virtues of their way of life, Anan says:&amp;nbsp; &amp;quot;You will be responsible for an escalation that will destroy everything.&amp;nbsp; Millions of people horribly killed.&amp;nbsp; Complete destruction of our culture here, yes, and the culture on Venikar.&amp;nbsp; Disaster, disease, starvation, horrible lingering death!&amp;nbsp; Pain and anguish!&amp;nbsp; ... Don&amp;#39;t you understand captain?&amp;nbsp; We have done away with all that.&amp;nbsp; You are threatening to bring it down on us again.&amp;nbsp; Are those 500 people of yours more important that the hundreds of millions of innocent people on Eminiar and Vendikar?&amp;nbsp; What kind of monster are you?&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; The people of Eminiar and Vendikar have managed to go beyond institutionalizing theft within the apparatus of their States.&amp;nbsp; As a more &amp;quot;advanced&amp;quot; people, they have institutionalized their war.&amp;nbsp; Just as our federal tax withholding program makes for a civilized theft, so do their disintegration boxes and firing computers make for a civilized murder.&amp;nbsp; To them it is duty.&amp;nbsp; It is patriotic.&amp;nbsp; It&amp;#39;s clean, but it really isn&amp;#39;t civilized.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270139" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>El regulado mercado de los seguros</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/17/el-regulado-mercado-de-los-seguros.aspx</link><pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2009 18:49:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270102</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Jan Iwanik. (Publicado el 17 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra aqu&amp;iacute;
&lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3824"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3824&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los seguros inmobiliarios y de accidentes reducen la
exposici&amp;oacute;n a ciertos riesgos de los asegurados al agrupar a un gran n&amp;uacute;mero de
individuos, distribuyendo las p&amp;eacute;rdidas financieras del grupo y los costes entre
los participantes. Muchos individuos prefieren sufrir una peque&amp;ntilde;a p&amp;eacute;rdida conocida
(la prima) que estar expuestos a la posibilidad de un evento del azar con
consecuencias financieras potencialmente ilimitadas. Por eso est&amp;aacute;n felices de
unirse a esos grupos. Al contrario que la banca, que, mediante el mecanismo de
la expansi&amp;oacute;n del cr&amp;eacute;dito, crea nuevos riesgos sist&amp;eacute;micos, un contrato de seguro
bien dise&amp;ntilde;ado reduce el efecto negativo de riesgos que ya est&amp;aacute;n presentes en el
mundo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Como constantemente aparecen nuevos riesgos en nuestras
complicadas econom&amp;iacute;as, se desarrollan nuevos tipos y clases de seguro para
ofrecer protecci&amp;oacute;n frente a ellos. Los mercados globales del seguro m&amp;aacute;s
innovadores pueden encontrarse en Bermudas y en la City de Londres. Los Estados
Unidos no est&amp;aacute;n en la vanguardia de la innovaci&amp;oacute;n en seguros.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;iquest;Por qu&amp;eacute; Estados Unidos es tan innovador en tantos sectores
pero no la ubicaci&amp;oacute;n de empresas aseguradoras l&amp;iacute;deres comparables a Lloyd&amp;rsquo;s en
Londres o el mercado de reaseguros de Bermudas? &amp;iquest;Por qu&amp;eacute; se ha desarrollado en
Estados Unidos un sofisticado mercado financiero internacional, pero no su
equivalente en seguros? Una raz&amp;oacute;n importante es la regulaci&amp;oacute;n absurdamente
restrictiva de los seguros en EEUU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&amp;iquest;C&amp;oacute;mo funciona la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los seguros en EEUU?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El sistema de regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los seguros inmobiliarios y de
accidentes de EEUU afirma realizar dos funciones principales. La primera es
garantizar que las aseguradoras tienen suficiente capital para ser solventes.
Todos los pa&amp;iacute;ses desarrollados regulan la solvencia de sus compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as de seguros
de una forma u otra. Una regulaci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental inteligente de la solvencia
probablemente reduzca el riesgo de que algunas compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as quiebren. Una
regulaci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental est&amp;uacute;pida de la solvencia reemplaza este riesgo con el
riesgo sist&amp;eacute;mico de que todo el mercado vaya a la ruina. (A menudo es dif&amp;iacute;cil
distinguir lo inteligente de lo est&amp;uacute;pido antes de que sea demasiado tarde).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La segunda funci&amp;oacute;n de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los seguros en EEUU
es hacer el seguro &amp;ldquo;asequible&amp;rdquo;. Esto significa control de precios. Hay
diferencias entre los estados, pero en la mayor&amp;iacute;a del pa&amp;iacute;s las aseguradoras
necesitan que sus tarifas est&amp;eacute;n autorizadas si quieren que se contraten sus
p&amp;oacute;lizas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El principal argumento para justificar este tipo de
regulaci&amp;oacute;n es que el seguro tiene que ser asequible, porque es una &amp;ldquo;necesidad&amp;rdquo;.
