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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="http://mises.org/Community/utility/FeedStylesheets/rss.xsl" media="screen"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd"><channel><title>The Mises Community</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/</link><description>An online community for fans of Austrian economics and libertarianism, featuring forums, user blogs, and more.</description><dc:language>en-US</dc:language><generator>CommunityServer 2008.5 SP2 (Build: 40407.4157)</generator><item><title>Train Wreck on the Way</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/22/train-wreck-on-the-way.aspx</link><pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:59:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271713</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:#000000;font-family:&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:medium;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;orphans:2;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:tahoma,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;text-align:left;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;There is little doubt in my mind that we are heading for a train wreck. The timing and catalyst that trigger this reaction are much more difficult to determine. The potential catalysts are many, any one of which would trigger the wreck. A dollar crisis or a Treasury fund-raising crisis (likely to appear simultaneously) are probable. Or, it could come via an unexpected, virulent outbreak of inflation from all the dry tinder the Fed has injected into the system. Just the opposite of that, a deflationary collapse, could occur although I think this scenario less likely. (It is likely that the real economy will continue to decline, however, perhaps even violently.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;Or, it could come, once again, from the financial sector. Banks and other financial institutions are nowhere near healthy. The housing crisis hasn&amp;rsquo;t ended and bank collateral against mortgages continues to deflate. We do not know how bad this&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;Continue reading&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/2009/11/19/train-wreck-on-the-way/" style="color:#333392;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Train Wreck on the Way&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271713" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/FHA/default.aspx">FHA</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/deflation/default.aspx">deflation</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/financial+system/default.aspx">financial system</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/inflation/default.aspx">inflation</category></item><item><title>Falling Dollar, Foolish Foreigners and Blanche Du Bois</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/22/falling-dollar-foolish-foreigners-and-blanche-du-bois.aspx</link><pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:55:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271711</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:#000000;font-family:&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:medium;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;orphans:2;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:tahoma,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;text-align:left;"&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;WHY THE FALLING DOLLAR IS HARMFUL There are several reasons for foreign investors to stop buying Federal Government debt. One is merely the diversification motive. They already hold too many denominated assets. Second is the risk of default which grows along with our deficit. Third is the lack of returns or actual losses they incur as a result of the depreciation of the dollar.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;The third effect is clearly illustrated in the chart below. It shows what what Americans earned (actually lost) with the 10-yr Treasury Bond (shown in red) versus what Europeans (shown in blue) lost.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;Source: StockCharts.com&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;The disparity in returns (a loss of about 3% for US investors and a lost of about 18% for European investors) results solely from the deteriorating value of the dollar. This differential developed over just 8 months, which is indicative of the rapid decline in the dollar. For US investors, investing overseas this&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin:1em 0px;padding:0px;display:block;"&gt;Continue reading&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/2009/11/20/falling-dollar-foolish-foreigners-and-blanche-du-bois/" style="color:#333392;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Falling Dollar, Foolish Foreigners and Blanche Du Bois&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271711" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/dollar+insolvency/default.aspx">dollar insolvency</category></item><item><title>Safe Storage of Electronic Money -- 100% Reserve Digital Cash</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/aquinums-razor/archive/2009/11/22/safe-storage-of-electronic-money-100-reserve-digital-cash.aspx</link><pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:06:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271704</guid><dc:creator>Mansoor H. Khan</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The (usually) transparent process of inter-bank lending works so well that most of the time we don&amp;#39;t even think about it. This process has largely weaned the public away from physical paper money. Note that most money (about 90%) now exists only as entries on bank ledgers, backed by loans (debt).&lt;span&gt; Also, note that possessing physical paper dollars is like having equity in the economic output of the United States of America, and has no credit risk associated to it. Physical paper money is not anyone&amp;#39;s liability. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bank deposit money, on the other hand, does have credit risk associated to it. That risk consists of the liability of the bank in which the deposit resides. Strangely enough, most of the time the credit risk of bank deposit money is lower than the theft and physical-loss risk of physical paper money.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;That is why we use bank deposit money more than physical money. Through this (normally) transparent process of inter-bank lending, the banking system acts like a huge clearinghouse (essentially a giant ledger) which clears payments between its customers without the physical transfer of cash, and keeps track of who has how much money. Most money in the world economy is not physical (paper cash or gold) but logical (ledger entries).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;To summarize: physical paper money is equity. Bank deposit money is backed by debt (actually that&amp;#39;s not 100% true--reserves at the federal reserve system are also equity, essentially an electronic version of physical paper cash). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;That difference -- that physical paper money = equity in the nation&amp;#39;s economy, and that a bank deposit = debt (a bank obligation) causes great confusion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We have become very comfortable with bank deposit money, without thinking much about the credit risk we are taking. Bank failures, when they happen, create confusion and chaos because the vast majority of businesses and individuals use checking accounts for convenience (they can write checks rather than handling physical paper cash) and they don&amp;#39;t really think much about the credit risk that is normally associated with keeping their money (their most liquid capital) in a bank in a checking account. In fact, in most cases users of checking accounts do not want to take a credit risk. But in the current banking system there are no alternatives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;Is There a Better Way?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Consider the banking industry&amp;#39;s contribution to society. The banking industry provides three major services to the public:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;It provides a &amp;quot;safe&amp;quot; place to hold the public&amp;#39;s most liquid assets (cash).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;It acts like a giant clearinghouse (settling checks without physical paper cash transfer).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;It is a source of loan money (banks evaluate the credit worthiness of borrowers). Think of &amp;quot;credit worthiness evaluation&amp;quot; as a service to society. If bankers do a poor job at evaluating credit worthiness they will end up mis-allocating economic resources.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;What I am asserting is that it is possible to have a banking system where a customer would get benefits 1 and 2 described above without taking a credit risk, if banks gave people a choice between a regular account and a special &amp;quot;100% reserve account.&amp;quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;These special accounts, which are not available to the public today, would have no credit risk. The money in such accounts would not be lendable. There would still be fraud risk, of course. A bank desperate for cash might be tempted to &amp;quot;dip&amp;quot; into the reserves allocated to their 100% reserve accounts. Of course we would make such &amp;quot;dipping&amp;quot; illegal. The 100% accounts would be the electronic equivalent of storing physical paper bills in a safe deposit box at the bank.&amp;nbsp; The total reserves of a bank would be &amp;quot;safely electronically stored&amp;quot; at a central bank (much like reserves at the FED).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I know that&amp;nbsp;Misesians and libertarians don&amp;#39;t like central banks and are very suspicious of them.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But I wanted to write this blog and start a discussion.&amp;nbsp; It seems to me that&amp;nbsp;electronic version of physical paper cash (i.e., digital cash) is the next natural step.&amp;nbsp; Much like airline tickets&amp;nbsp;are&amp;nbsp;now&amp;nbsp;mostly issued as e-tickets and not as&amp;nbsp;negotiable paper tickets.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;By its nature &amp;quot;digital cash&amp;quot; would have to be stored&amp;nbsp;on some central&amp;nbsp;bank&amp;nbsp;on a computer hard-disk (i.e, an electronic ledger)&amp;nbsp;and it would also contain the owner&amp;#39;s identifying information (i.e., the bank account number).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Such&amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;digitial cash&amp;quot; would NOT be debt money (as are bank&amp;nbsp;deposits today) but would be &amp;quot;equity&amp;quot; money&amp;nbsp;(like physical paper cash).&amp;nbsp; Ofcourse we could go a step further and back-up the&amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;digital cash&amp;quot; with gold&amp;nbsp;reserves&amp;nbsp;in the vault (but I am&amp;nbsp;NOT proposing that we do this).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; I am trying to understand the Misesian and libertrarian distaste for&amp;nbsp;a central bank.&amp;nbsp; By the&amp;nbsp;way I&amp;nbsp;want a&amp;nbsp;central bank as a safe repository of electronic money only and nothing more.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;I don&amp;#39;t think a central bank should&amp;nbsp;try to influence interest rates&amp;nbsp;or lend money like the current FED.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Such accounts would have no credit risk (like physical paper cash) but would have the benefit of being used in electronic transactions and be accessible by personal checks. Of course, a 100% reserve account would not earn interest but would most likely have monthly maintenance fees associated to it (similar to a safe deposit box; it would also be very much like the reserve accounts that banks have with the Fed). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Such accounts, if widely used, would lessen the impact of bank failures on the economy in terms of a contraction of the money supply, chaos and confusion--but would not completely eliminate them. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lending involves business risks (credit risks). If a customer were to choose a non-100% reserve account then he would be subject to losing his money. This would force the public to do some homework before handing money over to a bank (in essence, customers would need to consider banks&amp;#39; credit ratings, quality of management, etc.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Of course, in this type of setup, a non-100% reserve account would probably have to pay a higher interest rate than the fractional reserve accounts do today. In fact if the public had a choice of 100% reserve accounts, there would be no need to impose legal reserve requirements on non-100% reserve accounts. There would be a clear separation between accounts that have a credit risk and accounts that don&amp;#39;t. The accounts with credit risk would need to set their interest rates high enough to attract depositors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;If our banking system were set up this way, we would avoid huge systemic risks in the future, since a major part of the money supply would likely be sitting in non-lendable accounts. Many enterprises probably should not take any credit risk with their liquid capital (utility companies, municipalities, states, hospitals, etc.). In any insolvency or bankruptcy the 100% reserve accounts would receive priority, and unless the bank was fraudulently &amp;ldquo;using&amp;rdquo; these reserves the deposit owners of such accounts would never lose their money. If an electronic deposit account with no credit risk were available, then any individual or business choosing not to use such an account would be subject to losing their at-risk deposit. If such an alternative were available, then the depositor who chose the lendable money account would be warned that he or she could lose money if the bank became insolvent. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once this choice is given to the public, the banks can then be allowed to fail without severely impacting the payment system which is needed to conduct day-to-day commerce. The only job of the FDIC would then be to insure smooth transfer of 100% reserve accounts to another bank.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;I will go a step further and state that the availability of such accounts (non-lendable, 100% reserve accounts) should be mandated by Congress through force of law. Each business and individual should be able to choose whether they want to take a credit risk or not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271704" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/aquinums-razor/archive/tags/100_2500_+Reserve+Digital+Cash/default.aspx">100% Reserve Digital Cash</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/aquinums-razor/archive/tags/Banking/default.aspx">Banking</category></item><item><title>The Emperor Has No Mind</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/22/the-emperor-has-no-mind.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 19:47:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271646</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:#000000;font-family:&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:medium;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;orphans:2;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:tahoma,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;text-align:left;"&gt;Highly recommend&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://seekingalpha.com/article/174640-the-king-canute-economy-governments-futile-attempt-to-stem-the-tide?source=email" target="_blank" style="color:#333392;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline;"&gt;The King Canute Economy: Governments&amp;rsquo; Futile Attempt to Stem the Tide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;to understand what is happening in our country and around the world. &amp;ldquo;In the legend of King Canute on the sea shore, it is popularly represented that King Canute was so arrogant that he actually sought to hold back the tides. However, King Canute was actually demonstrating that, for all his power, there were some forces which he could not overcome. As we contemplate the actions of governments around the world, it is possible to wonder whether they have ever heard King Canute&amp;rsquo;s story.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:#000000;font-family:&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:medium;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;orphans:2;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:tahoma,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;text-align:left;"&gt;Monty Pelerin at www.economicnoise.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse:separate;color:#000000;font-family:&amp;#39;Times New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:medium;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;orphans:2;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:tahoma,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;text-align:left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/cfs-file.ashx/__key/CommunityServer.Blogs.Components.WeblogFiles/montypelerin/7701.economics_5F00_bad.gif"&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/resized-image.ashx/__size/550x0/__key/CommunityServer.Blogs.Components.WeblogFiles/montypelerin/7701.economics_5F00_bad.gif" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271646" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Canute/default.aspx">Canute</category></item><item><title>Corporate Welfare and Corporatism</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/damienmanier/archive/2009/11/22/corporate-welfare-and-corporatism.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 18:06:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271620</guid><dc:creator>Damien Manier</dc:creator><slash:comments>1</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Here is a short essay I wrote for my American Government Class on Corporate Welfare.&amp;nbsp; I hope to further explore and expand on the ideas presented in the future.&amp;nbsp; I always appreciate suggested sources and helpful comments.&amp;nbsp; Enjoy!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Corporations are firms or companies (private, publicly traded, for profit, and/or non-profit) that agree to be regulated by certain rules, corporate law, that regulates the relationships and interactions of corporate management, shareholders/owners, employees, creditors and the government.&amp;nbsp; Companies agree to these rules because they provided limited liabilities to all actual persons who are a part of the corporation by creating an artificial &amp;ldquo;person hood&amp;rdquo; status for the corporation and limiting the liabilities to that entity.&amp;nbsp; The government also uses its state power to protect, from competition through tariffs and regulation, and subsidize these entities.&amp;nbsp; In return, the government is able to manipulate the economy through few points, they can regulate the significantly fewer large corporations easier than they could coordinate and regulate different stores on every corner, and they will be working with voluntary and cooperative participants who want the continued benefits of state power.&amp;nbsp; Understanding &amp;ldquo;corporate welfare&amp;rdquo; is a bit more complex since no one wants to claim to support such measures but nearly all political parties and platforms do in some form or another.&amp;nbsp; In fact, the entire concept of the &amp;ldquo;corporation&amp;rdquo; is a form of corporate welfare, or redistributing wealth or interfering in the market on behalf of companies or firms.&amp;nbsp; Support for corporate welfare is never described as such but almost the entire political class does support it in its more overt forms or it&amp;#39;s more subtle indirect forms.&amp;nbsp; Libertarians, on the other hand, oppose all forms of corporate welfare when they are not being negligent or inconsistent with their principles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The left supports several types of corporate welfare.&amp;nbsp; The recent &amp;ldquo;Kelo&amp;rdquo; case involving eminent domain gave private lands to corporate interests and was decided&amp;nbsp; by liberal judges.&amp;nbsp; Also, many of the regulations that are supposedly done to restrict corporate actions are supported by the corporations themselves because it makes it more difficult for new competitors to enter the market.&amp;nbsp; Roderick T. Long in an essay written for the Cato Institute, &amp;ldquo;Corporations versus the Market&amp;rdquo; wrote that , &amp;ldquo;the ability of colossal firms to exploit economies of scale is also limited in a free market...unless the state enables them to socialize these costs by immunizing them from competition- e.g., by imposing fees, licensure requirements, capitalisation requirements, and other regulatory burdens that disproportionately impact newer, poorer entrants as opposed to richer, more established firms.&amp;rdquo; (1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The right also supports several types of corporate welfare, but they may be more dangerous since they shroud their policies in the cloak of the free market.&amp;nbsp; For example, they advocate tax breaks for certain businesses or industries but &amp;ldquo;when a firm is exempted from taxes to which its competitors are subject, it becomes the beneficiary of state coercion directed against others, and to that extent owes its success to government intervention rather than market forces.&amp;rdquo; (1)&amp;nbsp; The right&amp;#39;s use of privatization is often of a similar nature.&amp;nbsp; In free market terminology privatization would be the removal of government and its influence from an industry but the right often uses it to mean a transfer of monopoly status over an industry to some contracted firm or&amp;nbsp; corporation.&amp;nbsp; Thus the monopoly status is maintained and the governments involvement and influence is still present.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The right and left both justify the more overt types of corporate welfare that they end up supporting, such as TARP and the bailouts of the auto and financial industry, as necessary evils.&amp;nbsp; However, necessary evil is a contradiction as if something is necessary than it must be good and not evil.&amp;nbsp; Here we can apply one of Ayn Rand&amp;#39;s famous quotes &amp;ldquo;Contradictions do not exist.&amp;nbsp; Whenever you think you are facing a contradiction, check your premises.&amp;nbsp; You will find that one of them is wrong.&amp;rdquo; (2)&amp;nbsp; In this case, either the bailouts were necessary and good, having a positive effect, while the principle that labeled them evil must be ill founded or the principle that makes such bailouts evil is correct and they were not in fact necessary.&amp;nbsp; The contradiction should force us to check the two premises &amp;ldquo;necessary&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;evil&amp;rdquo; and see which one is wrong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Libertarians, and the position I support, holds that all corporate welfare is wrong.&amp;nbsp; The current &amp;ldquo;conflation&amp;rdquo; of corporatism and capitalism is especially dangerous since it rallies and multiplies the opponents of free markets who somehow see them tied to pro-corporate policies and also allows statist policies to be sold under the mantle of the free market.&amp;nbsp; The current failures of &amp;ldquo;capitalism&amp;rdquo; and the &amp;ldquo;free market&amp;rdquo; are really only failures of the current system which is often labeled capitalism but is only one step away from socialism.&amp;nbsp; In socialism, the state owns industry but in our current system, often labeled capitalism, the states of privatized profits and socialized costs in exchange for regulation and influencing willing participants and created corporatism which should not be confused with real capitalism or free markets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/11/10/roderick-long/corporations-versus-the-market-or-whip-conflation-now/&lt;br /&gt;2. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/ayn_rand.html/ The quote is also found in her novel, &amp;ldquo;Atlas Shrugged.&amp;rdquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another good article I read while doing my research, but did not have room to include in my post was: &lt;br /&gt;http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=22594/ An article in FrontPageMag.com&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Originally posted on http://damienmanier.com&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271620" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/damienmanier/archive/tags/capitalism/default.aspx">capitalism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/damienmanier/archive/tags/corporatism/default.aspx">corporatism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/damienmanier/archive/tags/corporate+welfare/default.aspx">corporate welfare</category></item><item><title>The proclivity of black market participants towards violence</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/2009/11/22/the-proclivity-of-black-market-participants-towards-violence.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 17:21:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271616</guid><dc:creator>Fred Furash</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why is it that illicit black market
activities always seem so full of violence, even if violence itself
is not one of the goods or services provided in that market? Let us
take the example of drugs. Those drugs that are legal, such as
paracetamol, antihistamines, etc., can be bought either over the
counter, or with a simple prescription. At no point in the
transaction between my chemist and myself does violence occur. Nor is
there any violence involved in the manufacture or supply of
pharmaceuticals. Is it then the nature of illegal drugs that makes
business surrounding them violent, or is it their status as illegal?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This question can be answered using
simple economic theory. When a State decrees an economic good
illegal, it does not suddenly stop being traded and consumed. Why is
that? In explaining the nature of a good, Carl Menger outlines four
requirements that must be fulfilled for a thing to have
goods-character: a human need; properties that enable the thing in
question to satisfy such a need; knowledge of this causal connection;
and sufficient command over the thing to direct it towards the
satisfaction of said need. You will notice that no where does the
factor of legality come into play.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The legal status of a good does however
send signals to market actors about the risk involved. Most people
will automatically cease consumption and trade of a good deemed
illegal. These can be broken down into roughly three categories.
