HUMAN ACTION, Interactive Index

INTERACTIVE INDEX

(Compiled by Bettina Bien Greaves and hyperlinked by Ryan Henrie)

• Ability-to-pay principle: fixing wage rates, 815-816; taxation, 738-739, 856
• Acceleration principle, 584-585
• Accounting, monetary calculation: capital, 229-230, 259-264, 491, 514-515, 520; cost accounting, 339-350; method, 212-213
• Action, human, 11-142; analysis of, 92-98; aprioristic, 38-41, 64-66; calculative, 198-199; causality and, 22-27; change and, 46-47, 219-223, 248; conscious/purposive, 11-13, 25-27, 177; cooperation and, 143-145, 280; defined, 11, 26; economic calculation and, 23 1; economic knowledge (cognition) and, 885; ends, goals and means, 14-15, 92-94, 95, 200-207; environment and, 46-47; epistemological problem of, 4-7, 30-71; exchange and, 97-98, 194-199; future oriented, 100-101; history and, 47-64, 407; ideas and, 177-193; individual, 41-47, 724-730; inheritance and, 46-47; insecurity and, 851-853; instincts, impulses, emotions and, 15-17, 27-28, 168; interest (originary) and, 527; marginal utility and, 119-127; market and, 724-730; meaning of, 42-44, 59, 92-94; monetary calculation and, 229-23 1; money and, 405-408; morality, righteousness, justice and, 724-730; motives and, 62, 233-236, 239-244, 677-678, 735; past, influence of, 505-514; prerequisites, 13-17; psychology and, 11-13; reality and, 38-41; reason, thought and, 25, 35, 72-91, 177-178, 587n.; scarcity and, 235-236, 528; selfishness and, 242, 677-678, 735; speculation and, 58, 105-106, 112-113; theory of, 4-10; time and, 99-104, 479-523; ultimate given, 17-19; uncertainty and, 58, 105-118; values and, 92-98, 200, 331-333. See also Cooperation
• Advertising, 320-322
• Agriculture, 361, 368, 387, 391, 395, 660. See also Land.
• Alter ego, 23-27
• Altruism, 499, 725
• American Revolution, 428
• Amonn, Alfred Otto, 635n.
• Anarchism, 149, 191, 286n., 582-583
• "Anarchy of production," 239, 257, 582, 692
• Anderson, Benjamin McAlester, 409n.
• Animals, 11-13, 15-17, 27-28, 168
• Anticapitalistic mentality, 90, 267-268, 540-541, 590-591, 614, 736n.
• Anthropomorphism, 69, 192
• Appraisement and valuation, 331-335
• Apriorism: methodology of, 35, 38, 64-69; praxeology and, 32-36, 64-65; reality and, 38-41; time and, 99-104
• Aquinas, St. Thomas, 37
• Aristotle, 203, 849n.
• Artists, 240n., 636. See also Genius
• Asceticism, 29, 87, 178-180
• Assisi, St. Francis d', 87, 157
• Association, Ricardian law of, 159-164, 168, 175
• Atomic bomb, 832
• Augustine, St., 37
• Austrian economists, 4, 120, 495-496
• Austrian Post Office Savings Service, 445-446
• Autarky, economic, 164, 197, 267n., 317, 323-326, 750; war and, 828-830
• Autistic exchange/economy, 194-195, 243-244
• Automatism (vs. conscious action), 730-731
• Averages, economic, 221-222

• Backwardness, economic, 669-671, 746-748. See also Economic development/progress; Industrial Revolution
• Bailey, Samuel, 219
• Baker, John Randall, 499n.
• Balance of payments, 450-458
• Banking School, 439-440, 444, 571
• Banks/banking: booms and, 562; British, 442, 460, 571; central, 445, 459, 460, 465-466; Federal Reserve Act of 1913, 568; free, 440-448; international, 476-478; interventionism .and, 434-448, 550-575; liberalism and, 443-444; private, 465; Swiss, 465-466. See also Credit expansion; Cycle theories; Money
• Bargaining, collective. See Labor
• Barone, Enrico, 701
• Barter. See Exchange, direct
• Bastiat, Fr6d6ric, 147n., 831
• Beard, Charles and Mary, 630n.