Es un mal argumento, considerando que la gasolina y el pan son tambi&amp;eacute;n
necesidades, pero el gobierno no controla sus precios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hay un conflicto de base entre las funciones de solvencia y
&amp;ldquo;asequibilidad&amp;rdquo; de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los seguros. La manera m&amp;aacute;s sencilla de
mejorar la solvencia de la aseguradora es mantener altas las primas. La manera
m&amp;aacute;s sencilla de mejorar la asequibilidad es mantener bajas las primas. Los
reguladores afirman saber c&amp;oacute;mo llegar al equilibrio perfecto, pero no es
verdad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Los peligros de la &amp;ldquo;asequibilidad&amp;rdquo;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La funci&amp;oacute;n de &amp;ldquo;asequibilidad&amp;rdquo; de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los
seguros inmobiliarios y de accidentes en EEUU en su forma actual deriva de la
Ley Sherman Antitrust. Hist&amp;oacute;ricamente era una pr&amp;aacute;ctica com&amp;uacute;n de las
aseguradoras compartir sus datos de reclamaciones para hacer un ratio de
seguros. El tener acceso a buenos datos de reclamaciones significaba que las
compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as de seguros pod&amp;iacute;an dar precio y gestionar mejor sus negocios y
expandirse y entrar en nuevos segmentos de mercado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La Ley Sherman se hizo efectiva para el seguro en 1944,
cuando la Corte Suprema decidi&amp;oacute; que el seguro era comercio interestatal y por
tanto deb&amp;iacute;a ser regulado por el Congreso. Como consecuencia, la &amp;uacute;til pr&amp;aacute;ctica
de compartir datos, que se parec&amp;iacute;a mucho a fijar precios, qued&amp;oacute; autom&amp;aacute;ticamente
fuera de la ley por la regulaci&amp;oacute;n federal antitrust.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Desgraciadamente, antes de la era de los ordenadores
baratos, los seguros no pod&amp;iacute;an existir sin los acuerdos de compartici&amp;oacute;n de
datos. As&amp;iacute; que se introdujo la Ley McCarran-Ferguson en 1945, permitiendo al
sector retornar a las viejas pr&amp;aacute;cticas pero encargando a los estados &amp;ldquo;proteger&amp;rdquo;
a los consumidores. Por tanto el mayor logro de la Ley Sherman en los seguros
fue obligar a la intervenci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental en las elaboraci&amp;oacute;n de tarifas sin
eliminar las supuestamente indeseables comparticiones de datos sobre
reclamaciones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Como pasa habitualmente con otras formas de controles de
precios, la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de precios en los seguros crea escaseces. Por ejemplo,
desde 1977 la Divisi&amp;oacute;n de Seguros de Massachussets ha venido fijando las
tarifas de los seguros individuales de autom&amp;oacute;viles para todo el estado. Toda
aseguradora que opere en el estado tiene que usar las tarifas del gobierno o
abandonarlo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Con el pasar de los a&amp;ntilde;os, muchos lo han hecho. Desde que el
sistema se introdujo en 1977, el n&amp;uacute;mero de aseguradoras ha disminuido de m&amp;aacute;s de
100 a s&amp;oacute;lo 19. El &amp;uacute;ltimo a&amp;ntilde;o la situaci&amp;oacute;n era tan cr&amp;iacute;tica que el entonces
comisionado acab&amp;oacute; decidiendo liberalizar ligeramente el r&amp;eacute;gimen para evitar que
hubiera m&amp;aacute;s ciudadanos condiciendo sin seguro.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Reducir la competencia y crear escasez en el seguro es s&amp;oacute;lo
una de las formas en que los controles de precios da&amp;ntilde;an el mercado en este
sector. La redistribuci&amp;oacute;n es otra. M&amp;uacute;ltiples ejemplos demuestran que una