Those that are risk aversive personality types; those who have a low
time preference; and those with a highly developed link between state laws
and their perception of morality.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thus we are left with people who do not
fear the State&amp;#39;s power, people who are willing to take risks, people who, perhaps, are confident in their ability to violently resist the
State&amp;#39;s own violence. In this set of people, very few will enter
black markets just for thrill-seeking purposes. Most will enter
because of greed and the possibility of high profits that comes from
restriction of supply in the market. It would seem that from the very
beginning, a very restricted and specific set of people will
participate in black markets.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Moreover, black markets fail to have
many of the characteristics common to white markets. The State&amp;#39;s
monopoly on justice and simultaneous prohibition of certain goods,
makes arbitration through State courts for inside disputes
impossible. Thus a demand for the arbitrating function of many crime
organisations arise, which, because of the violence-prone set of
people that participate in it, will itself display a harsh and
violent form of dispute resolution.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The need to stay secretive about their
operations will also create incentives for criminal organisations to
take on a form which is perhaps in some ways economically
inefficient, sacrificing productivity for security. &amp;ldquo;Blood is bad
for business&amp;rdquo;, the saying goes; but at the same time these black
market &amp;ldquo;firms&amp;rdquo; become resilient, which is why when one cut&amp;#39;s off
the hydras&amp;#39; head, another immediately grows in its place. This is to
be the perennial outcome if countless billions of taxpayers&amp;#39; money
continues to be spent hacking away at the branches, and not the
roots, of this artificial evil.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The biggest irony of them all is that
the harder the government tries to eradicate black markets, the more
it will fuel them. With every new restriction and regulation the
government puts up; and with every greater effort it takes to enforce
its regulations, the government raises the risk, and hence the profit
associated with participation in a black market. To further
complicate this problem, as profits in black markets soar, greater
incentives arise for the corruption of the police itself. The results
of such &amp;ldquo;noble&amp;rdquo; experiments could have been painlessly predicted
using simple economics, and stupid policies would not have had the
chance to create breeding grounds for organised crime for decades to
come. One could perhaps excuse regulators&amp;#39; failure to use aprioristic
reasoning in this respect, but the failure to see the empirical
connection between drug regulations as a rehash of the prohibition
era alcohol restrictions is indeed grave.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ignoring the moral aspect of this
argument, which concerns whether people have the right to do what
they will to their own bodies; has anybody in the
government done a proper cost-benefit analysis of breeding black
markets in society? Proponents of prohibition argue that if, for example, drug markets were legalized, everybody would become a drug addict. But besides lack of any empirical proof of this whatsoever, what of the consequences of blacklisting these products in
the first place?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271616" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/market/default.aspx">market</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/black+market/default.aspx">black market</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/crime/default.aspx">crime</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/drugs/default.aspx">drugs</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/drug+market/default.aspx">drug market</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/black/default.aspx">black</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/proclivity/default.aspx">proclivity</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/tendency/default.aspx">tendency</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/organized+crime/default.aspx">organized crime</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/solreyus/archive/tags/prohibition/default.aspx">prohibition</category></item><item><title>Government Viewed Through The Eyes Of H. L. Mencken</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/22/government-viewed-through-the-eyes-of-h-l-mencken.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 16:28:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271610</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;H. L. Mencken was an American original. Gibbons Burke described him thusly:
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;The most prominent newspaperman, book reviewer, and political
commentator of his day, Henry Louis Mencken was a libertarian before
the word came into usage. His prose is as clear as an azure sky, and
his rhetoric as deadly as a rifle shot. Frequent targets of his lance
were Franklin Roosevelt and New Deal politics, &lt;a href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-232.html"&gt;Comstocks&lt;/a&gt;,
hygenists, &amp;ldquo;uplifters&amp;rdquo;, social reformers of any stripe, boobs &amp;amp;
quacks, and the insatiable American appetite for nonsense and gaudy
sham. But his life was not defined by negativity. He was positively
enthusiastic about to the writings of Twain and Conrad, the music of
Brahms, Beethoven and Bach, and the &lt;a href="http://www.io.com/gibbonsb/mencken/softshell.html" target="mencken"&gt;victuals&lt;/a&gt; offered up by Chesapeake Bay.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mencken was amongst the most quotable individuals to grace this planet. A sampling of how he viewed government is offered below.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If a politician found he had cannibals among his constituents, he would promise them missionaries for dinner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Every election is a sort of advance auction sale of stolen goods.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A good politician is quite as unthinkable as an honest burglar.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed
(and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an
endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The worst government is often the most moral. One composed of cynics
is often very tolerant and humane. But when fanatics are on top there
is no limit to oppression.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Every decent man is ashamed of the government he lives under.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Democracy is the art and science of running the circus from the monkey cage.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I believe that all government is evil, and that trying to improve it is largely a waste of time.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No one in this world has ever lost money by underestimating the
intelligence of the great masses of the plain people. Nor has anyone
ever lost public office thereby.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The most dangerous man to any government is the man who is able to
think things out&amp;hellip; without regard to the prevailing superstitions and
taboos. Almost inevitably he comes to the conclusion that the
government he lives under is dishonest, insane, intolerable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The urge to save humanity is almost always a false front for the urge to rule.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To learn more about H. L. Mencken, I recommend the Gibbons Burke &lt;a href="http://www.io.com/%7Egibbonsb/mencken.html" target="_blank"&gt;piece&lt;/a&gt; which is filled with many references and &lt;a class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f80000000000289e3 zem_commontag" title="Murray Rothbard" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Rothbard"&gt;Murray Rothbard&lt;/a&gt;&amp;rsquo;s &lt;a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard19.html" target="_blank"&gt;piece&lt;/a&gt; dealing with Mencken&amp;rsquo;s libertarianism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.economicnoise.com/"&gt;Monty Pelerin&amp;#39;s Site&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271610" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/quotes/default.aspx">quotes</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Mencken/default.aspx">Mencken</category></item><item><title>Los economistas pueden ser graciosos</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/22/los-economistas-pueden-ser-graciosos.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 16:16:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271608</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Robert P. Murphy. (Publicado el 19 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3835"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3835&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los economistas tenemos un reputaci&amp;oacute;n de ser secos y
aburridos. Por eso la &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmxpftPFXZg"&gt;escena
de Ben Stein&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;i&gt;Ferris Bueller&amp;#39;s Day Off&lt;/i&gt; funciona tan bien y por eso
&lt;a href="http://www.standupeconomist.com/"&gt;este hombre&lt;/a&gt; es toda una novedad.
Dada nuestra l&amp;uacute;gubre reputaci&amp;oacute;n, me alegra informar que las recientes defensas
de algunos economistas de la hip&amp;oacute;tesis de los mercados eficientes son para
echarse a re&amp;iacute;r. Fuera del Circo del Sol no podemos ver contorsiones como las de
estos economistas intentando defender su teor&amp;iacute;a ante su refutaci&amp;oacute;n o
trivializaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Krugman lanza el ataque&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La hip&amp;oacute;tesis de los mercados eficientes (EMH, por sus siglas
en ingl&amp;eacute;s) aparece de muchas formas de distinta fuerza. Igual que con la
evoluci&amp;oacute;n, es dif&amp;iacute;cil debatir el asunto porque la gente puede cambiar la
definici&amp;oacute;n en medio de la discusi&amp;oacute;n. En la evoluci&amp;oacute;n, ni siquiera un
evangelista de la televisi&amp;oacute;n negar&amp;iacute;a que &amp;ldquo;los organismos evolucionan con el
tiempo&amp;rdquo;, mientras que por otro lado muchos bi&amp;oacute;logos reconocer&amp;iacute;an que Richard
Dawkins llega demasiado lejos cuando piensa que la teor&amp;iacute;a de la evoluci&amp;oacute;n
prueba por s&amp;iacute; misma &lt;a href="http://www.thebigquestions.com/2009/10/29/there-he-goes-again/"&gt;la no
existencia de Dios&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Lo mismo pasa en lo que refiere a la EMH. En su forma m&amp;aacute;s
d&amp;eacute;bil, simplemente significa que la informaci&amp;oacute;n nueva tiende a incorporarse
r&amp;aacute;pidamente en los mercados de valores, significando que no puede haber ninguna
oportunidad evidente de arbitraje (pues alguien ya la habr&amp;iacute;a explotado). Sin
embargo, los defensores m&amp;aacute;s fan&amp;aacute;ticos de la EMH llegan casi a decir que las
burbujas financieras son literalmente imposibles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La EMH se asocia a la Escuela econ&amp;oacute;mica de Chicago.
Comprensiblemente ha sido condenada despu&amp;eacute;s de la crisis financiera, especialmente
desde que los estatistas han hecho un gran trabajo echando la culpa a los
&amp;ldquo;mercados libres desregulados&amp;rdquo;. Krugman resume la opini&amp;oacute;n anti-EMH bastante
bien &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic-t.html?_r=1"&gt;en
este popular art&amp;iacute;culo&lt;/a&gt; en la revista del &lt;i&gt;New York Times&lt;/i&gt;. En respuesta
a Krugman y otros cr&amp;iacute;ticos neocl&amp;aacute;sicos, los defensores de la corriente
principal han abandonado su torre de marfil para repeler a los invasores.
Aunque los lectores austriacos simpaticen naturalmente con quien se pelee con
Paul Krugman, deber&amp;iacute;amos tener cuidado al elegir nuestros aliados. En otro
lugar &lt;a href="http://consultingbyrpm.com/blog/2009/09/my-response-to-john-cochrane-who-was.html"&gt;he
apuntado&lt;/a&gt; los importantes fallos (desde una perspectiva austriaca) en &lt;a href="http://modeledbehavior.com/2009/09/11/john-cochrane-responds-to-paul-krugman-full-text/"&gt;la
respuesta de John Cochrane a Krugman&lt;/a&gt;. En el resto de este art&amp;iacute;culo se&amp;ntilde;alar&amp;eacute;
algunas de las defensas m&amp;aacute;s tontas ofrecidas por otros neocl&amp;aacute;sicos defensores
de la EMH.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Robert Lucas&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En un largo y muy serio art&amp;iacute;culo, el premio Nobel Robert
Lucas defiende la corriente principal (y la EMH en particular) de las
oprobiosas acusaciones:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Los macroeconomistas en
particular fueron caricaturizados como una generaci&amp;oacute;n perdida educada en el uso
de modelos matem&amp;aacute;ticos sin valor e incluso da&amp;ntilde;inos, una educaci&amp;oacute;n que les hac&amp;iacute;a
incapaces de proponer una pol&amp;iacute;tica econ&amp;oacute;mica sensata. Pienso que esta
caricatura no tiene sentido y no tiene val&amp;ntilde;or al pensar acerca de las grandes
cuestiones: &amp;iquest;Qu&amp;eacute; puede esperar razonablemente el p&amp;uacute;blico de especialistas en
estas &amp;aacute;reas? y &amp;iquest;les han servido bien en la crisis actual?&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Una cosa que no vamos a tener,
ni ahora ni nunca, es una serie de modelos que predigan ca&amp;iacute;das repentinas en el
valor de los activos financieros, como las que siguieron a la quiebra de Lehman
Brothers en septiembre. No es nada nuevo. Se sabe desde hace m&amp;aacute;s de 40 a&amp;ntilde;os y
es una de las principales implicaciones de la &amp;ldquo;hip&amp;oacute;tesis de los mercados
eficientes&amp;rdquo; (EMH) de Eugene Fama, que afirma que el precio de un activo
financiero refleja toda la informaci&amp;oacute;n relevante y disponible para todos. Si un
economista tuviera un f&amp;oacute;rmula que pudiera predecir con seguridad las crisis,
por ejemplo, una semana antes, esa f&amp;oacute;rmula ser&amp;iacute;a parte de la informaci&amp;oacute;n
disponible para todos y los precios caer&amp;iacute;an una semana antes&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los argumentos de Lucas son los t&amp;iacute;picos de este debate.
Aporta una atractiva mezcla de afirmaciones y &lt;i&gt;non sequitur&lt;/i&gt; para su
defensa. Primero, &lt;i&gt;la propia EMH est&amp;aacute; bajo disputa&lt;/i&gt;, as&amp;iacute; que dif&amp;iacute;cilmente
ayuda citar la EMH y sus implicaciones. (Es como si un cristiano citara la
Biblia a un ateo para probar la autoridad de la Escritura).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Ahora, &amp;iquest;en qu&amp;eacute; sentido &amp;ldquo;se sabe desde hace m&amp;aacute;s de 40 a&amp;ntilde;os&amp;rdquo;
que es imposible predecir ca&amp;iacute;das repentinas en valores de los activos? &amp;iquest;No nos
advirtieron &lt;a href="http://mises.org/story/1533"&gt;Mark Thornton&lt;/a&gt; y otros que
la burbuja inmobiliaria era demasiado buena para ser cierta varios a&amp;ntilde;os antes
de la crisis? &amp;iquest;Qu&amp;eacute; mas podr&amp;iacute;a hacer un austriaco c&amp;iacute;nico para refutar la EMH que
predecir que &amp;ldquo;el mercado&amp;rdquo; estaba completamente equivocado en lo que se refer&amp;iacute;a
a precios de la vivienda, primas de riesgo, etc.? Los inversores que siguieron
las advertencias de Thornton y otros salieron de los mercados de valores, no
compraron casas para especular en 2005 y se las arreglaron para batir a otra
gente que se vio atrapada en la euforia del boom. Si eso no es &amp;ldquo;batir al
mercado&amp;rdquo;, &amp;iquest;qu&amp;eacute; es?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Advirtamos que hay un defecto en el argumento de Lucas. Est&amp;aacute;
diciendo que si un economista pudiera predecir con seguridad una crisis en una
semana, todos los sabr&amp;iacute;an &lt;i&gt;ahora&lt;/i&gt; y la crisis se producir&amp;iacute;a
inmediatamente. Aqu&amp;iacute; hay dos problemas. Primero, un economista puede prever con
precisi&amp;oacute;n una crisis, pero de ello no se sigue que todos los dem&amp;aacute;s sigan
autom&amp;aacute;ticamente su ejemplo. En el mundo real, algunos economistas son alcistas
y otros bajistas en el mismo momento. Si no, &amp;iquest;c&amp;oacute;mo se supone que se mover&amp;iacute;a el
mercado?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El fan de la EMH probablemente dir&amp;iacute;a: &amp;ldquo;&amp;iexcl;Aj&amp;aacute;! Eso prueba justamente
que la EMH tiene raz&amp;oacute;n. No tenemos ninguna raz&amp;oacute;n para sospechar que el mercado
subir&amp;aacute; o bajar&amp;aacute;, porque el precio actual refleja todas las teor&amp;iacute;as e
informaciones disponibles&amp;rdquo;. Aun as&amp;iacute;, el mercado &lt;i&gt;ir&amp;aacute;&lt;/i&gt; hacia arriba o
abajo, demostrando que al menos un pronosticador estaba equivocado. (Podr&amp;iacute;a ser
que el otro simplemente haya tenido suerte, por lo que no podemos decir con
seguridad que su predicci&amp;oacute;n fuera realmente correcta en general).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El segundo gran fallo en la peque&amp;ntilde;a y sencilla explicaci&amp;oacute;n
de Lucas es que asume que la f&amp;oacute;rmula para una crisis inminente debe ser muy
espec&amp;iacute;fica en el tiempo. &amp;iquest;Pero qu&amp;eacute; pasa si alguien como Mark Thornton dice
&amp;ldquo;Esta situaci&amp;oacute;n es insostenible. Los precios de la vivienda no pueden seguir
aumentando a este ritmo&amp;rdquo;? Sigue siendo un predicci&amp;oacute;n correcta. Es sin duda &amp;uacute;til
para los inversores, especialmente si el pronosticador da un periodo amplio, &lt;i&gt;dentro
del cual&lt;/i&gt; se producir&amp;aacute; el cambio.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En esta situaci&amp;oacute;n en la que algunos pronosticadores hacen
predicciones cualitativas, la sencilla argumentaci&amp;oacute;n de Lucas se desbarata.
Estamos de vuelta en el mundo convencional, donde distintos pronosticadores
conf&amp;iacute;an en diferentes teor&amp;iacute;as para hacer distintas recomendaciones. Los
inversores que escuchen las malas pierden dinero, mientras que los que sigan
las teor&amp;iacute;as m&amp;aacute;s exactas lo ganan. Podemos &amp;ldquo;batir al mercado&amp;rdquo; si invertimos
bas&amp;aacute;ndonos en predicciones m&amp;aacute;s apropiadas. &amp;iquest;Es realmente tan raro ese concepto?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Lucas contin&amp;uacute;a su argumentaci&amp;oacute;n de que la EMH no es una mera
tautolog&amp;iacute;a, que las pruebas emp&amp;iacute;ricas la apoyan:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;El Sr. Fama lleg&amp;oacute; a la EMH
mediante algunos ejemplos te&amp;oacute;ricos sencillos. Esta simplicidad fue criticada en
una rese&amp;ntilde;a de &lt;i&gt;The Economist&lt;/i&gt;, como si la EMH s&amp;oacute;lo se aplicara a esos
casos hipot&amp;eacute;ticos. Pero el Sr. Fama prob&amp;oacute; las predicciones de la EMH sobre el
comportamiento de los precios reales. Estas pruebas podr&amp;iacute;an haber resultado de
cualquier forma, pero resultaron muy favorablemente. Su trabajo emp&amp;iacute;rico se
ejecut&amp;oacute; desde el principio y cuidadosamente. Fue minuciosamente contestado por
un aluvi&amp;oacute;n de cr&amp;iacute;ticas que sirvieron principalmente para confirmar la exactitud
de la hip&amp;oacute;tesis. &lt;i&gt;A lo largo de a&amp;ntilde;os se han descubierto excepciones y
&amp;lsquo;anomal&amp;iacute;as&amp;rsquo; (incluso las desviaciones m&amp;iacute;nimas son interesantes si gestionamos
bastante dinero), pero a los efectos del an&amp;aacute;lisis y la predicci&amp;oacute;n
macroecon&amp;oacute;mica estas desviaciones son demasiado peque&amp;ntilde;as como para tener
importancia&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo; (&amp;eacute;nfasis a&amp;ntilde;adido).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Espere un momento. Lucas acaba de debilitar
considerablemente su defensa. Antes dijo que batir al mercado era algo imposible,
m&amp;aacute;s a&amp;uacute;n, una imposibilidad que se ha sabido durante 40 a&amp;ntilde;os. A&amp;uacute;n as&amp;iacute; en su
explicaci&amp;oacute;n de las pruebas falsables, admite que hay desviaciones de la teor&amp;iacute;a.