• Beethoven, Ludwig van, 87
• Bentham, Jeremy, 175, 192, 674, 831, 834
• Berdyaew, Nicolas, 675n.
• Bergmann, Eugen, 203n.
• Bergson, Henri, 33n., 49, 100n., 219n.
• Bernard, Claude, 28n.
• Bernoulli, Daniel, 125-126
• Betting, 115-116
• Beveridge, William Henry, 770
• Bilateral exchange agreements, 475, 800-803
• Bimetallism, 471-472, 781-782
• Birth control, 667-672
• Bismarck, Otto, 323, 367, 816
• Bodin, Jean, 231, 821
• Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen, 123, 201n., 254n., 334, 480-482, 487-490, 526-528
• Bonald, Louis, 864
• Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 666
• Bonar, James, 668n.
• Bondage. See Slavery/slaves/serfdom
• Bonds. See Government, debt/bonds/lending; Moneylending; Public debt
• Bonds, hegemonic (command) vs. contractual (voluntary), 195-198
• Bookkeeping, 212-214, 224, 230, 304-305
• Brentano, Lujo, 623
• Bretton Woods Conference, 478
• Bribery, 273, 735-736
• Brunner, Emil, 675n.
• Buddhism, 29
• Bureaucracy, bureaucratic management, 303-311
• Burke, Edmund, 864
• Business: calculation, 304-308; forecasting, 870-872; good will and, 379-383; operations, 239-243, 492-493, 584-585, 653, 809-811; propaganda, 320-322; socialist control of, 256. See also Consumer sovereignty; Economic calculation; Entrepreneurs; Interventionism

• Caimes, John Elliott, 203, 631n.
• Calculation: action and, 97, 198-199; monetary, 229-231, 424-426; socialism and, 698-715; valuation and, 97, 200-21 1. See also Economic calculation
• Cannan, Edwin, 535n.
• Cantillon, Richard, 3
• Capacity, unused, 394, 579-580
• Capital: accounting, 230, 259-264, 491, 514-517, 520-523, 609; accumulation, 260, 493-503, 520-523; consumption, 261, 531-532; convertibility of, 503-505, 508, 513; flight, 518-519; international market and, 500-503; money and, 520-523; social, volkswirtschaftliche (national) wealth, 264, 521-523
• Capital goods (factors of production), 259-264, 490-493, 495-497, 609; convertibility and, 503-514, 516-520, 560, 713-714; entrepreneurs and, 294-297, 300, 301; savings and, 260, 532-534, 774-775, 840-851; time and, 490-493, 493-499
• Capitalism, 264-269, 590; incapacitation/disabilities and, 166, 837. See also Capital goods; Calculation; Entrepreneurs/promoters; Industrial Revolution; Investments; Market; Money; Profits/losses, Saving
• Capitalist, defined, 254, 311-313
• Carlyle, Thomas, 9, 649
• Cartels, 361, 365-368, 447, 596
• Case probability, 110-115
• Casey, R. P., 82n.
• Cash holdings, 402, 410, 415-416, 417, 430, 448-450, 462-463, 520, 568. See also Money
• Cassel, Gustav, 194n.
• Cassirer, Ernst, 38n.
• Caste system. See Privileges
• Catallactic unemployment, 596-600
• Catallactics, 3, 232-256, 646
• Causality, 22-23, 25-26, 27-28, 107, 207. See also Teleology
• Censorship, 322, 733-734
• Central banking. See Banks/banking
• Cernuschi, Henri, 446
• Chamberlin, Edward H., 322n.
• Change, adjustment to, 296-297, 652-654. See also Interests, short-run vs. long-run; Speculation
• Charity, 241, 603, 837-840
• Chasles, Philarete, 192
• Cheyney, Edward Potts, 41n.