regulaci&amp;oacute;n extensa a menudo hacer que los buenos conductores subvencionen a los
malos. Esto significa que se incentiva a los malos conductores a conducir m&amp;aacute;s y
a los buenos a conducir menos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Igualmente, los planes de seguros estatales a menudo obligan
a los propietarios de viviendas prudentes a subvencionar a quienes eligen vivir
en una casa en un lugar peligroso. El ejemplote Florida subvencionando sus
casas en la playa es un ejemplo extremo. Es dif&amp;iacute;cil ver qu&amp;eacute; fin socialmente
&amp;uacute;til pretenden lograr esas subvenciones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Incluso la actual administraci&amp;oacute;n de Washington est&amp;aacute; de
acuerdo en que hay algo equivocado en la manera en que est&amp;aacute; regulado el sistema
de seguros. El libro blanco del Presidente Obama sobre regulaci&amp;oacute;n financiera
dice:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Durante m&amp;aacute;s de 135 a&amp;ntilde;os, el
seguro ha sido primordialmente regulado por los estados, lo que ha llevado a
una falta de uniformidad y una competencia reducida entre fronteras estatales e
internacionales, generando ineficiencia, poca innovaci&amp;oacute;n en productos y costes
m&amp;aacute;s altos para los consumidores&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es triste que el &amp;uacute;nico remedio propuesto es la
federalizaci&amp;oacute;n de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n del seguro. Probablemente har&amp;iacute;a que los malos
aspectos de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n fueran a&amp;uacute;n peores. La funci&amp;oacute;n de la &amp;ldquo;asequibilidad&amp;rdquo;
seguramente se har&amp;iacute;a m&amp;aacute;s importante y, como no habr&amp;iacute;a forma de comparar los
resultados de las diferentes legislaciones entre estados, ser&amp;iacute;a m&amp;aacute;s dif&amp;iacute;cil
aprender qu&amp;eacute; funciona y qu&amp;eacute; no y por qu&amp;eacute;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Comparaci&amp;oacute;n con Inglaterra&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es interesante analizar la regulaci&amp;oacute;n de los seguros en el
Reino Unido. Hasta hace poco, los precios de los seguros inmobiliarios y de
accidentes brit&amp;aacute;nicos estaban completamente sin regular. Los reguladores se
centraban en la funci&amp;oacute;n de la solvencia. La larga tradici&amp;oacute;n de libertad de
empresa gener&amp;oacute; la aparici&amp;oacute;n del exclusivo mercado del seguro de Londres.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Durante siglos, Londres fue el &amp;uacute;nico lugar en la Tierra
donde era posible asegurar riesgos grandes y no estandarizados. Incluso hoy, si
alguien quiere asegurar una planta de energ&amp;iacute;a o un sistema de sat&amp;eacute;lites de
telecomunicaciones, Londres es lugar donde hacerlo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La falta de regulaci&amp;oacute;n en los precios en Reino Unido gener&amp;oacute;
una gran cantidad de innovaciones en su fijaci&amp;oacute;n desarrolladas y probadas aqu&amp;iacute;.
Un buen ejemplo, es la llamada aproximaci&amp;oacute;n estad&amp;iacute;stica GLM. Esta metodolog&amp;iacute;a
matem&amp;aacute;tica fue desarrollada por dos empresas brit&amp;aacute;nicas de software
actuarial&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;a finales de los noventa.
Versiones aligeradas de esta innovaci&amp;oacute;n han sido exportadas desde entonces a
Estados Unidos e implantadas aqu&amp;iacute; en pocos a&amp;ntilde;os.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los actuarios de EEUU ten&amp;iacute;an que aprender la metodolog&amp;iacute;a de
sus colegas brit&amp;aacute;nicos y comprar el software tambi&amp;eacute;n a vendedores brit&amp;aacute;nicos.