As&amp;iacute; que ahora tenemos al propio Lucas admitiendo que la EMH no funciona en
particulares microsc&amp;oacute;picos. Sigo manteniendo que fall&amp;oacute; espectacularmente en la
reciente burbuja inmobiliaria, as&amp;iacute; como en la anterior de las punto.com (de la
que avisaron muchos austriacos antes de que estallara). &amp;iquest;Qu&amp;eacute; har&amp;iacute;a que Lucas
admitiera que la EMH no es verdadera?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Antes de continuar, citemos una perla m&amp;aacute;s de Lucas:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;La rese&amp;ntilde;a de &lt;i&gt;The Economist&lt;/i&gt;
tambi&amp;eacute;n citaba como ejemplo de del fracaso macroecon&amp;oacute;mico las simulaciones
&amp;ldquo;tranquilizadoras&amp;rdquo; que Frederic Mishkin, entonces gobernador de la Reserva
Federal, present&amp;oacute; en el verano de 2007. La acusaci&amp;oacute;n es que el modelo de
preedici&amp;oacute;n FRB/US de la Fed no predijo los acontecimientos de septiembre de
2008. &lt;i&gt;A&amp;uacute;n as&amp;iacute;, las simulaciones no se presentaron para tranquilizar como si
no fuera a producirse una crisis, sino como un pron&amp;oacute;stico de lo que podr&amp;iacute;a
esperarse condicionado a que no se produjera una crisis&lt;/i&gt;. Hasta la quiebra
de Lehman Brothers la recesi&amp;oacute;n era bastante t&amp;iacute;pica de los modestos descensos
del periodo de posguerra. Hab&amp;iacute;a una recesi&amp;oacute;n en marcha, precedida por la bajada
en la construcci&amp;oacute;n de viviendas. &lt;i&gt;El pron&amp;oacute;stico del Sr. Mishkin era una
estimaci&amp;oacute;n razonable de lo que habr&amp;iacute;a ocurrido si hubiera continuado el
declinar de la vivienda y fuera el &amp;uacute;nico factor del decrecimiento econ&amp;oacute;mico&lt;/i&gt;.
Tambi&amp;eacute;n despu&amp;eacute;s de la quiebra de Lehman modelos muy similares al que us&amp;oacute; el Sr.
Mishkin, combinados con nuevas informaci&amp;oacute;n, produjeron lo que resultaron ser
estimaciones bastante precisas de las reducciones en el gasto privado que se
produjeron en los siguientes dos trimestres. &lt;i&gt;Cuando Ben Bernanke, presidente
de la Fed, advirti&amp;oacute; a Hank Paulson, entonces Secretario del Tesoro, acerca del
peligro que afrontaba Estados Unidos despu&amp;eacute;s de la quiebra de Lehman, sab&amp;iacute;a de
lo que estaba hablando&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;El Sr. Mishkin reconoci&amp;oacute; la
posibilidad de una crisis financiera en 2007, por supuesto. Tambi&amp;eacute;n lo hizo el
Sr. Bernanke. Pero recomendar pol&amp;iacute;ticas monetarias preventivas a la escala de
las que se aplicaron posteriormente hubiera sido como girar repentinamente
fuera de la carretera por la posibilidad de que alguien virara bruscamente
hacia nuestro carril. Las &amp;uacute;nica cosa realista y la mejor que puede hacerse en
este contexto es mantener los ojos abiertos y esperar lo mejor&amp;rdquo; (&amp;eacute;nfasis
a&amp;ntilde;adido).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Dejemos aparte la divertida defensa de Mishkin y Bernanke por
parte de Lucas, que dice que son muy buenos prediciendo condiciones econ&amp;oacute;micas,
&lt;i&gt;excepto&lt;/i&gt; esos molestos desastres financieros. M&amp;aacute;s all&amp;aacute; de esto, Lucas
simplemente est&amp;aacute; tratando de ocultar las cosas en el pasaje anterior: Casi
seguro que Ben Bernanke &lt;i&gt;no&lt;/i&gt; expres&amp;oacute; que tuviera ninguna noci&amp;oacute;n de lo que
esperaba a la econom&amp;iacute;a de EEUU. V&amp;eacute;ase &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INmqvibv4UU"&gt;esta incre&amp;iacute;ble recopilaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt;
de los constantes errores de Bernanke desde 2005 a 2007, donde &lt;i&gt;en todas las
etapas&lt;/i&gt; fallaba en ver la tormenta que se avecinaba o predec&amp;iacute;a que el
problema acabar&amp;iacute;a pronto.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Vuelvo a preguntar al Sr. Lucas. &amp;iquest;Qu&amp;eacute; tendr&amp;iacute;a, en su
opini&amp;oacute;n, que haber dicho Bernanke para ser &lt;i&gt;culpable&lt;/i&gt; de lo que le acusan
sus cr&amp;iacute;ticos? &amp;iquest;Tendr&amp;iacute;amos que tener una grabaci&amp;oacute;n de Bernanke diciendo. &amp;ldquo;Estoy
seguro al 100% de que no habr&amp;aacute; ninguna crisis financiera&amp;rdquo;? Parece que Lucas ha
puesto el list&amp;oacute;n realmente bajo para nuestro presidente de la Fed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;David K. Levine&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En una &lt;a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-k-levine/an-open-letter-to-paul-kr_b_289768.html"&gt;carta
abierta&lt;/a&gt; a Paul Krugman, David Living utiliza la f&amp;iacute;sica como analog&amp;iacute;a para
defender a sus colegas de macroeconom&amp;iacute;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;El fracaso predictivo no es un
problema de la materia: es un problema de quienes est&amp;aacute;n bajo la impresi&amp;oacute;n de que
deber&amp;iacute;amos ser capaces de predecir las crisis. &amp;iquest;Se encuentra usted en este
grupo? &amp;iquest;Se equivocan los f&amp;iacute;sicos porque su teor&amp;iacute;a dice que no pueden predecir
d&amp;oacute;nde aterrizar&amp;aacute; un fot&amp;oacute;n lanzado a trav&amp;eacute;s de una hendidura suficientemente
estrecha? Los modelos econ&amp;oacute;micos son como modelos de fotones a trav&amp;eacute;s de
hendiduras. Igual que esos modelos s&amp;oacute;lo predicen la distribuci&amp;oacute;n estad&amp;iacute;stica de
los fotones, nuestros modelos s&amp;oacute;lo predicen la posibilidad de bajadas. Decir
que &amp;ldquo;la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los economistas fracas&amp;oacute; en predecir la crisis&amp;rdquo; es
exactamente como decir que la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los f&amp;iacute;sicos fracas&amp;oacute; al predecir el
impacto del duod&amp;eacute;cimo prot&amp;oacute;n que atraves&amp;oacute; la hendidura&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Quien est&amp;eacute; familiarizado con la incre&amp;iacute;ble precisi&amp;oacute;n (y
confirmaci&amp;oacute;n experimental) de las predicciones de la f&amp;iacute;sica cu&amp;aacute;ntica deber&amp;iacute;a
advertir lo absurdo de la analog&amp;iacute;a de Levine. Es algo as&amp;iacute; como comparar una
prueba euclidea con un la exposici&amp;oacute;n final de un abogado en un juicio criminal.
Una analog&amp;iacute;a m&amp;aacute;s apropiada para Levine ser&amp;iacute;a un grupo de f&amp;iacute;sicos de part&amp;iacute;culas
invit&amp;aacute;ndote a mirar su supercolisionador y despu&amp;eacute;s llamarte la semana que viene
para decirte que te han expuesto accidentalmente a una dosis letal de
rediaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Jeremy Siegel&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En un &lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703573604574491261905165886.html"&gt;reciente
editorial del WSJ&lt;/a&gt;, Jeremy Siegel defiende el honor de la EMH. Como
cualquier fan&amp;aacute;tico, se las arregla para transformar el vicio en virtud:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;La EMH, expuesta originalmente
por Eugene Fama en la Universidad de Chicago en los a&amp;ntilde;os 1960, afirma que los
precios de los valores reflejan toda la informaci&amp;oacute;n conocida que afecte a su
valor. La hip&amp;oacute;tesis no afirma que el rpecio de mercado sea siempre correcto.
Por el contrario, implica que los precios en el mercado son mayoritariamente
err&amp;oacute;neos, pero que en un momento concreto no es f&amp;aacute;cil decir si son muy altos o
muy bajos. &lt;i&gt;El hecho de que los mejores y m&amp;aacute;s brillantes de Wall Street hayan
cometido tantos errores demuestra lo dif&amp;iacute;cil que es batir al mercado&lt;/i&gt;&amp;rdquo;
(&amp;eacute;nfasis a&amp;ntilde;adido).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hay que felicitar a Siegel por su golpe magistral. Durante
la burbuja, cuando los banqueros de inversiones ganaban bonus de varios
millones de d&amp;oacute;lares, el defensor de la EMH habr&amp;iacute;a dicho: &amp;ldquo;Es una locura que un
inversor medio intente batir al mercado. Algunas de las mentes m&amp;aacute;s brillantes
del mundo tienen enormes computadoras y un ej&amp;eacute;rcito de matem&amp;aacute;ticos a su
servicio, exprimiendo cualquier volumen de mal precio en el mercado. No intente
competir con esos expertos. Mejor ponga su dinero en un fondo indexado&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;A&amp;uacute;n as&amp;iacute;, despu&amp;eacute;s de que muchos austriacos (y otros de
distintas escuelas de pensamiento) predijeron que el mercado explotar&amp;iacute;a y que
los inversores deber&amp;iacute;an tener efectivo, Siegel apunta a los monumentalmente
incompetentes banqueros de inversiones como prueba de la inteligencia del
&amp;ldquo;mercado&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;William Easterley&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;He dejado mi favorito para el final. Es conocido que la
Reina de Inglaterra se pregunt&amp;oacute; por qu&amp;eacute; ninguno de los economistas hab&amp;iacute;a visto
que ven&amp;iacute;a la crisis. Aqu&amp;iacute; est&amp;aacute; lo que &lt;a href="http://consultingbyrpm.com/blog/2009/08/efficient-markets-hypothesis-is-mental.html"&gt;dijo
William Easterly&lt;/a&gt; como r&amp;eacute;plica:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Los economistas hicieron algo
incluso mejor que predecir la crisis. Predijimos correctamente que no ser&amp;iacute;amos
capaces de predecirla. La parte m&amp;aacute;s importante de la muy calumniada hip&amp;oacute;tesis
de los mercados eficientes (EMH) es que nadie puede batir al mercado de valores
sistem&amp;aacute;ticamente. Lo que implica que nadie puede predecir una crisis de los
mercados, porque si pudiera, obviamente batir&amp;iacute;a al mercado&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;iexcl;Vamos, es &amp;nbsp;divertid&amp;iacute;simo!&lt;a name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Conclusi&amp;oacute;n&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La hip&amp;oacute;tesis de los mercados eficientes se expresa de formas
distintas. De hecho hay mucha literatura emp&amp;iacute;rica, en la que Fama y otros
realizan pruebas falsables. Sin embargo, como espero haber demostrado con las
citas anteriores, en la pr&amp;aacute;ctica la hip&amp;oacute;tesis de los mercados eficientes es
realmente una &lt;i&gt;tautolog&amp;iacute;a&lt;/i&gt; o una forma de ver el mundo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;No hay nada err&amp;oacute;neo en usar marcos mentales a priori para
analizar la realidad econ&amp;oacute;mica: de hecho &amp;eacute;sa es una de las caracter&amp;iacute;sticas
definitorias de &lt;a href="http://mises.org/story/1304"&gt;la praxeolog&amp;iacute;a de Mises&lt;/a&gt;.
Sin embargo, como demuestran las citas, muchos de los defensores de la EMH
piensan que est&amp;aacute;n confirmando de forma independiente la EMH, cuando en realidad
sus lentes sencillamente fuerzan todas las evidencias de conformidad con sus
presupuestos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;---------------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Robert
Murphy, investigador adjunto del Mises Institute y miembro de la facultad de la
Universidad Mises, gestiona el blog &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://consultingbyrpm.com/blog/"&gt;Free Advice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y es autor de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Politically-Incorrect-Guide-to-Capitalism-The-P360C0.aspx"&gt;The
Politically Incorrect Guide to Capitalism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Man-Economy-and-State-Study-Guide-P304.aspx"&gt;Study
Guide to Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Human-Action-Study-Guide-P547.aspx"&gt;Human Action
Study Guide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Politically-Incorrect-Guide-to-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal-P580.aspx"&gt;The
Politically Incorrect Guide to the Great Depression and the New Deal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;

&lt;hr align="left" /&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn1"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
De hecho, Tyler Cowen me dijo por correo electr&amp;oacute;nico que pensaba que Easterley
estaba bromeando. Dado que el resto sonaba perfectamente serio (y que no era
una disculpa del estado de la macroeconom&amp;iacute;a de la corriente principal) yo dir&amp;iacute;a
que hablaba en serio. (Por desgracia, el art&amp;iacute;culo de Easterley ya no est&amp;aacute; en la
url en la que lo le&amp;iacute; originalmente, as&amp;iacute; que s&amp;oacute;lo tengo la cita que he puesto en
el texto anterior).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271608" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>off to a great start...</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/forgottenman/archive/2009/11/22/off-to-a-great-start.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 13:00:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271438</guid><dc:creator>Nathaniel</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;color:#006600;"&gt;On August 28, 2010, I ask you, your family and neighbors to join me at the feet of Abraham Lincoln on the National Mall for the unveiling of The Plan and the birthday of a new national movement to restore our great country.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A libertarian Glenn Beck certainly isn&amp;#39;t. &amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Restoring&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;our great country at the foot of one of its most committed enemies? &amp;nbsp;Someone needs to get that man a copy of &lt;i&gt;The Real Lincoln&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Lincoln Unmasked.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;And an appreciation for &lt;i&gt;states&amp;#39; rights&lt;/i&gt;, for pity&amp;#39;s sake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271438" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/forgottenman/archive/tags/revolution/default.aspx">revolution</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/forgottenman/archive/tags/history/default.aspx">history</category></item><item><title>Wingnut Ron Paul is in Good Company</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/wingnut-ron-paul-is-in-good-company.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 03:30:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271465</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Ron Paul is looked at by some as a modern day Don Quixote. His
current windmill is the Federal Reserve, an institution not very well
understood by the American public. For those who don&amp;rsquo;t understand the
Fed, watch this &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5898" target="_blank"&gt;video. &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Representative Paul is a Republican, but a strange one. He is a RINO
(republican in name only), a term usually reserved for liberal
Republicans. In fact, he really stands outside both political parties,
much as Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. He and Sanders could not be
more opposite in political philosophy. Yet both are concerned about the
Fed and removing the veil of secrecy the Fed operates under. Indeed,
Ron Paul wants to ultimately abolish the Fed. To many, this position is
radical and unthinkable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Paul&amp;rsquo;s position (and Sanders for that matter) is not at all unusual. As you can see
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5979"&gt;Wingnut Ron Paul is in Good Company&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271465" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/founders/default.aspx">founders</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Fed/default.aspx">Fed</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/paul/default.aspx">paul</category></item><item><title>The Rule of Man, Not Law</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/the-rule-of-man-not-law.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 03:24:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271463</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;On several occasions (&lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=5853" target="_blank"&gt;the most recent&lt;/a&gt;)
I have discussed the abandonment of our Constitution and its principles
as leading to the inevitable economic mess we now confront. As an
example of how the Constitution no longer matters, at least in the eyes
of the ruling class, the following article from the American Thinker is
offered. Remember, these people all took an oath to uphold the
Constitution. Have they even read it? If so, apparently it is
considered nothing more than an inconvenient artifact that should not
stand in their way for &amp;ldquo;improving&amp;rdquo; the world. John Adams warned: &amp;ldquo;A
Constitution of Government once changed from Freedom, can never be
restored. Liberty, once lost, is lost forever.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Presumed Ignorant&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mark J. Fitzgibbons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In 1938 under &lt;em&gt;United States v. Carolene Products&lt;/em&gt;, the Supreme Court institutionalized a judicial doctrine that federal legislation was presumed to be constitutional.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While the court is right
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6206"&gt;The Rule of Man, Not Laws&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271463" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/politics/default.aspx">politics</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/law/default.aspx">law</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/constitution/default.aspx">constitution</category></item><item><title>Finally, A Grown-up Speaks Out Against Economic Policies</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/finally-a-grown-up-speaks-out-against-economic-policies.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 02:03:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271432</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Finally. someone is courageous enough to say what everyone else is
thinking . There is little doubt that many other companies feel the
same way and are taking the same actions as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farr" rel="wikipedia" title="David Farr" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f8000000007350a80"&gt;David Farr&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.emerson.com/" rel="homepage" title="Emerson Electric Company" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f80000000004648d1"&gt;Emerson Electric&lt;/a&gt;&amp;rsquo;s
CEO. They choose to keep low profiles by not standing up and speaking
out. Not so Farr, who issued a very powerful indictment against the
economic policies of the Obama Administration. I applaud the man for
his honesty and bravery. Of course I am not a shareholder. Here are
some of his statements:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;Washington is doing everything in their manpower, capability, to
destroy U.S. manufacturing,&amp;rdquo; Farr said today in Chicago at a Baird
Industrial Outlook conference. &amp;ldquo;Cap and trade, medical reform, labor
rules.&amp;rdquo; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;m not going to hire anybody in the United States. I&amp;rsquo;m moving. They are
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6078"&gt;Finally, A Grownup Speaks Out Against Economic Policies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271432" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/ideology/default.aspx">ideology</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/incentives/default.aspx">incentives</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/obama/default.aspx">obama</category></item><item><title>Why Regulation Fails Regularly</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/why-regulation-fails-regularly.aspx</link><pubDate>Sun, 22 Nov 2009 01:54:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271425</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Most people cannot conceive of a world without regulations. I can&amp;rsquo;t
either. But I can conceive of a world that most would think
ridiculously defunct of oversight.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We tend to view the world in terms of what exists now, instead of
what could or should exist. A good economist never ignores the
institutional framework, because it provides the incentives to which
economic actors respond. A great economist, however, goes beyond the
existing. He examines the institutional framework from a normative
perspective. Why did the existing framework evolve? What political and
business interests produced it? Can patches to the system improve it?