• Child labor, 614, 616, 620, 747
• Choosing, 3, 45. See also Action, human; Value/values
• Christianity, 37, 724, 727. See also Religion
• Confiscation (continued) tribution and, 804-811; risk-taking and, 809-811; taxation and, 806-811
• Conflicts (and harmony) of interests, 664-688
• Connexity of prices, 391-392. See also Interconnectedness
• Conquest, 649-651, 821. See also War
• Conscious/purposive behavior, 11-13, 651-652, 881-885. See also Action, human
• Conscription, 282
• Conservation, private ownership and, 654-658, 657n
• Consumers: advertising and, 320-322; government interference and, 732-736; monopoly prices and, 384-387; policy, 315-319; sovereignty of, 63-64, 240, 258-259, 269-272, 299-300, 309, 311-315, 498, 610, 649, 683, 729-730, 841-842
• Consumption of capital, 261, 531-532. See also Malinvestment; Retrogression, economic
• Consumption, production for, 299, 300, 312-315, 649. See also Consumers, sovereignty of; Entrepreneurs/promoters.
• Contract society, 195-198, 282-283, 500, 633-644
• Contracyclical policies, 798-800
• Convertibility of capital goods, 503-505, 509, 513
• Cooperation: government and, 279-287; social, 143-176, 194-199, 280-283, 667, 716, 883; socialist (non-market), 689-715. See also Labor, division of; Market economy/process
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, 59, 186
• Copyright, 277, 364, 385-386, 661-662, 680
• Corn-hog cycle, 586
• Corn Laws, British, 81
• Corporations: intervention and, 804-811; management of, 306-308, 535n., 707-708. See also Entrepreneurs/promoters; Profits/losses
• Corporativism and syndicalism, 816-820
• Corruption, political, 734-736
• Cost: accounting, 339-350; defined, 97, 396; external, 654-661; fixed, 346, 348; law of comparative, 159-164
• Crack-up boom, 427, 436, 562
• Creative genius. See Genius
• Credit: circulation, 434, 439, 571-575, 802; commodity, 433-434; contraction, 566-570; manipulation, 780-803; qualitative control, 795-796
• Credit expansion: defined 434, 442n., 793-798; effects of, 550-565, 793-798; inflation vs., 570-571; pressure for, 473, 476, 777. See also Monetary or circulation credit theory of the trade cycle
• Creditors vs. debtors: 539, 540-541, 783, 791
• Croesus, 884
• Currency: devaluation, 465-466, 788-793; government, 780-793; manipulation and, 780-803. See also Money
• Cycle theories: acceleration principle, 584-585; circulation credit, 571-575, 798; contracyclical policies, 798-800; corn-hog, 586; currency school, 203, 438, 440, 442, 562n., 571; disproportionality doctrine of trade cycle, 582-586; durable goods doctrine, 583-584; monetary or circulation credit, 203, 571-575, 794-795, 797; nonmonetary, 554-555, 580-586; purchasing power argument, 302-303; sunspot, 582; underconsumption, 301-302, 582n.

• Damocles, sword of, 540
• Darwinism, 171, 174-176
• Davanzati, Bemardo, 231
• Debt abatement (reduction) or aggravation of, 540-541, 783-785, 791. See also Interest rate, theory of; Money-lending
• Debt, public, 225-228, 847-849
• Deflation/deflationism, 422-424, 566-570, 785. See also Cycle theories; Inflation/inflationism; Money
• Democracy, political: case for, 76n., 150, 175, 850; eighteenth century, 174; elections, 652n., 842; majority control, 76, 153, 189, 193, 850. See also Government
• Democracy of the market, 271, 387, 652n., 682. See also Market economy/process
• Depressions, economic. See Economic booms/busts; Trade cycle
• Devaluation, 465-466, 787-793. See also Money
• Dewey, Thomas E., 57
• Dickinson, Henry Douglas, 706n., 710n.