Al final, incluso los reguladores, cuya actitud burocr&amp;aacute;tica evitaba&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que se desarrollaran nuevas t&amp;eacute;cnicas en
primer lugar en Estados Unidos, empezaron a utilizar GLM para otorgar
aprobaciones de tarifas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El mismo proceso se est&amp;aacute; produciendo con las t&amp;eacute;cnicas y
software de reserva actuarial y modelizaci&amp;oacute;n de capital. Como la excesiva
regulaci&amp;oacute;n de Estados Unidos paraliza el pensamiento actuarial innovador, la mayor&amp;iacute;a
de esas invenciones se est&amp;aacute;n desarrollando en Reino Unido, y simplemente cruzan
el Atl&amp;aacute;ntico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero no son s&amp;oacute;lo las innovaciones las que hacen grande al
mercado brit&amp;aacute;nico de seguros. Un mercado menos regulado da a los brit&amp;aacute;nicos
acceso a mejores servicios de seguros. Por ejemplo, se ha desarrollado un
sofisticado mercado de intermediaci&amp;oacute;n en el Reino Unido, ofreciendo a los
asegurados productos y asesoramiento especializados.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Complejas plataformas de software para toda la naci&amp;oacute;n,
creadas por la comunidad de intermediarios permiten a las webs hacer enormes
comparativas de precios para ofrecer a los asegurados ofertas de cerca de cien
aseguradoras. Esto hace m&amp;aacute;s por la asequibilidad del seguro en Inglaterra que lo
que consiga en Estados Unidos cualquier regulaci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Otro ejemplo es la facilidad con la que pueden crearse
nuevos productos en Reino Unido. En Estados Unidos, el regulador del estado
est&amp;aacute; muy implicado en este proceso. Les interesan las reglas de clasificaci&amp;oacute;n,
las gu&amp;iacute;as de aseguramiento e incluso las palabras del contrato de seguro. En
consecuencia, la mayor&amp;iacute;a de las p&amp;oacute;lizas privadas del motor escritas en los
&amp;uacute;ltimos 30 a&amp;ntilde;os en Estados Unidos, han usado uno de los pocos formularios del
est&amp;aacute;ndar ISO o alguna modificaci&amp;oacute;n de &amp;eacute;stos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En Reino Unido, donde las partes contratantes son m&amp;aacute;s libres
de realizar un contrato de seguro a su elecci&amp;oacute;n, los intermediarios de seguros
independientes ofrecen docenas de p&amp;oacute;lizas de seguros ajustadas a segmentos
espec&amp;iacute;ficos del mercado. Esto significa m&amp;aacute;s capacidad de elecci&amp;oacute;n para los
clientes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&amp;iquest;Qui&amp;eacute;n paga la factura?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El cliente es la v&amp;iacute;ctima evidente de los reguladores de
EEUU. Pero tambi&amp;eacute;n se da&amp;ntilde;a al resto de la sociedad. Los comisionados de seguros
de todo el pa&amp;iacute;s emplean a miles de personas brillantes para revisar y aprobar
tarifas de seguros. Para satisfacer a estos reguladores, las aseguradoras deben
emplear miles de actuarios y personal en precios para preparar los formularios
de tarifas. Sin duda la sociedad se beneficiar&amp;iacute;a si esta gente usara su tiempo
y cerebro de una forma m&amp;aacute;s productiva.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Bas&amp;aacute;ndome en mis observaciones particulares, concluyo que
las compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as de seguros de EEUU tambi&amp;eacute;n sufren las consecuencias de la cultura
regulatoria del acoso, especialmente cuando intentan competir con aseguradoras
m&amp;aacute;s sofisticadas en el mercado brit&amp;aacute;nico. Hay muchos ejemplos de &amp;eacute;xito de
aseguradoras personales de EEUU expandi&amp;eacute;ndose en los pa&amp;iacute;ses regulados de la
Europa continental, pero parece ser muy dif&amp;iacute;cil que las aseguradoras de EEUU
pongan pie en Reino Unido. Competir en un mercado de seguros personales libre
no es una habilidad que hayan adquirido.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La regulaci&amp;oacute;n del seguro en los Estados Unidos no est&amp;aacute;
funcionando porque hace del seguro un negocio est&amp;aacute;tico, no creativo y aburrido.
Las mejores compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as aseguradoras de EEUU s&amp;oacute;lo pueden arregl&amp;aacute;rselas para
lograr su tama&amp;ntilde;o porque no decaen en sus esfuerzos y siguen colando
innovaciones a trav&amp;eacute;s de los defectos de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En los seguros, como en muchos otros sectores, la innovaci&amp;oacute;n
y la regulaci&amp;oacute;n no casan bien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;--------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Jan Iwanik es un actuario de seguros inmobiliarios y de
accidentes con experiencia en los mercados americano y europeo de los seguros,
actualmente trabajando en Londres. Tiene un doctorado en matem&amp;aacute;ticas en la
Universidad Tecnol&amp;oacute;gica de Wroclaw. Jan ha estado apoyando el trabajo del Instytut
Misesa en Polonia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270102" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>