Do we need a completely different approach to regulation?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A particularly incisive post on this comes from &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://cafehayek.com/2009/11/no-solutions.html"&gt;Cafe Hayek:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" rel="wikipedia" title="Thomas Sowell" class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f800000000014f23f"&gt;Thomas Sowell&lt;/a&gt; has said that economics helps you understand that there are no  solutions, only tradeoffs.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Continue reading &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/?p=6055"&gt;Why Regulation Fails Regularly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271425" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Carta de renuncia del Secretario General de Human Rights, Sr. Armando Valladares</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/2009/11/21/carta-de-renuncia-del-secretario-general-de-human-rights-sr-armando-valladares.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 19:28:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271295</guid><dc:creator>Rodrigo Diaz</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;Fecha: martes, 13 octubre, 2009 7:25&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:large;"&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormalTable"&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" style="padding:0in;"&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-left:3.75pt;"&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormalTable"&gt;
&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign="top" style="padding:0in;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="margin-bottom:5pt;margin-left:3.75pt;"&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times
New Roman;font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;#39;Times
                                                                                                                                                                                                New Roman&amp;#39;;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;"&gt;Esta en total desacuerdo con lo que publicaron sobre Honduras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p class="ecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxecxMsoNormal"&gt;&lt;img height="224" width="180" src="http://www.nuevoaccion.com/ARMANDOVALLADARESFHR.jpg" align="left" alt="" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Mi querido Thor: La nota de HRF sobre los sucesos de Honduras no reflejan la verdad ni relatan hist&amp;oacute;ricamente los hechos tal y como sucedieron. Estoy ahora en Italia, no tengo mucho tiempo para un an&amp;aacute;lisis m&amp;aacute;s extenso. Pero el Presidente Zelaya fue y es un traidor a la Democracia. Fue electo enga&amp;ntilde;ando a sus compatriotas y cuando con ese enga&amp;ntilde;o lleg&amp;oacute; al poder, gir&amp;oacute; ideol&amp;oacute;gicamente y comenz&amp;oacute; su plan para cargarse la Democracia en Honduras como lo hizo Ch&amp;aacute;vez en Venezuela, Morales en Bolivia y Correa lo est&amp;aacute; haciendo en Ecuador. Zelaya forma parte de la gran conspiraci&amp;oacute;n neocomunista que pretende apoderarse de Am&amp;eacute;rica Latina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;La estrategia ha sido la misma: llegan al poder con elecciones, despu&amp;eacute;s, cambian la Constituci&amp;oacute;n, disuelven los parlamentos y se perpet&amp;uacute;an en el poder y terminan declar&amp;aacute;ndose marxistas, como Evo Morales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Lo que Zelaya trat&amp;oacute; de hacer para estos planes era ilegal. Qui&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;o cambiar la Constituci&amp;oacute;n para reelegirse. La Corte Suprema le advirti&amp;oacute; que esa maniobra era inconstitucional y por lo tanto ilegal. El Congreso tambi&amp;eacute;n le se&amp;ntilde;al&amp;oacute; que su pretensi&amp;oacute;n violaba la Constituci&amp;oacute;n hondure&amp;ntilde;a y por lo tanto era ilegal. Con el apoyo y el dinero de un gobierno extranjero (todo el material electoral lleg&amp;oacute; desde Venezuela en un avi&amp;oacute;n que envi&amp;oacute; Ch&amp;aacute;vez).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;No obstante las advertencias de la Corte Suprema, sigui&amp;oacute; con sus planes de cargarse la Democracia en su pa&amp;iacute;s, donde imperaba la ley y en base a ese imperio de la Ley, la Corte Suprema le orden&amp;oacute; al Ej&amp;eacute;rcito, (que no est&amp;aacute; para defender al Presidente, sino a la Constituci&amp;oacute;n, ) que arrestara y expulsara del pa&amp;iacute;s a Zelaya. Eso no es un golpe de Estado, no hay militares gobernando en Honduras. Mientras la OEA vio como Zelaya iba actuando ilegalmente, no dijo una palabra, cuando la Corte Suprema le advirti&amp;oacute; era ilegal su pretensi&amp;oacute;n la OEA y los que hoy se rasgan las vestiduras, contemplaban en silencio c&amp;oacute;mplice como este traidor de Zelaya trataba de hundir a su pa&amp;iacute;s en el totalitarismo y que se convirtiera en otra Venezuela, en otra Bolivia o en otra Cuba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:inherit;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:inherit;"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;La Declaraci&amp;oacute;n de la HRF es hist&amp;oacute;ricamente incorrecta, dej&amp;aacute;ndose llevar por la cobarde complicidad de los que por falta de valor dejan de hacer o no se atreven a decir las cosas como son. Nada supe de que esa declaraci&amp;oacute;n, ni de su publicaci&amp;oacute;n de la cual he sabido aqu&amp;iacute; en Italia. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;Por esa raz&amp;oacute;n, por mi desacuerdo absoluto con esa nota, renuncio de forma irrevocable a mi cargo de Chairman de Human Rigths Foundation y tambi&amp;eacute;n a cualquier cargo en la misma ya sea de miembro del Directorio Internacional o cualquiera otro. Te ruego como Presidente que est&amp;aacute;s a cargo del quehacer diario de HRF des curso a esta renuncia m&amp;iacute;a, que yo tambi&amp;eacute;n lo har&amp;eacute; por mi parte. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="text-align:justify;margin-bottom:12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:14pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Armando Valladares&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271295" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Chavez/default.aspx">Chavez</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Venezuela/default.aspx">Venezuela</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Izquierda/default.aspx">Izquierda</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/rodrigodiaz/archive/tags/Comunismo/default.aspx">Comunismo</category></item><item><title>Inflación buena</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/21/inflaci-243-n-buena.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 17:58:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271272</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Joseph T. Salerno. (Publicado el 20 de noviembre de
2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3874"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3874&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La semana pasada un estudiante de mi seminario de
macroeconom&amp;iacute;a intermedia a nivel de MBA plante&amp;oacute; una pregunta provocativa.
Est&amp;aacute;bamos discutiendo los distintos tipos de deflaci&amp;oacute;n (en precios) y cu&amp;aacute;les,
seg&amp;uacute;n los austriacos, son benignos y se acomodan a las preferencias de los
consumidores y cu&amp;aacute;les malignos y entran en conflicto con las preferencias de
los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En la visi&amp;oacute;n de los austriacos de la pol&amp;iacute;tica monetaria
inflacionista como causa primaria de los ciclos econ&amp;oacute;micos y de la crisis
actual en particular, el estudiante pregunt&amp;oacute; si los austriacos consideran alg&amp;uacute;n
tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n como &amp;ldquo;bueno&amp;rdquo; para la econom&amp;iacute;a. Di una corta repuesta
afirmativa y luego pens&amp;eacute; en ello durante el fin de semana. Aqu&amp;iacute; est&amp;aacute; la nota
acerca del asunto que escrib&amp;iacute; para la discusi&amp;oacute;n en clase del d&amp;iacute;a siguiente. (Los
&amp;uacute;ltimos dos p&amp;aacute;rrafos sobre banca libre no son parte de la nota original).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n &amp;ldquo;buena&amp;rdquo; aparece cuando se producen
innovaciones y cambios que permiten a la gente economizar la cantidad de dinero
que mantienen en efectivo. Por ejemplo, la introducci&amp;oacute;n y aumento de la
disponibilidad de las tarjetas de cr&amp;eacute;dito conlleva una disminuci&amp;oacute;n en la
demanda de dinero, que, si todo sigue igual, causa un aumento general en los
precios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Este &amp;ldquo;exceso&amp;rdquo; de efectivo produce un aumento de la demanda
de bienes cuya oferta no ha aumentado. El resultado es que los precios en
general suben. Pero aqu&amp;iacute; la inflaci&amp;oacute;n realiza una funci&amp;oacute;n importante: reduce el
poder adquisitivo del d&amp;oacute;lar hasta el punto en que deja de haber exceso de
oferta porque ahora la gente est&amp;aacute; contenta de mantener el total de la oferta de
dinero en existencia con el fin de planificar transacciones a los nuevos
niveles m&amp;aacute;s altos de precios. Otra forma de explicar esto es que la oferta
&amp;ldquo;real&amp;rdquo; de dinero, es decir, el poder adquisitivo total en t&amp;eacute;rminos de bienes se
ha reducido al nivel exacto que desean los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La que podr&amp;iacute;amos llamar inflaci&amp;oacute;n por &amp;ldquo;ahorro de efectivo&amp;rdquo;
tiende a ocurrir como resultado de cualquier innovaci&amp;oacute;n financiera, incluyendo
la invenci&amp;oacute;n de fondos mutuos en el mercado de dinero, cajeros autom&amp;aacute;ticos,
cuentas PayPal, etc. Tambi&amp;eacute;n puede producirse por innovaciones organizativas o
t&amp;eacute;cnicas en el negocio que promuevan una integraci&amp;oacute;n vertical de las
operaciones en las que los bienes de capital previamente intercambiados entre dos
empresas independientes ahora se producen y emplean dentro de la misma empresa.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Obs&amp;eacute;rvese que la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de ahorro de efectivo es benigna
precisamente porque es un resultado de que haya individuos esforz&amp;aacute;ndose por
optimizar sus propiedades mediante un proceso de intercambio voluntario.
Tambi&amp;eacute;n es digno de menci&amp;oacute;n que este tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n implica un aumento de
precios de una sola vez: una vez que el nuevo m&amp;eacute;todo de pago o invento se
convierte en ampliamente adoptado, cesa la ca&amp;iacute;da de la demanda de dinero y los
precios dejan de subir. Al final, la inflaci&amp;oacute;n causada por la gente que
responde a oportunidades de economizar en sus existencias de dinero no tiene un
efecto sistem&amp;aacute;tico en los mercados del cr&amp;eacute;dito y el tipo de inter&amp;eacute;s y, por
tanto, no precipita el ciclo econ&amp;oacute;mico.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un segundo tipo de inflaci&amp;oacute;n buena es la que se produce por
efecto de una reducci&amp;oacute;n en las ofertas de bienes y servicios causada por
desastres naturales, el agotamiento de recursos naturales o el aumento de las
preferencias de la gente por el ocio (causando una disminuci&amp;oacute;n de la
participaci&amp;oacute;n en las fuerzas laborales) o por bienes de consumo presentes
(causando la no renovaci&amp;oacute;n o &amp;ldquo;consumo&amp;rdquo; de bienes de capital). Todos estos
acontecimientos traen, antes o despu&amp;eacute;s, una mayor escasez de bienes
intercambiables en la econom&amp;iacute;a.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La reducci&amp;oacute;n de las ofertas de bienes en el mercado, si todo
lo dem&amp;aacute;s permanece constante, incluyendo la existencia de dinero, hace que
aparezca un exceso de demanda de bienes. Los precios en general aumentar&amp;aacute;n
naturalmente para restaurar el equilibrio en los mercados de bienes. El aumento
de precios a la vez indica la mayor escasez de bienes disponibles y asegura que
se asignan a los usos m&amp;aacute;s valorados por los consumidores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por el contrario, puede decirse que hay una ca&amp;iacute;da en la
demanda de &amp;ldquo;intercambio&amp;rdquo; de dinero, que se constituye por los bienes ofrecidos para
intercambio. La disminuci&amp;oacute;n en la demanda de dinero en intercambio, cuando no
ha cambiado la oferta de dinero, produce inicialmente un excedente de dinero,
porque &lt;i&gt;a los bajos precios prevalecientes&lt;/i&gt;, la oferta de dinero ofertada
excede la oferta de bienes en el mercado. Al final, el poder de compra del
d&amp;oacute;lar se ajusta a la baja, los precios de los bienes suben y todos los d&amp;oacute;lares
ofrecidos se absorben a cambio de los bienes que ahora tienen precios m&amp;aacute;s
altos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;De nuevo advertimos que, al contrario que la actual
inflaci&amp;oacute;n de precios que normalmente causa la expansi&amp;oacute;n de la oferta monetaria
de los bancos centrales, la inflaci&amp;oacute;n generada por las menores ofertas de
bienes es asunto de una sola vez. Los precios dejan de subir tan pronto como
las ofertas de bienes y servicios dejan de caer y se estabilizan al nivel
inferior, consistente con el cambio en los datos econ&amp;oacute;micos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La inflaci&amp;oacute;n de la &amp;ldquo;escasez&amp;rdquo; es por tanto beneficiosa porque
facilita el c&amp;aacute;lculo econ&amp;oacute;mico y la operaci&amp;oacute;n correcta de los mercados en una
situaci&amp;oacute;n en la que las preferencias de la gente o sus oportunidades de
producci&amp;oacute;n han sufrido un cambio radical. La historia ha demostrado vez tras
vez (durante guerras, revoluciones, asedios y malas cosechas) que cualquier
intento por reprimir la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de escasez mediante controles de precios o
una distribuci&amp;oacute;n centralizada de las necesidades genera un caos de c&amp;aacute;lculo,
pobreza generalizada y desorden social.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por tanto, nuestra conclusi&amp;oacute;n es que un aumento general de
los precios generado por la demanda de dinero siempre mejora el bienestar
econ&amp;oacute;mico tal y como entienden el t&amp;eacute;rmino los austriacos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Con el fin de aportar todo, advierto que la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los
austriacos m&amp;aacute;s modernos que apoyan la banca libre, aunque est&amp;eacute;n de acuerdo
conmigo sobre la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de escasez estar&amp;iacute;an muy en desacuerdo conmigo en que
la inflaci&amp;oacute;n de ahorro de efectivo sea benigna. Autores como Larry White,
George Selgin y Steve Horowitz insisten en que cualquier cambio en el gasto
total causado por cambios en la demanda de dinero deben deshacerse r&amp;aacute;pidamente
por un cambio de la oferta de dinero en la misma direcci&amp;oacute;n. Por tanto, bajo
nuestro sistema actual de moneda fiduciaria, si aparecen innovaciones
financieras que induzcan a la gente a reducir su demanda de efectivo e
intercambiar el dinero m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pidamente, de acuerdo con los &amp;ldquo;banqueros libres&amp;rdquo;,
el banco central debe contraer la oferta de dinero para prevenir el aumento en
precios que corresponda a las elecciones voluntarias de la gente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es una implicaci&amp;oacute;n directa de la &amp;ldquo;norma de productividad&amp;rdquo; de
los banqueros libres, de acuerdo con la cual el banco central debe suprimir
activamente cambios &amp;ldquo;sin sentido&amp;rdquo; en los precios. Los cambios sin sentido en
los precios incluyen aqu&amp;eacute;llos causados por cambios en lo que los banqueros
libres califican (err&amp;oacute;neamente, en mi opini&amp;oacute;n) como &amp;ldquo;la velocidad del dinero&amp;rdquo;.