• Dictatorship, 113, 151-153, 182, 652, 690, 850-85 1; worldwide socialism, 277. See also Government; Totalitarianism
• Dietz, Frederick Charles, 621n.
• Dietzgen, Eugen, 74n.
• Differential equations, 710-715. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Distribution, functional vs. market, 254, 254n., 338, 393-394, 804-805
• Disutility of labor. See Labor
• Division of labor. See Labor
• Dom, Walter Louis, 619n.
• Double-entry bookkeeping, 230, 304-305
• Douglas, Clifford Hugh, 186
• Douglas, Paul, 352
• Drugs, prohibition of, 733-734
• Duopoly, 363-364. See also Monopoly

• Easy money. See Credit expansion
• Econometrics, 350-352. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics; Measurement
• Economic booms/busts: characteristics of, 553-565, 797-798; course of, 559-565, 575-578, 578-580, 797-798; crack-up boom, 427, 436, 555, 797. See also Credit expansion; Cycle theories
• Economic calculation, 198-199, 200-231, 333-339, 348, 698-715; business and, 304-308; gold/silver and, 224; money and, 201, 205, 212-214, 223-224, 229-231, 259, 424-426, 491, 514; socialism and, 698-715, 858-861
• Economic development/progress, 8-10, 143-145, 153-155, 165, 166, 294-300, 445-499, 500, 602-603, 618n., 628-634, 682-684, 835-837, 840-851. See also Industrial Revolution; Investments; Saving
• Economic history, 30n., 224n., 329-331, 351, 652-654
• Economic man. See Homo oeconomicus
• Economic vs. real man, 62-64, 239-243, 651
• Economic measurement: See Mathematical/quantitative economics; Measurement; Statistics
• Economic problem (scarcity), 207, 235-236, 528
• Economics: 867-880, 881-885; defined, 4-10, 199, 224n., 232, 266, 357, 396, 494-495, 585, 862-866, 868, 874-879, 882-885; denial of, 4-10, 234-236; education and, 867-880, 874; epistemology and, 4-7, 30-71; forecasting and, 117-118, 870-872; freedom and, 879-880; human life/action and, 881-885; market society and. 232-688; mathematical/quantitative, 710-715; methodology (procedure) of, 64-69, probability and, 106-115; public opinion and, 863-864; reason and, 89-91, religion and, 69-70; science of, 4-10, 224n., 232-237; theory of, 7-10, 874; ultimate ends and, 21, 95; value free, 10, 21-22, 882-885; value judgments and, 10, 21, 298, 882-885. See also Action, human; Market/market process
• Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 57n., 210n.
• Education, 314, 624-625, 876-878; economics and, 867-880
• Ego, 11, 23-27, 44
• Ehrlich, Paul, 704
• Einstein, Albert, 39, 102n.
• Elasticity of demand, 56, 352. See also Measurement
• Elections, 652n. See also Democracy, political
• Ellis, Howard, 409n.
• Ely, Richard T., 359n., 526n., 741n.
• Empathy vs. understanding, 50, 87
• Empiricism, 32, 68. See also Natural/physical sciences
• End, absolute (destiny), 28-29
• Ends and means, 28, 92-94, 200, 207, 229, 279, 479, 499. See also Action, human; Cooperation
• Engels, Frederick, 75, 83, 137, 165, 197n., 235n., 267, 591n., 604n., 674. See also Marx/Marxism
• England. See Great Britain
• Englig, Karel, 25n.