As&amp;iacute;, los banqueros libres se convierten en animadores de una deflaci&amp;oacute;n
monetaria realizada por el banco central como un medio de ahogar un modelo de
intercambios de propiedades libremente elegidos que expresan las preferencias
de los consumidores de precios m&amp;aacute;s altos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La posici&amp;oacute;n de los banqueros libres no s&amp;oacute;lo es err&amp;oacute;nea sino
tambi&amp;eacute;n parad&amp;oacute;jica. Acusan a los austriacos de Escuela Neomonetaria, creada por
Mises y Rothbard, de ver la deflaci&amp;oacute;n y la inflaci&amp;oacute;n asim&amp;eacute;tricamente,
favoreciendo la deflaci&amp;oacute;n y condenando la inflaci&amp;oacute;n. Pero como he intentado
probar anteriormente, los austriacos de la Escuela Neomonetaria son
perfectamente consistentes en sus actitudes hacia la subida y bajada de
precios: tanto la &amp;ldquo;inflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo; como la &amp;ldquo;deflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo; son benignas siempre que
est&amp;eacute;n de acuerdo con las preferencias de los consumidores voluntariamente
expresadas. No pasa esto con los banqueros libres, que afirman estar a favor de
un sistema monetario libremente competitivo, pero presumen saber de antemano
qu&amp;eacute; resultado producir&amp;aacute;n los empresarios operando en este sistema, que es una
estabilidad completa de una variable macroecon&amp;oacute;mica concreta.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Luego el punto de fricci&amp;oacute;n real entre banqueros libres y sus
oponentes neomonetarios es si debe invocarse la norma de productividad para
animar al banco central a emplear su poder de manipular la oferta monetaria con
el fin de estabilizar el &amp;ldquo;gasto total&amp;rdquo;, un macroagregado &lt;i&gt;ex post&lt;/i&gt; sin
sentido. La respuesta de los banqueros libres es &amp;ldquo;S&amp;iacute;&amp;rdquo;. Los austriacos de la
Escuela Neomonetaria aceptan la opini&amp;oacute;n de Mises de que las subidas y bajadas
de precios no significan nada por s&amp;iacute; mismas en evaluar la solidez de un r&amp;eacute;gimen
monetario. Como &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/12/inflaci-243-n-y-deflaci-243-n.aspx"&gt;escribi&amp;oacute;&lt;/a&gt;
Mises:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las nociones de inflaci&amp;oacute;n y
deflaci&amp;oacute;n no son conceptos praxeol&amp;oacute;gicos. (&amp;hellip;)&amp;nbsp;[Implican] la popular falacia de
que no existe el dinero neutral o de poder de compra estable y que el mejor
dinero deber&amp;iacute;a ser neutral y estable en poder de compra. (&amp;hellip;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sin embargo quienes aplican esos
t&amp;eacute;rminos no se da cuenta del hecho de que el poder de compra nunca permanece
inalterado y que consecuentemente siempre hay inflaci&amp;oacute;n o deflaci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;--------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Joseph Salerno es vicepresidente acad&amp;eacute;mico del Mises
Institute, profesor de econom&amp;iacute;a en la Universidad de Pace y editor del &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/qjaedisplay.asp"&gt;Quarterly Journal of Austrian
Economics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Ha sido entrevistado en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/aen/aen16_3_1.asp"&gt;Austrian Economics
Newsletter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;a href="http://www.mises.org/fullarticle.asp?record=321&amp;amp;month=13"&gt;Mises.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271272" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Dr. Alan Blinder: Ideology Trumps Economics</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/2009/11/21/dr-alan-blinder-ideology-trumps-economics.aspx</link><pubDate>Sat, 21 Nov 2009 12:35:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271213</guid><dc:creator>Monty Pelerin</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An earlier version of this article appeared on &lt;a href="http://americanthinker.com/" target="_blank"&gt;American Thinker&lt;/a&gt;. This version appeared on my site, &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/" title="economicnoise.com" target="_blank"&gt;Monty Pelerin&amp;#39;s World&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dr. &lt;a class="zem_slink freebase/guid/9202a8c04000641f800000000048ad98" title="Alan Blinder" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blinder"&gt;Alan Blinder&lt;/a&gt;,
Professor of Economics at Princeton and former vice chairman of the&amp;nbsp;
Federal Reserve Board (amongst many other prestigious accomplishments),
had an editorial on November 16 in the Wall Street Journal entitled &amp;quot;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052748703683804574533843234723498.html" target="_blank"&gt;How Washington Can Create Jobs&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp;
The editorial is a typical example of the Keynesian and Statist
mentality that most economists have toward job creation. It may also be
Exhibit A as to why good economists should not be involved in politics:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;ldquo;&amp;hellip; it is very dangerous for an economist to seek fame and fortune
and to work closely with political establishments, &amp;hellip; the most important
trait of a good economist is the courage to say the unpopular thing. If
you value your position and privileges more than truth, you will say
what people want to hear rather than what needs to be said.&amp;rdquo; &lt;/strong&gt; Llewellyn H. Rockwell Jr.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the editorial Dr. Blinder arbitrarily sets a spending budget of
$30 billion for new jobs and then explores two different alternatives.
First, he suggests hiring 1.0 million new government employees at a
cost of $30,000 per hire. Second, he suggests using a &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot; for
private industry for newly hired employees that would effectively lower
the wage costs for new employees by an estimated 10%. He estimates this
plan, using econometric estimates based on job elasticities, to create
&amp;quot;... about 5.5 million net new jobs ...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;His own figures reveal the economically correct answer as to which alternative to select. The &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot; &lt;a href="http://www.economicnoise.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/blinder2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-6361" title="blinder2" src="http://www.economicnoise.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/blinder2-300x192.jpg" alt="blinder2" height="192" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;alternative
produces 5.5 times as many jobs as the government hiring program.
Furthermore, they will be real jobs, rather than mostly make-work jobs.
Yet, he chooses the government hiring program, apparently blinded by
the ideology that more government is better. His rationale for
rejecting the tax incentive plan is that employers would engage in
behavior that he describes as &amp;quot;gaming the system.&amp;quot; All governmental
interventions, including his alternative plan of government hiring new
employees, are plagued by such costs and unintended consequences.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;#39;s use Dr. Blinder&amp;#39;s own numbers to show why his choice appears
ideological. Accepting his econometrics (simple historical statistical
relationships), &amp;quot;a 10% reduction in after-tax wage costs... should
boost employment by roughly 4%.&amp;quot; Suppose 5.5 million real jobs were
produced, but 7.5 million were claimed, nearly a 40% overstatement of
reality. The &amp;quot;gaming costs&amp;quot; would be the 2.0 million jobs not actually
created. The government would pay $42 billion when it should have paid
about $30 billion. This gaming cost is equal to about $12 billion. A
similar gaming calculation for the program that Dr. Blinder recommends
could also be done. We saw how easy it was to fudge &amp;quot;jobs saved&amp;quot;
recently.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While Dr. Blinder expressed great concern in his editorial for the
unemployment problem in this country, he rejects a proposal that he
says would create 5.5 million jobs in the private sector for one that
would create 1.0 million in the public sector. Yes, the first one costs
more, but those costs could be somewhat mitigated via monitoring as Dr.
Blinder suggests.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regardless, Dr. Blinder&amp;#39;s preferred public sector choice would
reduce unemployment from 10.2% to about 9.5%. The rejected &amp;quot;tax credit&amp;quot;
plan would reduce the unemployment rate to 6.2%, per his own numbers.
Either ideology or lack of math skills seems to be at work here. Dr.
Blinder&amp;#39;s continued support for minimum wage legislation would suggest
that it is ideology. Supporting raising the minimum wage is a vote for
increased unemployment of the poorest segment of society. His own
econometric data tell him that.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271213" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Great+Society/default.aspx">Great Society</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/ideology/default.aspx">ideology</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/montypelerin/archive/tags/Blinder/default.aspx">Blinder</category></item><item><title>Impuestos</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/20/impuestos.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 19:31:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:271015</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Frederic Bastiat. (Publicado el 19 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido de la versi&amp;oacute;n en ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original en
ingl&amp;eacute;s se encuentra aqu&amp;iacute; &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3805"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3805&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;[De &lt;i&gt;&amp;ldquo;Lo que se ve y lo que no se ve&amp;rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;, 1850]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;iquest;Nunca han o&amp;iacute;do decir: &amp;ldquo;No hay mejor inversi&amp;oacute;n que los
impuestos. Vean s&amp;oacute;lo la cantidad de familias que mantienen y consideren c&amp;oacute;mo
act&amp;uacute;a sobre la industria: es una corriente inagotable, es la propia vida&amp;rdquo;?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Con el fin de combatir esta doctrina, debo referirme a mi &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/03/el-cristal-roto.aspx"&gt;anterior
refutaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt;. La econom&amp;iacute;a pol&amp;iacute;tica sabe suficientemente bien que sus
argumentos no son tan convincentes que podr&amp;iacute;a dec&amp;iacute;rsele, &lt;i&gt;rep&amp;iacute;talo, por favor&lt;/i&gt;.
Por tanto ha cambiado el proverbio en su beneficio, convencida de que, en su
boca, &lt;i&gt;las repeticiones ense&amp;ntilde;an&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las ventajas que defienden los funcionarios &lt;i&gt;son las que
se ven&lt;/i&gt;. El beneficio que dan a los proveedores &lt;i&gt;es tambi&amp;eacute;n lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;.
Esto ciega a todos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero los inconvenientes que los contribuyentes deben
soportar son &lt;i&gt;los que no se ven&lt;/i&gt;. Y el da&amp;ntilde;o que generan a los proveedores
es tambi&amp;eacute;n &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;, aunque esto tendr&amp;iacute;a que ser evidente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cuando un funcionario gasta para su propio beneficio cien
soles extra, implica que un contribuyente gasta en su beneficio cien soles
menos. Pero la ganancia del funcionario &lt;i&gt;se ve&lt;/i&gt;, porque el acto se
realiza, mientras que la del contribuyente &lt;i&gt;no se ve&lt;/i&gt;, porque, despu&amp;eacute;s de
todo, se le ha impedido obtenerla.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Comparamos la noci&amp;oacute;n, quiz&amp;aacute; con una porci&amp;oacute;n reseca de tierra
y el impuesto como una lluvia fertilizante. Dej&amp;eacute;moslo as&amp;iacute;. Pero tendr&amp;iacute;amos que
preguntarnos d&amp;oacute;nde est&amp;aacute;n las fuentes de esta lluvia y si no son precisamente
los mismos impuestos los que eliminan la humedad de la tierra y la resecan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Tambi&amp;eacute;n tendr&amp;iacute;amos que preguntarnos si es posible que el
suelo puede recibir tanta agua de la lluvia como la que pierde por evaporaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hay una cosa muy cierta: que cuando Jaime B separa cien
soles para el recaudador, no recibe nada a cambio. M&amp;aacute;s tarde, cuando un
funcionario gaste esos cien soles y los devuelva a Jaime B, ser&amp;aacute; por un valor
equivalente en grano o trabajo. El resultado final es una p&amp;eacute;rdida de cinco
francos para Jaime B.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es muy cierto que a menudo, quiz&amp;aacute; muy a menudo, el
funcionario realiza para Jaime B un servicio equivalente. En ese caso no hay
p&amp;eacute;rdida en ninguno de los lados: es simplemente un intercambio. Por tanto, mis
argumentos no aplican en absoluto a funcionarios &amp;uacute;tiles. Lo que yo digo es que
si se desea crear una oficina hay que probar su utilidad. Demostrar que su
valor para Jaime B, en t&amp;eacute;rminos de los servicios que le presta, es igual a lo
que le cuesta. Pero, aparte de su utilidad intr&amp;iacute;nseca, no se ofrezca como
argumento el beneficio que produce al funcionario, su familia y proveedores: no
se afirme que favorece la industria.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Cuando Jaime B dan sus cien soles a un funcionario del
gobierno a cambio de un servicio realmente &amp;uacute;til, es exactamente lo mismo que si
diera cien soles a un zapatero a cambio de un par de zapatos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero cuando Jaime B da cien soles a un funcionario del
gobierno y no recibe nada de &amp;eacute;l, excepto molestias, igual se los podr&amp;iacute;a dar a
un ladr&amp;oacute;n. No tiene sentido decir que el funcionario del gobierno gastar&amp;aacute; esos
cien soles para el beneficio de la industria nacional: el ladr&amp;oacute;n har&amp;iacute;a lo mismo
y tambi&amp;eacute;n Jaime B si no le hubiera parado por el camino el par&amp;aacute;sito extralegal
o la sanguijuela leg&amp;iacute;tima.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por tanto, acostumbr&amp;eacute;monos a evitar juzgar las cosas s&amp;oacute;lo
por &lt;i&gt;lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;, juzgu&amp;eacute;moslas por &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El a&amp;ntilde;o pasado yo estaba en el Comit&amp;eacute; de Finanzas, pues bajo
la constituyente, los miembros de la oposici&amp;oacute;n no estaban excluidos
sistem&amp;aacute;ticamente de todas las comisiones: en eso la constituyente actu&amp;oacute;
inteligentemente. Hemos escuchado al Sr. Thiers decir: &amp;ldquo;Me he pasado la vida
oponi&amp;eacute;ndome al partido legitimista y al partido de los sacerdotes. Como el
peligro com&amp;uacute;n nos ha juntado, ahora que soy su socio y les conozco y que
hablamos cara a cara, he descubierto que no son los monstruos que yo sol&amp;iacute;a
imaginar&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Si, se exageraba la desconfianza, se fomentaba el odio entre
partidos que nunca se mezclaban y si la mayor&amp;iacute;a permitiera a las minor&amp;iacute;as estar
presentes en las comisiones, quiz&amp;aacute; se descubrir&amp;iacute;a que las ideas de los
diferentes lados no son tan perversas como se supon&amp;iacute;a. En todo caso, el a&amp;ntilde;o
pasado yo estaba en el Comit&amp;eacute; de Finanzas. Cada vez que uno de nuestros colegas
hablaba de mantener en una cifra moderada el mantenimiento del Presidente de la
Rep&amp;uacute;blica, de los ministros y embajadores, se respond&amp;iacute;a:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Por el bien del servicio, es necesario dotar a ciertos
departamentos de esplendor y dignidad como medio de atraer a gente de m&amp;eacute;rito.
Un gran n&amp;uacute;mero de personas desafortunadas apelan al Presidente de la Rep&amp;uacute;blica
y le podr&amp;iacute;amos en una posici&amp;oacute;n muy dolorosa oblig&amp;aacute;ndole a rechazarlos
continuamente. Cierto estilo en los salones ministeriales es parte de la
maquinaria de los gobiernos constitucionales&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Aunque esos argumentos pueden ser controvertidos, sin duda
merecen un examen serio. Se basan en el inter&amp;eacute;s p&amp;uacute;blico, sea este correctamente
estimado o no y en lo que a m&amp;iacute; respecta tengo mucho m&amp;aacute;s respeto por el p&amp;uacute;blico
que muchos de nuestros Catones, quienes se mueven por un estrecho esp&amp;iacute;ritu de
parsimonia o celos.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Pero lo que me revuelve la parte econ&amp;oacute;mica de mi conciencia
y me hace ruborizar por los recursos intelectuales de mi pa&amp;iacute;s, es cuando se
presenta esta absurda reliquia del feudalismo, lo que sucede constantemente, y adem&amp;aacute;s
se recibe favorablemente:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Adem&amp;aacute;s, el lujo de los grandes funcionarios del gobierno favorece
las artes, la industria y el trabajo. La cabeza del estado y sus ministros no
pueden dar banquetes o fiestas sin hacer que la vida circule por las venas del
cuerpo social. Reducir sus medios ahogar&amp;iacute;a la industria parisina y
consecuentemente la de toda la naci&amp;oacute;n&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Debo pedirles, se&amp;ntilde;ores, que por lo menos presten un poco de
atenci&amp;oacute;n a la aritm&amp;eacute;tica y no decirlo ante la Asamblea Nacional de Francia, no
sea que lamentablemente est&amp;eacute; de acuerdo en que un suma da un resultado distinto
de acuerdo con si se suma de abajo a arriba o de arriba abajo la columna.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por ejemplo, quiero contratar a alguien para que me cave una
zanja de drenaje en mi campo por cien soles. Justo cuando acabo de cerrar el
acuerdo aparece el recaudador, se lleva mis cien soles y los env&amp;iacute;a al Ministro
del Interior, mi acuerdo termina, pero el ministro tendr&amp;aacute; otro plato en su
mesa. &amp;iquest;Bajo qu&amp;eacute; premisas se atrever&amp;aacute;n a afirmar que este gasto oficial ayuda a
la industria nacional? &amp;iquest;No se ve que en esto s&amp;oacute;lo hay un rev&amp;eacute;s de satisfacciones
y de trabajo? Un ministro tiene su mesa mejor cubierta, es cierto, pero tambi&amp;eacute;n
es verdad que un agricultor tiene su campo peor drenado. El due&amp;ntilde;o de una
taberna de Par&amp;iacute;s ha ganado cien soles, lo concedo, pero deben concederme que un
cavador no ha podido ganar cinco francos. Se trata de eso: de que la satisfacci&amp;oacute;n
del funcionario y el tabernero es&lt;i&gt; lo que se ve&lt;/i&gt;, el campo no drenando y
el cavador sin trabajo es &lt;i&gt;lo que no se ve&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;iexcl;Vaya! &amp;iexcl;Qu&amp;eacute; problema hay para
probar que dos y dos son cuatro y si tenemos &amp;eacute;xito en probarlo se dice que &amp;ldquo;la
cosa es tan sencilla que es bastante tediosa&amp;rdquo; y votan como si no hubi&amp;eacute;ramos
probado nada.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;---------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Fr&amp;eacute;d&amp;eacute;ric Bastiat fue el gran proto-austrolibertario franc&amp;eacute;s
cuyas pol&amp;eacute;micas y an&amp;aacute;lisis trataron acerca de todos los clich&amp;eacute;s estatistas. Su
intenci&amp;oacute;n principal como escritor fue llegar a la gente de la forma m&amp;aacute;s
pr&amp;aacute;ctica con el mensaje de la urgencia moral y material de la libertad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=271015" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>A View from the Trenches, November 20th, 2009: "When the fiscal side starts ruling" </title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/20/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-20th-2009-quot-when-the-fiscal-side-starts-ruling-quot.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 14:03:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270929</guid><dc:creator>Tincho Sibileau</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>Please, click here to read this article in pdf format: www.sibileau.com In the chart below (source: Bloomberg), I show the intraday spread between the 30-yr US Treasury and the S&amp;amp;P500 Index. As you can see, this spread widened significantly until 11am yesterday. Macroeconomic data released yesterday morning by 10am were mixed. On one hand, the initial jobless claims and Philadelphia Fed Manufacturing Index were positive. Jobless claims are approaching the 500k level and should they break through...(&lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tincho/archive/2009/11/20/a-view-from-the-trenches-november-20th-2009-quot-when-the-fiscal-side-starts-ruling-quot.aspx"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270929" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Bruce Yandle on the tragedy of the commons, evolution of cooperation &amp; property, and the struggle against government theft</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/2009/11/20/bruce-yandle-on-the-tragedy-of-the-commons-the-evolution-of-cooperation-and-property.aspx</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Nov 2009 10:45:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270932</guid><dc:creator>TokyoTom</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;I`ve &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/search.aspx?q=yandle"&gt;often referred to&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;Bruce Yandle&lt;/b&gt;, a &amp;quot;free-market environmentalist&amp;quot; who is dean emeritus and Distinguished Professor&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt; of Economics Emeritus at&amp;nbsp;Clemson University`s College of Business &amp;amp; Behavior Sciences, Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Economics &lt;a href="http://www.mercatus.org/PeopleDetails.aspx?id=17006"&gt;at the Mercatus Center&lt;/a&gt;, a faculty member with George Mason University&amp;#39;s Capitol Hill Campus, and a Senior Fellow &lt;a href="http://www.perc.org/bio.php?staff_id=14http://www.perc.org/bio.php?staff_id=14"&gt;at the Property and Environment Research Center&lt;/a&gt; (a free-market environmentalism think tank which has great links to his many works).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I`d like to draw attention attention to one short paper by Yandle which I find insightful in providing a perspective on the evolution of prperty rights and problems with resource management which arise from government owenership, even as he has short-shrifted the importance of community property mechanisms, which Nobel Prize-winner &lt;b&gt;Elinor Ostrom&lt;/b&gt; has so extensively researched and documented (as &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/search.aspx?q=ostrom"&gt;I keep noting&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yandle`s paper, &lt;a href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-commons-tragedy-or-triumph/"&gt;The Commons: Tragedy or Triumph?&lt;/a&gt;, was published by the &lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Foundation for Economic Education&lt;/span&gt; in its April 1999 online edition of &lt;i&gt;Freeman&lt;/i&gt;. Here are portions I`d like to highlight:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; The feeder is a commons, but not just for hummingbirds. Bees are
attracted to it as well, and oddly enough, they can drive off the
larger hummingbirds. So even if the dominant bird is able to deflect
competition from other members of the species, that is not enough to
protect the nectar, and the defense itself is costly in energy burned.
The feeder contents are never secure.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Hummingbirds have no way to stake a claim to the feeder. So far as
we can tell, hummingbird communities have no constitution that reflects
socially evolved rules for establishing a social order. Most likely, a
long process of adaptation and selection has generated a hummingbird
capable of living in a world where nourishment is a common-access
resource, a commons. Hummingbirds live a life of flight, engaging in a
constant search for nourishment to feed their high-energy lives and, at
times, fighting for temporary control over valuable resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;Human Commons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; We all know the tragedy of the commons story. Wonderfully written
by Garrett Hardin in 1968, the highly stylized rendering is about a
pasture devoid of rules, customs, or norms for sharing.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
It is open to all comers. In this never-never-land, shepherds logically
add sheep to their flocks as long as doing so adds an increment of gain
for the particular flock. Uncoordinated in their effort, and unaware of
the effects of their individual actions on others, the unconcerned
shepherds collectively destroy the pasture. What could be a story of
plenty, if only the shepherds understood, turns into a story of
poverty. The passive shepherds are like hummingbirds. [Yandle has this wrong; Hardin posits competing shepherds who don`t talk w/ each other,and so look after only their narrow self-interests.]&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; As Hardin artistically puts it: &amp;ldquo;Therein is the tragedy. Each man
is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without
limit&amp;mdash;in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which
all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that
believes in freedom of the commons.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Garrett Hardin&amp;rsquo;s words beautifully bundle aspects of an endless
human struggle to form communities, accumulate wealth, and improve
well-being. With that phrase&amp;mdash;tragedy of the commons&amp;mdash;the essence of the
challenge hits us squarely between the eyes: &lt;b&gt;When there are no property
rights&amp;mdash;formal or informal&amp;mdash;that limit use of a scarce natural resource,
human action leads inevitably to untimely resource depletion and
destruction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; &lt;b&gt;But people are not hummingbirds. People can build institutions that
take the edge off frantic commons behavior. People have unwritten and
written constitutions that help to establish social order. People can
and do accumulate wealth. People communicate, invent lines of kinship,
and develop customs, traditions, and rules of law that limit
anti-social behavior. People define, enforce, and trade property
rights. People can and do avoid the tragedy of the commons. Indeed,
instead of living with tragedies, people triumph over the commons. But
the triumphs are never perfect or complete. There is always another
commons to manage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration:underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Ascent of Man&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; I wish to put forward the notion that &lt;b&gt;encounters with the commons
form the fundamental stimulus that yields, instead of tragedy, what we
today call civilization.&lt;/b&gt; The ascent of man from a primitive existence
with no wealth accumulation to life as we know it is fundamentally a
story about triumph over, not tragedy of, the commons. Let me explain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; &lt;b&gt;Our very existence as human beings is defined by evolved
institutions for avoiding tragedies. We have names, which serve the
economic purpose of identifying us as parties to contracts and
agreements. Those names, first and last, form webs of communication
that reduce the social cost of assigning responsibilities and
liabilities. They enhance truth-telling and promise-keeping; they raise
the cost of engaging in anti-social behavior. They limit a tragedy of
the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; We have abstract symbols of ownership&amp;mdash;deeds, titles, and
contracts&amp;mdash;that define spheres of autonomous behavior. We speak of our
homes, our cars, our clothes, our families, and our pasture. Even
language has evolved to provide a possessive form that accommodates
triumph over the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; We write and observe contracts, wills, and marriage agreements that
define relationships, identify turf, and conserve wealth. We accept
evolved bodies of law and law-enforcement activities to assure the
integrity of our agreements. We carry papers that enable us to acquire
property, extinguish debt, cross borders, drive vehicles, and
communicate effectively with strangers. And we have locks, keys, walls,
fences, brands, and encryption devices, all this in an effort to avoid
a tragedy of the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Property rights define who we are and what we have. Property rights
guard others from our unwanted advances and prevent us from
contributing to a tragedy of their commons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;  Avoiding a tragedy of the commons is costly. The benefits must be large. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; The tragedy is found where for reasons having to do with power,
intolerance, or cost, human beings have not yet defined private
property rights. Or, as we shall see, where evolving property rights
encouraged by man the institution builder have been destroyed. What was
once a triumph can become a tragedy. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; What about fisheries? How can we avoid a tragedy of the commons
there? Long before the Europeans arrived on the scene in the Pacific
Northwest, Native Americans had figured it out. Small tribes in what is
now Washington State had salmon fishing rights. Don Leal tells us that
&amp;ldquo;in some cases, the tribe owned the rights; in others, families or
individuals or a combination owned the rights.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; And what happened when the Europeans arrived? You guessed it. Leal
tells the story this way: &amp;ldquo;Instead of recognizing the well-defined and
enforced fishing rights, the U.S. government allowed newcomers to place
nets across the mouth of the Columbia. This quickly depleted salmon
runs, so traps and weirs were banned&amp;mdash;only to be replaced by purse seine
boats powered by internal combustion engines. The race to catch salmon
moved to open waters. Ironically, from the country where private
property is considered sacrosanct came a socialistic legal system
driven by politics and military power.&amp;rdquo;&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#6"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
What had been private property was turned into a commons. What had been
an institution-builder triumph became a political tragedy. ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; For centuries before anyone in the United States thought much about
environmental quality, our common law defined and protected the
environmental rights of ordinary people.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4295#10"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;
Enforced by judges in courts across the land, common law protected the
right of downstream property owners to receive water and air in
undiminished quality for reasonable use. At common law, rivers could
not be treated as open sewers if doing so imposed costs on downstream
rightholders. Industrial plants could not blow smoke and emissions onto
the land and property of ordinary people. The record is filled with
cases, here and in Canada, decided under English common-law traditions:
where farmers sued industrial plants and won; where citizens of one
state sued polluters in another state, and won; and where common-law
judges ordered polluters to clean up or shut down. There are also cases
where this did not happen, where judges turned away from
property-rights enforcement and behaved as policy makers. But when the
judges got it wrong, their decisions affected a small number of people,
not an entire nation. [I note &lt;a href="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/2008/12/23/limited-liability-produces-both-pollution-and-political-meddling-block-on-environmentalism.aspx"&gt;Walter Block disagrees strongly&lt;/a&gt; and views this change in common law as leading to the rampant pollution that set the stage for federal legislation.] This, of course, changed with the advent of
legislation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; Prior to the passage of federal pollution-control statutes, every
major city in the United States had taken steps to define public
property rights to air quality. Many states, including California, had
taken a river-basin approach to the management of water quality, this
in addition to the use of common law. Multi-state compacts were
forming. By the 1960s, environmental quality was improving rapidly in
many locations. The property rights institution builders were on their
way to avoiding a tragedy of the commons. Common law was converting the
commons to private property.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;
 This was changed with the passage of &lt;b&gt;federal legislation that
effectively nationalized air and water quality in the United States.
What was becoming private property was made public property, almost a
commons. The new system of command-and-control regulation allowed
polluters to operate legally if they had a permit. With permits in
hand, new polluters could enter already crowded river basins. The new
regime provided political access to industries and municipalities that
hoped to postpone the day of reckoning in common law courts.&lt;/b&gt; ...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt; This work sheds light on mankind&amp;rsquo;s struggle to avoid the tragedy of
the commons. It tells us that at very low levels of income, what might
be called stage one, human beings cannot afford to do much about
property-rights enforcement and the commons. They live in a world where
custom and tradition sustain them. As incomes rise and losses from the
commons expand, stage two is entered. Fences go up, and rules are set
for protecting the commons. Finally, in stage three, markets evolve
along with rules of law that define spheres of private and public
action. Private rights replace public control, and the triumph replaces
the tragedy of the commons. [Yandle ignores government mismanagement here, and how Western markets and Westernized leaders have seamrollered native institutions.] &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Life for mankind began on a commons where tragedies were
commonplace and the incentive to improve was powerful. Out of the
struggle to survive and accumulate wealth evolved markets, property
rights, and the rule of law&amp;mdash;a triumph on the commons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; But just as bees compete with hummingbirds in the struggle to
control access to nectar, institution builders who seek to support
markets and property rights compete with others who seek to
redistribute wealth. Actions to redistribute wealth blunt the incentive
to protect property rights and create wealth. This converts triumph to
tragedy.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div id="refHTML"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270932" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/tragedy+of+commons/default.aspx">tragedy of commons</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/ostrom/default.aspx">ostrom</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/yandle/default.aspx">yandle</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/evolution/default.aspx">evolution</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/tokyotom/archive/tags/cooperation/default.aspx">cooperation</category></item><item><title>El sistema de amenaza de huelga</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/19/el-sistema-de-amenaza-de-huelga.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 18:49:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270694</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Robert G. Anderson. (Publicado el 19 de noviembre de
2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3852"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3852&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;[The Freeman, 1973]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Se ha refutado otra falacia econ&amp;oacute;mica mediante el erudito
an&amp;aacute;lisis de W.H. Hutt de su m&amp;aacute;s reciente libro. La falsa creencia de que los
sindicatos mejoran la situaci&amp;oacute;n del trabajador ejercitando la amenaza de huelga
ante los empresarios se analiza concienzudamente y la conclusi&amp;oacute;n es evidente.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;El efecto de lo salarios
determinados bajo la presi&amp;oacute;n de los sindicatos es distorsionar la estructura de
producci&amp;oacute;n de la sociedad sin causar ninguna redistribuci&amp;oacute;n en absoluto a favor
de las clases m&amp;aacute;s pobres como tales, el sistema ha ida reduciendo el flujo de
los salarios reales y la media de &amp;eacute;stos&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Aunque el libro se preocupa principalmente por las
consecuencias econ&amp;oacute;micas de la amenaza de huelga en nuestro mercado laboral,
pregunta una argumentaci&amp;oacute;n igualmente devastadora a favor de la superioridad
del libre mercado en la determinaci&amp;oacute;n de los salarios de los trabajadores.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El libro demuestra&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;que lo que llamamos &amp;lsquo;el mercado&amp;rsquo;
ofrece los &amp;uacute;nicos medios concebibles de conseguir la ordenaci&amp;oacute;n y la
eliminaci&amp;oacute;n de la acci&amp;oacute;n coercitiva en el proceso de cooperaci&amp;oacute;n humana o los
resultados que se consideran intuitivamente como &amp;lsquo;justos&amp;rsquo; por abrumador
consenso entre la gente libre&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En principio esto puede parecer simplemente una reafirmaci&amp;oacute;n
de los argumentos del libre mercado. Sin embargo, la tesis de Hutt no concede
el &amp;ldquo;derecho a la huelga&amp;rdquo;, un asunto en el que la mayor&amp;iacute;a de los defensores del
libre mercado est&amp;aacute;n dispuestos a ceder. Hutt argumenta:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="padding-left:30px;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&amp;ldquo;Prohibir huelgas y boicots no
ser&amp;iacute;a restringir ning&amp;uacute;n derecho humano b&amp;aacute;sico. Toda persona seguir&amp;iacute;a siendo
libre de rehusar vender sus activos, sus productos y sus servicios, siempre que
el reh&amp;uacute;se no sea un incumplimiento de contrato. Esto es, una persona retendr&amp;iacute;a
su ilimitado derecho a preferir (a) ser contratado por otro, (b) trabajar por
su cuenta o (c) disfrutar de tiempo libre en lugar de una remuneraci&amp;oacute;n
pecuniaria. Pero no puede apelarse a este derecho como justificaci&amp;oacute;n del
rechazo concertado o simult&amp;aacute;neo de un grupo de personas a trabajar en una
industria, una empresa o una posici&amp;oacute;n clave en una industria o empresa&amp;rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El argumento de Hutt contra la ausencia masiva de todos los
trabajadores es convincente. Sin embargo, aunque demuestra claramente que de
esa acci&amp;oacute;n s&amp;oacute;lo puede resultar una p&amp;eacute;rdida de riqueza para los miembros de la sociedad,
aparece el dilema en el asunto de su implantaci&amp;oacute;n. Cualquier ley &amp;ldquo;antihuelga&amp;rdquo;
ser&amp;iacute;a contraria a los principios de la filosof&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado salvo que
pueda demostrarse una clara vulneraci&amp;oacute;n de contrato.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Al refutar el argumento de John Stuart Mill acerca de la
futilidad de hacer huelga, Hutt argumenta que a veces las huelgas dan
resultado. Pero &amp;ldquo;dan resultado&amp;rdquo;, dir&amp;iacute;a yo, porque no se aplican leyes que
protejan la propiedad. El crecimiento del sistema de amenaza de huelga ha
aparecido porque se han implantado leyes favoreciendo a los sindicatos y no se
han aplicado leyes que protegen a las personas y propiedades.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La amenaza de huelga es claramente producto de una
mentalidad colectivista y con toda probabilidad no existir&amp;iacute;a en una sociedad
libre ideal. Sin embargo, si los individuos desean realizar una acci&amp;oacute;n
perjudicial para su bienestar (el rechazo concertado o simult&amp;aacute;neo de un grupo
de personas de trabajar en una industria), su libertad para perseguir esa
tonter&amp;iacute;a debe defenderse. El Profesor Hutt argumenta de otra forma y despu&amp;eacute;s de
una lectura detenida de &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Strike-Threat-System-The-P554.aspx"&gt;The
Strike-Threat System&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, el lector deber&amp;iacute;a sacar sus propias conclusiones.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hutt se ocupa extensamente de los an&amp;aacute;lisis del pasado del
trabajo y de compartir el trabajo. Entierra la idea popular de que los
sindicatos hayan sido alguna vez beneficiosos, demostrando que &amp;eacute;stos siempre
han infligido injusticias e interrumpido la producci&amp;oacute;n. Sus cap&amp;iacute;tulos sobre el
impacto de los sindicatos en el mercado total del trabajo son inestimables para
la cr&amp;iacute;tica de la historia sindical.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Lo que es seguro es que este libro se convertir&amp;aacute; en un
cl&amp;aacute;sico para estudiantes de la filosof&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado al examinar el
mercado del trabajo. Por fin existe un libro satisfactorio para ense&amp;ntilde;ar la
teor&amp;iacute;a del libre mercado de la econom&amp;iacute;a laboral. Todos debemos gratitud al
Profesor Hutt por rellenar este hueco de la literatura econ&amp;oacute;mica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Robert G. Anderson ense&amp;ntilde;&amp;oacute; econom&amp;iacute;a y gesti&amp;oacute;n de empresas en el
Grove City Collage en Pennsylvania, antes de unirse a la Fundaci&amp;oacute;n para la
Educaci&amp;oacute;n Econ&amp;oacute;mica. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Esta cr&amp;iacute;tica apareci&amp;oacute; originalmente en &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/books/freeman1973.pdf"&gt;The Freeman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 1973, Vol.
23, N&amp;ordm; 1, pp. 758-760.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270694" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>El mercado puede regular los automóviles</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/euribe/archive/2009/11/19/el-mercado-puede-regular-los-autom-243-viles.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 18:09:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270675</guid><dc:creator>euribe</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por Daniel Hewitt. (Publicado el 18 de noviembre de 2009)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Traducido del ingl&amp;eacute;s. El art&amp;iacute;culo original se encuentra
aqu&amp;iacute;: &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3842"&gt;http://mises.org/daily/3842&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Una de los ejemplos m&amp;aacute;s habituales que aportan quienes se
oponen a la abolici&amp;oacute;n de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n gubernamental de los productos de
consumo es el del autom&amp;oacute;vil. La l&amp;oacute;gica de esta objeci&amp;oacute;n es que el autom&amp;oacute;vil es
el producto de consumo m&amp;aacute;s caro y complejo que la mayor&amp;iacute;a compra en su vida.