• Enlightenment, Age of, 238
• Entrepreneurs/promoters: activities of, 226, 229, 251-256, 327-329, 335-337, 585, 711, 808; credit expansion and, 553-554, 585; defined, 61, 289-301, 303-311, 505, 594-595; evenly rotating economy and, 248-249, 252-255; interest and, 539-541; monopoly and, 360, 378; profits/losses and, 289-303, 396, 517, 534, 746n.; stationary economy and, 255-256. See also Consumers; Market economy/process; Prices/pricing; Profits/losses
• Environment and inheritance, 46
• Envy, 90
• Epicureanism, 15, 147
• Epistemological problems, 4-7, 30-7 1; money and, 405-408
• Equality under law, 841-842. See also Government; Inequality; Justice
• Equation of exchange, 357, 399, 413. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Equilibrium, 250, 297, 357, 418-419, 710-715. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Error, fight against, 184-187
• Espinas, Alfred, 3n.
• Ethics. See Morality/ethics
• Ethnologists, 84-85
• Eudaemonism, 15, 21
• Evenly rotating economy (imaginary construction): defined, 246-250, 252-255; interest and, 526, 534, 538; land and, 578n., 643n.; money and, 416-419; prices and, 329, 355-356, 578n.; state of rest and, 244-250
• Evolution: biological, 192; logic and, 33-37
• Exchange, autistic, 194, 243-244
• Exchange, direct (barter), 201-202, 325, 405-408
• Exchange, domestic and foreign. See Trade
• Exchange, indirect. See Money
• Exchange, interpersonal, 92-98, 194-199. See also Action, human
• Experience, historical (empirical) data, 30-32, 40-41, 58-59, 65, 68-69. See also Natural/physical sciences
• External costs/economies, 654-662
• External drain, money and, 440, 459, 462, 476, 571, 796-797

• Fabianism, British, 761, 816
• Factors of production (goods of higher orders), 93-94, 333-339; original (non-human) factors, 635-645; unemployed (unused capacity) in a boom, 578-580. See also Capital goods; Goods
• Factory system, 619-620. See also Industrial Revolution; Technology
• Fairchild, Fred Rogers, 816n.
• Fascism, 817
• Federal Reserve Act of 1913, 568
• Ferguson, Adam, 197n.
• Fetter, Frank Albert, 262n., 271n., 489, 635n.
• Feudalism, 821, 838-839
• Feuerbach, Ludwig, 15
• Fichte, Johann, 721
• Fiduciary media, 433, 434-444, 551, 570. See also Money
• Final causes. See Teleology
• Final state of rest, 245-246
• Fisher, Irving, 204, 220, 442-443, 489, 543n.
• Flaubert, Gustave, 267n.
• Flexible (gold exchange) standard, 786-792
• Flight into real goods/values, 427, 436, 562. See also inflation/inflationism
• Foch, Ferdinand, 512
• Forecasting: business, 652-654, 870-872; entrepreneur and, 307-308, 335-338, 870-872; uncertainty and, 105-106, 117-118
• Foreign aid, 496-498
• Foreign exchange: balance of payments and, 450-458; bilateral exchange agreements, 800-803; control, 518-519, 800-803; equalization accounts, 461-462, 787; external drain and, 440, 462, 476, 571, 796-797; purchasing power and, 455; speculation and, 457; trade and, 452-458, 459-460. See also Money; Trade, domestic and foreign
• Foreign investments, 496-498, 500-503
• Foreign trade. See Trade, domestic and foreign
• Fourier, Charles, 71n., 137, 239
• Franklin, Benjamin, 78n.
• Free banking, 440-448
• Free trade. See Trade, domestic and foreign
• Free will, 46
• Freedom, 279-287; competition and, 274-276; foes of, 143-153, 732-734
• French Revolution, 286n., 428, 822-823
• Freud, Sigmund, 35
• Frictional unemployment, 600
• F?hrer (leadership) principle, 695, 769, 850. See also Dictatorship
• Fullarton, Principle of, 444
• Future: See Change; Economic calculation; Speculation; Uncertainty

• Galileo, Galilei, 41, 186
• Gambling, 106, 108-110, 112, 115-119
• Games, 116-117
• Garbo, Greta, 624
• Genius, 46, 89, 134, 139-140, 240n., 267, 314, 661
• German Reichsbank, 552, 570
• Germany: cartels and, 366-368; money, 428, 570; Nazism and, 6, 76, 187, 268n., 702, 800n.; socialist pattern of, 474, 691, 717-718, 723, 758-759, 777, 829-830; Volkswirtschaft (national economy), 323-326, 399, 516, 521, 637; World Wars I & 11, 552, 570, 816, 829-830
• Gesell, Silvio, 793
• Gestaltpsychologie, 45-46, 145
• Giddings, Franklin Henry, 144n.