Tiene tanto impacto en la seguridad personal, el medio ambiente y nuestra
cultura en general que es demasiado importante como para dejar que lo regule el
libre mercado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Es ingenua la visi&amp;oacute;n de trampas mortales chapuceramente
dise&amp;ntilde;adas cubriendo el planeta con un espeso humo. Por el contrario, ya hemos
visto atisbos en nuestra sistema regulado actual de c&amp;oacute;mo funcionar&amp;iacute;a uno no
regulado, pues los deseos b&amp;aacute;sicos del consumidor trascienden cualquier
regulaci&amp;oacute;n impuesta por el gobierno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Contaminaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El Dr. Walter Block &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/3431"&gt;se
ocupa del asunto de la contaminaci&amp;oacute;n&lt;/a&gt; en su reciente libro &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Privatization-of-Roads-and-Highways-P581.aspx?utm_source=Mises_Daily&amp;amp;utm_medium=Embedded_Link&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily"&gt;The
Privatization of Roads and Highways&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
[&lt;i&gt;La privatizaci&amp;oacute;n de las carreteras&lt;/i&gt;] y demuestra r&amp;aacute;pidamente que la
pesadilla de los estatistas de una contaminaci&amp;oacute;n sin control es falsa. Los
propietarios de carreteras privadas, conscientes de que ser&amp;iacute;an los objetivos
m&amp;aacute;s evidentes de demandas de contaminaci&amp;oacute;n por parte de propietarios
colindantes, se proteger&amp;iacute;an cobrando tarifas m&amp;aacute;s altas a veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s
contaminantes, dando incentivos a los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles para dise&amp;ntilde;ar y
construir equipos de control de contaminaci&amp;oacute;n en sus veh&amp;iacute;culos. La explicaci&amp;oacute;n
de Block es tan l&amp;uacute;cida y racional que tiene m&amp;aacute;s sentido examinar los fallos de
actual sistema regulado que el funcionamiento de uno no regulado.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Las regulaciones del Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
dictadas en los a&amp;ntilde;os 1970, se tomaron bajo la mentalidad del &amp;ldquo;gobierno federal
como salvador&amp;rdquo;, en reacci&amp;oacute;n al embargo de petr&amp;oacute;leo de los pa&amp;iacute;ses &amp;aacute;rabes.&lt;a name="_ftnref2"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Desde entonces CAFE se ha transformado durante d&amp;eacute;cadas en un medio por el que
los fan&amp;aacute;ticos del medio ambiente pueden reducir nuestra &amp;ldquo;huella de carbono&amp;rdquo;,
independientemente de la voluntad del individuo. Con un Congreso elegido
popularmente obligando a la econom&amp;iacute;a de gasolina a los fabricantes de
autom&amp;oacute;viles, las millas por gal&amp;oacute;n requeridas han aumentado constantemente &lt;a href="http://mises.org/story/909"&gt;con poca consideraci&amp;oacute;n de los deseos (o
vidas) de los consumidores&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Como el c&amp;aacute;lculo del CAFE se pondera por volumen de ventas,
la cantidad de unidades vendidas de cada modelo es cr&amp;iacute;tica para el cumplimiento
de los requerimientos por el fabricante. Para aumentar el volumen de ventas,
deben descontarse los veh&amp;iacute;culos peque&amp;ntilde;os, eficientes en consumo. En cambio los
precios aumentan para los veh&amp;iacute;culos grandes con niveles de consumo m&amp;aacute;s altos
para disminuir las ventas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles, de alguna forma
contraintuitivamente, no se oponen a est&amp;aacute;ndares m&amp;aacute;s estrictos. Se llega a
acuerdos con los lobbys de los autos, como subvenciones a tecnolog&amp;iacute;as e
investigaciones que economicen gasolina a cambio del apoyo de fabricantes a
requisitos del CAFE a los que de otra manera se opondr&amp;iacute;an. Igualmente puede
negociarse la categorizaci&amp;oacute;n de modelos concretos para disminuir el impacto en
los fabricantes. Los autobuses y camiones tienen diferentes est&amp;aacute;ndares CAFE y
con la aparici&amp;oacute;n de los crossover los l&amp;iacute;mites entre camiones y autom&amp;oacute;viles se
han difuminado (el PT Cruiser de Chrysler se ha clasificado como cami&amp;oacute;n).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La primera consecuencia no deseada de la regulaci&amp;oacute;n CAFE ha
sido su impacto negativo en la seguridad de los pasajeros. El efecto de los
siempre crecientes est&amp;aacute;ndares de economizaci&amp;oacute;n de combustible ha sido una
tendencia acelerada hacia veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s peque&amp;ntilde;os (m&amp;aacute;s r&amp;aacute;pida que la tendencia
que habr&amp;iacute;a tenido el mercado si se le dejara actuar). Los ocupantes de
veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s peque&amp;ntilde;os y ligeros tienen mayores riesgos en colisiones
m&amp;uacute;ltiples, debido a la gran disparidad en el tama&amp;ntilde;o.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Un an&amp;aacute;lisis de 1999 del &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt; estimaba que de
1975 a 1999, murieron aproximadamente 46.000 personas en accidentes que habr&amp;iacute;an
sobrevivido si hubieran conducido veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s grandes. Son 7.700 muertes
acumuladas por cada milla por gal&amp;oacute;n ganada.&lt;a name="_ftnref3"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Se han realizado diversos estudios (con distintas conclusiones, pues es
necesario cierto an&amp;aacute;lisis subjetivo), pero la premisa general de que la
disparidad en tama&amp;ntilde;o aumenta las tasas de mortalidad permanece como totalmente
l&amp;oacute;gica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Perdido en el debate sobre el economizaci&amp;oacute;n de gasolina est&amp;aacute;
el hecho de que hoy existe tecnolog&amp;iacute;a para veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s eficientes en combustible,
pero el mercado los ha rechazado en su mayor parte. Los compradores de coches
han evitado constantemente el cambio manual de marchas, a pesar de su impacto
positivo en la eficiencia del combustible, a favor de la m&amp;aacute;s c&amp;oacute;moda pero menos
eficiente caja de cambios autom&amp;aacute;tica.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Tambi&amp;eacute;n los compradores han optado por los tradicionales
motores de gasolina frente a motores di&amp;eacute;sel m&amp;aacute;s eficientes. Igualmente la
ganancia en eficiencia de combustible de un motor turboalimentado no ha atra&amp;iacute;do
a los compradores para hacer la inversi&amp;oacute;n adicional. Los fabricantes no han
sido capaces de compensar el mayor coste de los paneles de la estructura de
aluminio (que reducen la masa y por tanto aumentan la eficiencia) con un precio
de venta m&amp;aacute;s alto y as&amp;iacute; el acero sigue siendo el componente principal de sus
carrocer&amp;iacute;as.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El hecho de que el ahorro de gasolina se haya convertido en
un asunto de debate p&amp;uacute;blico en lugar de ser una elecci&amp;oacute;n del consumidor, es un
indicador deprimente de lo difundida que est&amp;aacute; la visi&amp;oacute;n colectivista de la
necesidad de un mercado regulado por el gobierno. Obligaciones de una mayor
eficiencia en combustible de autom&amp;oacute;vil y financiaci&amp;oacute;n p&amp;uacute;blica de combustibles
alternativos siguen siendo ideas masivamente populares&lt;a name="_ftnref4"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
a pesar de que los segmentos de coches peque&amp;ntilde;os y medianos cubren s&amp;oacute;lo un 45%
de todas las ventas de autom&amp;oacute;viles.&lt;a name="_ftnref5"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Calidad&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt;
es una revista muy conocida que publica revisiones, comparaciones, pruebas y
gu&amp;iacute;as de compra de productos de consumo de autom&amp;oacute;viles nuevos y usados. La publica
la organizaci&amp;oacute;n sin &amp;aacute;nimo de lucro Consumers Union y se financia por sus
suscripciones. Para mantener la objetividad a ojos de sus suscriptores, su
c&amp;oacute;digo operativo es estricto: no aceptan publicidad de fuentes externas y
compran an&amp;oacute;nimamente todos los veh&amp;iacute;culos que prueban. Su relaci&amp;oacute;n con los
fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles ha sido tempestuosa desde hace tiempo, pues dichos
fabricantes han criticado frecuentemente los m&amp;eacute;todos de prueba de &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt;, el peque&amp;ntilde;o tama&amp;ntilde;o de las pruebas, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Sin embargo, con el tiempo, &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; ha
ganado tanta influencia y ha acumulado el suficiente respeto y buena voluntad
entre los compradores, que los fabricantes de veh&amp;iacute;culos empezaron a trabajar
con ellos desde el primer momento. La pr&amp;aacute;ctica de pruebas de nuevos modelos de &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt; permaneci&amp;oacute; inmutable, pero los fabricantes de coches enviar&amp;iacute;an
veh&amp;iacute;culos en preproducci&amp;oacute;n a su instalaci&amp;oacute;n de pruebas para pedir la opini&amp;oacute;n de
los ingenieros de pruebas. As&amp;iacute; pod&amp;iacute;an incorporarse las sugestiones de los ingenieros
al dise&amp;ntilde;o del veh&amp;iacute;culo y antes del inicio de la producci&amp;oacute;n en masa (y la
consiguiente compra al azar y prueba de &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt;) y lograr una
mejor cr&amp;iacute;tica.(6)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;En 2003 se inform&amp;oacute; ampliamente de esta pr&amp;aacute;ctica, forzando a &lt;i&gt;Consumer
Reports&lt;/i&gt; a abandonarla, porque pon&amp;iacute;a en cuesti&amp;oacute;n su objetividad.&lt;a name="_ftnref7"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Incluso la apariencia de parcialidad, fuera real o no, fue motivo suficiente
para que &lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; cambiara de actitud. En una econom&amp;iacute;a de
mercado, la opini&amp;oacute;n de sus clientes era sacrosanta, como en el caso de
cualquier vendedor de un bien o servicio.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;J.D. Power &amp;amp; Associates, propiedad de la sociedad
an&amp;oacute;nima McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., est&amp;aacute; especializada en encuestas de
satisfacci&amp;oacute;n de los consumidores. Su principal fuente de ingresos son las
compa&amp;ntilde;&amp;iacute;as de autom&amp;oacute;viles que compran los datos que recogen. Su ampliamente
conocida Encuesta de Calidad Inicial (IQS, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s) se ha
convertido en la referencia de calidad del producto en el sector de la
automoci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Se encuesta a los compradores durante los 90 d&amp;iacute;as despu&amp;eacute;s de
la compra de un veh&amp;iacute;culo nuevo y se les pide que indiquen Cosas que Van Mal
(TGW, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s). El resumen de datos de Cosas que Van Mal por
cada 100 veh&amp;iacute;culos (TGW/100) para cada modelo, fabricante, segmento y planta de
fabricaci&amp;oacute;n se presenta anualmente al p&amp;uacute;blico.(&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Se entregan datos detallados por cada categor&amp;iacute;a TGW y modelo a los clientes de J.D.
Power &amp;amp; Associates.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La IQS tiene limitaciones: cada TGW tiene un peso
equivalente, as&amp;iacute; que un posavasos dif&amp;iacute;cil de usar tendr&amp;iacute;a el mismo impacto que
un motor que funciona mal. Tambi&amp;eacute;n 90 d&amp;iacute;as es un periodo de servicio demasiado
corto para juzgar la calidad a largo plazo de un modelo. Sin embargo, todos los
fabricantes de autos est&amp;aacute;n forzados a respetar el profundo impacto que tiene la
IQS en la percepci&amp;oacute;n del consumidor y todos la han adoptado como una medici&amp;oacute;n
interna de calidad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Consumer Reports&lt;/i&gt; y J.D. Power &amp;amp; Associates juegan
un papel importante en cualquier Mercado, regulado o no, y sin duda continuar&amp;aacute;n
existiendo y prosperando por lo que podr&amp;iacute;an abolirse las regulaciones
gubernamentales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Seguridad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS)&lt;a name="_ftnref9"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
es una organizaci&amp;oacute;n sin &amp;aacute;nimo de lucro, que recibe fondos de las aseguradoras
de autom&amp;oacute;viles en un intento por reducir el n&amp;uacute;mero de accidentes, el alcance de
los da&amp;ntilde;os y el nivel de lesiones personales. Al reconocer que las regulaciones
impuestas por el estado a trav&amp;eacute;s de la Administraci&amp;oacute;n de la Seguridad en el
Tr&amp;aacute;fico de las Carreteras Nacionales (NHTSA, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s) no reflejaban
adecuadamente los objetivos de clientes y aseguradoras, el IIHS formul&amp;oacute; varios
tests propios de seguridad.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Adem&amp;aacute;s de la obligada prueba por parte de la NHSTA del
impacto frontal, el IIHS desarroll&amp;oacute; la prueba de impacto frontal limitada para
representar mejor los impactos de la vida real. La mayor parte de los impactos
son limitados, es decir, el impacto se produce s&amp;oacute;lo en una parte del frontal
del autom&amp;oacute;vil y no se distribuye por igual en toda la parte frontal. La prueba
de impacto lateral del IIHS tambi&amp;eacute;n es distinta de la versi&amp;oacute;n de la NHSTA, para
simular la m&amp;aacute;s peligrosa y cada vez m&amp;aacute;s com&amp;uacute;n situaci&amp;oacute;n de que un veh&amp;iacute;culo
todoterreno m&amp;aacute;s alto impacte en el lateral del autom&amp;oacute;vil. En 2009, el IIHS
empez&amp;oacute; a probar el aplastamiento de techos en veh&amp;iacute;culos todoterreno, que son
propensos a accidentes con vuelco para un est&amp;aacute;ndar m&amp;aacute;s estricto que el que
obliga la NHSTA.&lt;a name="_ftnref10"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;IIHS compra y prueba modelos nuevos y redise&amp;ntilde;os, con los
resultados detallados a disposici&amp;oacute;n de fabricantes y aseguradoras e informes
resumen para el p&amp;uacute;blico general.&lt;a name="_ftnref11"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Los beneficios netos para los consumidores son veh&amp;iacute;culos m&amp;aacute;s seguros y primas
de seguro m&amp;aacute;s bajas, derivadas del beneficio de las aseguradoras por menos
indemnizaciones y de menor importe. Tambi&amp;eacute;n los fabricantes se benefician por
las mejores pruebas que representan mejor las condiciones de la vida real y as&amp;iacute;
reducen el riesgo de litigios.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Estos deseos permanecer&amp;iacute;an en un mercado verdaderamente
libre y por tanto el IIHS o un competidor que a&amp;ntilde;adiera un valor similar
mantendr&amp;iacute;an este importante papel. Los dispositivos de seguridad de dudoso
valor, &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/114"&gt;como los airbags&lt;/a&gt;, recibir&amp;iacute;an la
revisi&amp;oacute;n atenta que merecen en un mercado verdaderamente libre y los
consumidores se beneficiar&amp;iacute;an de la transparencia y franqueza que falta a
nuestro sistema actual.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Podemos imaginar f&amp;aacute;cilmente que los propietarios de
carreteras privadas impondr&amp;iacute;an un est&amp;aacute;ndar m&amp;iacute;nimo de seguridad a los veh&amp;iacute;culos
que las transiten. El nivel de rendimiento de seguridad requerido seguramente
variar&amp;iacute;a de una carretera a otra. Por ejemplo, un tractor que viaja s&amp;oacute;lo cortas
distancias en carreteras rurales no necesitar&amp;iacute;a tener el mismo equipamiento de
seguridad que un turismo familiar en una autopista de circunvalaci&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Por encima del umbral m&amp;iacute;nimo, los fabricantes se adaptar&amp;iacute;an
a las elecciones individuales de los consumidores. Los modelos con niveles m&amp;aacute;s
altos de seguridad satisfar&amp;iacute;an a los consumidores que valoran primas de seguro
m&amp;aacute;s bajas o tranquilidad. Los modelos con menores niveles de seguridad
satisfar&amp;iacute;an a los consumidores que se centran en el coste.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;La NHSTA emite los conocidos Est&amp;aacute;ndares de Seguridad
Federales para Veh&amp;iacute;culos a Motor (FMVSS, por sus siglas en ingl&amp;eacute;s). Aunque el
lobby del sector tiene influencia, las regulaciones de los FMVSS son,
esencialmente, dependientes del gobierno. Y, como todo lo que depende del
gobierno, crean distorsiones en el mercado. Las aparentemente peque&amp;ntilde;as
diferencias entre regulaciones ocasionan gastos adicionales para los
fabricantes, privando a los consumidores del ben&amp;eacute;fico m&amp;aacute;ximo de la divisi&amp;oacute;n
internacional del trabajo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los veh&amp;iacute;culos importados deben modificarse para cumplir con
los requerimientos propios de los FMVSS, ya sea en la f&amp;aacute;brica de origen o por
un adaptador local, elevando su coste. Los veh&amp;iacute;culos exportados se ven
penalizados de forma similar. Por ejemplo, los modelos exportados al Canad&amp;aacute;
deben equipar luces para el d&amp;iacute;a (DRL) y un parachoques con otro dise&amp;ntilde;o, pues
los CMVSS (el equivalente canadiense de los FMVSS) tienen provisiones propias,
obligando a tener luces operando durante el d&amp;iacute;a y una mayor velocidad de
impacto para la vulnerabilidad del parachoques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Conclusi&amp;oacute;n&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Todos los consumidores dan un alto valor a su seguridad
personal. Los vendedores de cualquier producto de consumo &lt;a href="http://mises.org/daily/557"&gt;deben atender este deseo&lt;/a&gt; con el fin de
prosperar en una econom&amp;iacute;a capitalista.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Los fabricantes de autom&amp;oacute;viles, a causa de los deseos de sus
consumidores de acceder a las carreteras al menor coste posible y para obtener
un seguro tambi&amp;eacute;n con el m&amp;iacute;nimo coste, se beneficiar&amp;iacute;an produciendo productos
seguros que cumplan los est&amp;aacute;ndares establecidos por los reguladores privados.
Los reguladores privados, que dependen de su propia reputaci&amp;oacute;n y honradez como
marcas, competir&amp;iacute;an entre s&amp;iacute; por la posibilidad de probar y certificar
autom&amp;oacute;viles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El seguro dejar&amp;iacute;a de ser obligatorio, dejando la elecci&amp;oacute;n a
cada individuo. Es posible que algunos propietarios de carreteras requieran a
sus usuarios que tengan seguros personales. Adem&amp;aacute;s, para proteger los activos
que est&amp;aacute;n financiando, quienes otorguen cr&amp;eacute;ditos para compra de coches pueden
requerir que el comprado contrate un seguro de colisi&amp;oacute;n.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;El libre mercado posee los medios para regularse por s&amp;iacute;
mismo. Los autom&amp;oacute;viles no son demasiado importantes como para dejar que los
gestione el libre mercado. Son demasiado importantes como para dejarlos al
gobierno.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;--------------------------------&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Daniel Hewitt es ingeniero de autom&amp;oacute;viles en Detroit,
Michigan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;

&lt;hr align="left" /&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn1"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn1"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; Walter Block, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://mises.org/store/Privatization-of-Roads-and-Highways-P581.aspx?utm_source=Mises_Daily&amp;amp;utm_medium=Embedded_Link&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily"&gt;The
Privatization of Roads and Highways&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Auburn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn2"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn2"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
NHTSA: &lt;a href="http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm"&gt;CAFE
Overview&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn3"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn3"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; James R. Healey, &amp;quot;Death by the
Gallon: Push for Better Mileage Raises Death Tolls,&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, Edici&amp;oacute;n
Especial Reimpresa, reimpresa de &lt;i&gt;Money&lt;/i&gt;, 2 de Julio de 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn4"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn4"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://pewresearch.org/pubs/756/mixed-signals-on-energy-policy"&gt;&amp;quot;Mixed
Signals on Energy Policy&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, Pew Research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn5"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn5"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3022-autosales.html"&gt;Auto Sales -
Markets Data Center&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Wall Street Journal&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn6"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span&gt;(6)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2003-09-16-cr_x.htm"&gt;&amp;quot;Many Car
Shoppers&amp;#39; First Stop Is &amp;#39;Consumer Reports&amp;#39;&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, 16 de
septiembre de 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn7"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn7"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2003-09-29-cr_x.htm"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;#39;Consumer
Reports&amp;#39; Changes&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;i&gt;USA Today&lt;/i&gt;, 29 de septiembre 2003.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn8"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;(8)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jdpower.com/corporate/news/releases/pressrelease.aspx?ID=2009108"&gt;&amp;quot;2009
Initial Quality Study&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;, J.D. Power and Associates, 22 de junio de
2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn9"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn9"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; IIHS, &lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/origins.html"&gt;&amp;quot;Origins and Purposes of the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety&amp;quot;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn10"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn10"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr032409.html"&gt;Noticia divulgada por el
IIHS&lt;/a&gt;, 24 de marzo de 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id="ftn11"&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn11"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.iihs.org/ratings/default.aspx"&gt;Clasificaci&amp;oacute;n de veh&amp;iacute;culos
del IIHS&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270675" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description></item><item><title>Establishing further ties between Africa and South America</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/2009/11/19/establishing-further-ties-between-africa-and-south-america.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 16:22:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270663</guid><dc:creator>Rubén</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A long term goal could be to expand direct scheduled commercial airline and ocean freight service between South American and African countries through private investors willing to establish a true global infrastructure. Help from governments is certainly useful, but our political systems are generally prone to corruption and diverted resources.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In terms of tourism and emigration, South Americans like to travel to North America and Africans like to travel to Europe. In that sociological context, promoting direct&amp;nbsp;trave between Africa and South America is quite tough at this time. We should continue establishing online bonds between our people, so that eventually our fresh intercontinental market becomes big enough for transportation companies to profitably establishing direct air and sea routes. We need more convenient transportation options to develop our intercontinental tourism industry.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The borders between contiguous African and South American countries are inherited from colonial times and they continue separating kindred from each other. These intracontinental rivalries do not seem on their way to being resolved any time soon. In the mean time, we should promote a very strong bilateral relationship between South Africa and Brazil. The next two Football World Cups as well as a future Olympiad will take place in either of these countries. Africans and South Americans from across our continents should take advantage of the global rise of Brazil and South Africa, because the smaller countries might also accelerate the integration between our various local cultures through the help of the big two.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The history of slavery is far from having been exhaustively studied. It is easier nowadays to construct a person&amp;#39;s genealogy tree through sites such as geni, myheritage and even facebook. It would be interesting that a team of Nigerian, Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast researchers teamed up with Caribbean, Colombian, Venezuelan and Brazilian counterparts with the goal of finding out their common ancestors.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The petroleum and gas industries of Venezuela and Nigeria are facing tremendous production challenges due to internal conflicts arising from our local populations. Perhaps a stronger integration among the people of our countries could divert some interest out of nationalistic subsidies back into meritocracy. Our countries are potentially rich in developing alternative sources of energy, but the legal issue of private vs. state ownership of resources remains as a significant drawback to investment, research and development.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I have not studied any of these issues in depth and I am sure there are people out there who are much more qualified than me to propose a framework for establishing further ties between our continents. The main purpose of this essay is to promote a wake up call to other Africans and South Americans to further develop our direct interaction within the context of competitive globalization. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rub&amp;eacute;n Rivero Capriles&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;Caracas, November 19, 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.riverocooper.com"&gt;http://www.riverocooper.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.rroopstr.com"&gt;http://www.rroopstr.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270663" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Venezuela/default.aspx">Venezuela</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/genealogy/default.aspx">genealogy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/tourism/default.aspx">tourism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Africa/default.aspx">Africa</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Brazil/default.aspx">Brazil</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/Nigeria/default.aspx">Nigeria</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/slavery/default.aspx">slavery</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/freight/default.aspx">freight</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/South+America/default.aspx">South America</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/ruben/archive/tags/South+Africa/default.aspx">South Africa</category></item><item><title>Why the Government is not willing to cut-off the "Umbilical Cord"</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/why-the-government-is-not-willing-to-cut-off-the-quot-umbilical-cord-quot.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:21:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270575</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Poverty is a topic that we often hear about, yet I don&amp;#39;t believe many of us have ever truly experienced it.&amp;nbsp; I am writing about poverty based on my&amp;nbsp; knowledge and without claiming that I have done research on actual statistics.&amp;nbsp; No, I won&amp;#39;t be telling you how many poor people are in the world and how many have died as a result of poverty.&amp;nbsp; I will however give you my perspective on how poverty will affect us in the future.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First of all let me say that poverty is a very broad subject and I won&amp;#39;t get very detailed because all I want to do is to get a point across without making you fall asleep.&amp;nbsp; Poverty is directly influenced by politics and economics and reality is that poverty will always exist.&amp;nbsp; It is very sad but the world is not perfect, had never been perfect, and it will never be perfect.&amp;nbsp; You&amp;#39;ll also find poverty to be different based on which part of the world you&amp;#39;re in.&amp;nbsp; If you go to Somalia you probably won&amp;#39;t find the 350 pounds woman paying for her mountain full grocery cart with food stamps.&amp;nbsp; Please don&amp;#39;t think I have a problem with overweight people because I don&amp;#39;t.&amp;nbsp; My problem is with those that claim they&amp;#39;re poor yet they have their own big plasma TV&amp;#39;s, they&amp;#39;re using prepaid cell phones, they buy lottery tickets on the first day of the month, and are not starving, for sure. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For now I will not discuss poverty in Somalia or Zimbabwe.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; There are however certain characteristics that are quite similar in all countries where poverty exists.&amp;nbsp; One of the characteristics is the direct relation between poverty and education, or shall I say &amp;quot;lack of education&amp;quot;. Now, lack of education does not mean necessarily that one is stupid but it provides an incredible avenue for others from a different class, a much higher class to exploit them.&amp;nbsp; I hear all the time politicians, university professors, and &amp;quot;community organizers&amp;quot; saying that they&amp;#39;re all fighting to extinguish poverty in the world.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fine, I&amp;#39;m all for it as long as they don&amp;#39;t make me poor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But let&amp;#39;s go back to the correlation between poverty and the lack of education.&amp;nbsp; I thought that when you give a man a fish you feed him for the day.&amp;nbsp; And when you teach a man how to fish you feed him for life.&amp;nbsp; But this is contrary to what our politicians are doing.&amp;nbsp; They take and take from us, in form of taxes, to give and give to some in form of welfare, Section 8 housing subsidies, and food stamps.&amp;nbsp; And don&amp;#39;t forget they get FREE health care, too!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I first arrived in America I was entitled to all these government &amp;quot;goodies&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; I was ashamed and embarrassed waiting in line for the welfare check the government was handing me, however I noticed that feeling was not quite predominant in the Welfare office.&amp;nbsp; For many around me it was just a &amp;quot;usual&amp;quot; thing.&amp;nbsp; After 2 months I decided I&amp;#39;d get any job available out there and I did.&amp;nbsp; I just could not stand the humiliation.&amp;nbsp; And even though I was making less money from my minimum hourly wage employment I was happy because dignity was something I grew up with.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Receiving something on a regular basis for just &amp;quot;existing in this world&amp;quot; is called &amp;quot;dependency&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; Contrary to being self-sufficient, dependency is like a deadly disease.&amp;nbsp; Now, I am not referring to the elderly nor the disabled whose conditions are completely justified.&amp;nbsp; I am referring to those that are able but not willing to work.&amp;nbsp; Yes, generation after generation that depends on these kinds of govt. programs.&amp;nbsp; Have you ever wondered WHY are our politicians feeding these folks on a daily basis rather than teaching them how to fish.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;OK, you are educated, and many Americans are educated.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately there are many whose brains are so darn passive that nothing can make them think.&amp;nbsp; Of course, when food and all the rest of the life&amp;#39;s necessities are met by the surrogate government, why bother?&amp;nbsp; Notice one thing with these folks?&amp;nbsp; They have the right to VOTE.&amp;nbsp; And who do you think they&amp;#39;re going to vote for?&amp;nbsp; Those politicians that would make them get off their behinds to go work for a living or those that promise them to not cut off the &amp;quot;umbilical cord&amp;quot;? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When a man is educated he is a threat to the government.&amp;nbsp; He is a threat because his smart brain is able to figure out if the government is cheating him or if the government is lying to him. The smart man is able to distinguish between what&amp;#39;s right and wrong.&amp;nbsp; The smart man will challenge the corrupt politicians.&amp;nbsp; The smart man is able to see through the pompous words that have no substance.&amp;nbsp; The educated man will challenge the politician&amp;#39;s position and consequently his lavish lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; Now you&amp;#39;ll understand WHY the &amp;quot;unfit&amp;quot; politician would rather keep generations of folks dependent on the government.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270575" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/government/default.aspx">government</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/dependency/default.aspx">dependency</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/welfare/default.aspx">welfare</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/politicians/default.aspx">politicians</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/poverty/default.aspx">poverty</category></item><item><title>Where there is Freedom there is Hope</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/where-there-is-freedom-there-is-hope.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:13:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270573</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Looking back at my childhood in communist Romania I remember the respect towards authority that was instilled in all of us.&amp;nbsp; Yes, I grew up in a system where the authority was always above everyone else, they were never wrong no matter the circumstance and we had the right to keep our mouth shut and never dispute their decisions.&amp;nbsp; Judicial system was not a venue for the average citizen to pursue.&amp;nbsp; Not one person would dare to bring suit in a court of law against the government because repercussions would certainly follow.&amp;nbsp; Something like this could only happen in a corrupt regime and please trust me when I say that all communist governments are filthy of corruption.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, our national television channels - and we had two in Romania during the 70&amp;#39;s - were showing almost all day coverage of how great our economy was and all the wonderful things our president was doing for our country.&amp;nbsp; Whenever I&amp;#39;d turn on the TV at night he was on - does this sound familiar to any of you?&amp;nbsp; President Ceausescu was speaking of the &amp;quot;great society&amp;quot; the Romanian people were creating through their hard work.&amp;nbsp; He was using all these pompous words that, as a child, had no meaning to me.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When I got into my teens I started to realize that nothing he or the national media were saying made any sense.&amp;nbsp; The authority was saying we were a prosperous nation yet my mom was waking up at 2:00 a.m. to stay in line for milk, butter, and eggs.&amp;nbsp; The authority was saying we had a high standard of living yet we only had hot water in our government owned apartment between 6:00 - 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 - 10:00 p.m. daily.&amp;nbsp; And let me clarify the fact that the shortages we had were ALL created by the government.&amp;nbsp; The food and the energy Romania was producing were all exported to other countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am asking you how would you react if you had to suddenly change the way you live your lives.&amp;nbsp; What if tomorrow the food will be rationed and you&amp;#39;d have to wake up at 2:00 a.m. to stay in line for food?&amp;nbsp; What if there is an energy shortage and you&amp;#39;ll only be allowed to take a shower whenever the govt. decides it&amp;#39;s the best time?&amp;nbsp; You think this can NEVER happen in America?&amp;nbsp; Yes, it can!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Allow me to share with you that before I immigrated to America I was interviewed by the American Consulate in Italy.&amp;nbsp; Among the first questions he had for me was WHY was I escaping communism?&amp;nbsp; Was it for economic reasons or any other reason?&amp;nbsp; I shared with him my ONLY reason for which I escaped communism and that was FREEDOM.&amp;nbsp; I guess he must have liked my answer because I could see the sign of a smile on his face.&amp;nbsp; He continued asking me what would I do if America went through an economic crises and there was a food shortage.&amp;nbsp; I said &amp;quot;Sir,&amp;nbsp; when there is Freedom, there is hope, and when there is hope I can keep on living.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; After about half an hour of more questions that I was supposed to answer he was done with the interview.&amp;nbsp; On my way out he said to me &amp;quot;I know you&amp;#39;ll do well in America&amp;quot;!&amp;nbsp; Reality is that I did and it was because I had FREEDOM.&amp;nbsp; With Freedom there is hope, and when the freedom is gone there is no more hope.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270573" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/economy/default.aspx">economy</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/hope/default.aspx">hope</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/government/default.aspx">government</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/corruption/default.aspx">corruption</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/freedom/default.aspx">freedom</category></item><item><title>Redestributing the Wealth</title><link>http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/2009/11/18/redestributing-the-wealth.aspx</link><pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 03:00:00 GMT</pubDate><guid isPermaLink="false">944abf2b-d1be-4bf2-990d-438cb0e377e9:270570</guid><dc:creator>gustava</dc:creator><slash:comments>0</slash:comments><description>&lt;p&gt;Is it fair for George Soros to enjoy the riches of this country while others struggle with putting food on their table? Is it fair for George Clooney to spend long vacations in Italy while a young honor student dies during a Chicago high-school riot?&amp;nbsp; Well, whenever I&amp;#39;d ask these kind of questions, a friend of mine used to always reply with &amp;quot;The fair is in Columbia, South Carolina&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I am here to set the record straight about the subject of Wealth Redistribution.&amp;nbsp; I lived for many years in a communist country, where every citizen was supposed to own the wealth of Romania &amp;quot;COLLECTIVELY&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; The reality was that not only we had the right to own nothing individually but the president and his powerful elite enjoyed the benefits of collectivism.&amp;nbsp; There are ramifications to the fact that we were all working for the &amp;quot;right to own collectively&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; The simple answer to what were these ramifications lays in a question for you and that is &amp;quot;If you work hard for years and you really don&amp;#39;t get to experience the fruit of your labor individually for yourself and your family, what is your incentive to keep on working so hard?&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The answer that you probably have should lead you to understand that communism is like the land of Utopia.&amp;nbsp; It exists in theory but in real life it&amp;#39;s not feasible.&amp;nbsp; Socialism is the last step before reaching communism.&amp;nbsp; So, if communism does not exist in real life, what do all those countries that call themselves &amp;quot;communist&amp;quot; are?&amp;nbsp; They are dictatorships and totalitarian, where a small group - usually the president and the powerful elite behind closed curtains - control all the affairs of the country and the people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the Bolsheviks took over Eastern Europe and &amp;quot;fundamentally transformed&amp;quot; it in 1917 they did it with the powerful print media and the money of the powerful elite.&amp;nbsp; Lots of money were invested by those with a powerful agenda into making the average people believe that the wealth of some would be taken away and redistributed &amp;quot;fairly&amp;quot; to all.&amp;nbsp; But it never happened the way people thought it would.&amp;nbsp; And no, I am not an idealist to believe that one day I&amp;#39;ll have a neighbor whose name is Warren Buffet or Bill Gates and I&amp;#39;ll have him over for the Sunday football cook-out!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unfortunately we are now seeing history repeating itself.&amp;nbsp; Are the free people going to allow the same mistake happen all under the ideal concept of &amp;quot;compassion&amp;quot;?&amp;nbsp; The very wealthy ones have contributed exorbitant amount of money for the president&amp;#39;s campaign.&amp;nbsp; Do you actually believe that anyone, including the president, will dare to touch any of the wealth that helped him become president?&amp;nbsp; Contrary, these are the folks that are now expecting their pay-back. For example, how come America committed to lending $2 billion to Brazil for off-shore drilling about 3 months ago when only in June - a few months prior - George Soros had invested about 24% of his securities portfolio in the Brazilian company Petrobras, who happens to be the largest oil producer in the Southern hemisphere.&amp;nbsp; Do you believe this is just a mere coincidence and George Soros was just a lucky guy?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No, my friend, this kind of wealth will not be redistributed the way one might think.&amp;nbsp; This kind of wealth will increase even more in a regime of &amp;quot;collective ownership&amp;quot; which is the direction our govt. is taking.&amp;nbsp; So, how will this affect us?&amp;nbsp; At least two major events will cause the redistribution of our wealth.&amp;nbsp; Taxation and Inflation.&amp;nbsp; We&amp;#39;ll keep on working hard but we&amp;#39;ll contribute more of our income towards the &amp;quot;greatest cause ever&amp;quot; of &amp;quot;collectivism&amp;quot;.&amp;nbsp; Why be selfish trying to keep more money in our pocket when we should be compassionate towards those that live in the projects?&amp;nbsp; After all, they need it more than we do!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inflation is another form of spreading equality amongst people.&amp;nbsp; In a nutshell, all the govt. spending will only increase the deficit.&amp;nbsp; Unless a miracle happens it&amp;#39;s not logical to say that the budget can or will be balanced without a sacrifice.&amp;nbsp; Printing more currency to pay for the govt.&amp;#39;s insane spending will cause our hard-earned dollar to diminish in value.&amp;nbsp; With this, our purchasing power decreases causing us and the rest of our neighborhood to drop from the &amp;quot;middle class&amp;quot; level somewhere below.&amp;nbsp; I know I an not ready to sacrifice my family and lifestyle for the good of collectivity.&amp;nbsp; Are you?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="clear:both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img src="http://mises.org/Community/aggbug.aspx?PostID=270570" width="1" height="1"&gt;</description><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/communism/default.aspx">communism</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/redistribution/default.aspx">redistribution</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/wealth/default.aspx">wealth</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/lifestyle/default.aspx">lifestyle</category><category domain="http://mises.org/Community/blogs/wisdom/archive/tags/collective/default.aspx">collective</category></item></channel></rss>