• God/Creator, 1, 69, 71, 143, 147-148, 151, 156, 157, 166-167, 174, 175, 239, 452, 672, 693, 724-725, 733, 827, 839, 879
• Godwin, William, 71n.
• Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 230
• Gold: exchange (flexible) standard, 460-461, 786-789; export/import points, 453-454; paradox (gold vs. iron), 64, 121; "price" $35 (1934-1972), 478; production, 414-415; standard, 428-430, 459, 462, 471-476, 574, 782-783. See also Money
• Good will, 379-383
• Goods: consumers', 93-94, 333-338, 490-493; economic, 93; free, 93; knowledge (recipes, formulae, etc.), 128, 364. 661; law of returns and, 127-131; non-material (services), 94, 140-142, 232-234; orders of, 93-94, 333-334. See also Capital goods
• Gordon, Manya, 648n.
• Gossen, Hermann Heinrich, 124, 334, 701
• Government: autocratic, 689-690; bureaucratic management, 308-311; coercion, 70-71, 149, 188-189, 285, 719, 722, 725; confiscation and redistribution, 804-811; corruption and, 734-736; debt/bonds/lending, 225-228, 464, 540, 845, 847-849, 851; democratic, majority rule, 76, 149-150, 153, 189, 193, 652n., 849-850; laissez faire vs. planning, 730-732; liberalism and, 149, 279-287; licensing and, 369, 661-663; market and 716-736, 758-779; money and, 780-830; necessity for, 70-71, 149, 285, 719, 725. See also Intervention; Monopoly, government and; Socialism; Totalitarianism
• Great Britain: banking laws of, 440, 446, 571; capitalism in, 622; Com Laws, 81; Currency School and, 203, 442, 571; deflation, 567-568; economists of, 9, 147, 496n.; Fabianism, 761, 816; free trade and, 80-84; gold standard, 472; monetary crises, 466, 783, 785, 789-793; Peels Act (1849), 571; planning and socialism, 713, 731, 816-817; Speenhamland system and, 602n.
• Gregory, T. E., 472n.
• Greidanus, Tjardus, 430n.
• Gresham's Law, 231, 450, 760; operation of, 435n., 781-783, 786, 800
• Grillparzer, Franz, 139
• Grotius, Hugo, 821
• Guild socialism and corporativism, 816-820

• Haberler, Gottfried, 554n., 795n.
• Hahn, Albert, 777n.
• Haller, Karl Ludwig, 864
• Hammond, John Lawrence and Barbara, 618n., 621
• Hampered market economy, 716-861. See also Intervention; Government, market and
• Haney, Lewis Henry, 637n.
• Hansen, Alvin Harvey, 730n.
• Happiness, 14-15
• Harmony and conflict of interests, 664-688, 725-730
• Hayek, Friedrich August, 277n., 278n., 398n., 496n., 528n., 709n., 715n., 773n., 848n.
• Hazlitt, Henry, 659n., 777n.
• Heekscher, Eli F., 664n.
• Hedonism, 15, 21
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 29, 72, 74, 80, 151, 721, 832. See also Marx, Karl
• Hegemonic (command) bonds, 195-198, 283, 500, 633
• Heraclitus, 173
• Herzfeld, Marianne, 466n.
• Historical School, historicism, 4-6, 62, 80, 201n., 205, 267, 605, 647, 701, 761-762
• History: 47-64, 862-864; capitalism, private property and 9, 264-269, 495-498, 607-610, 616-617, 683; ideal types and, 59-64; ideas and, 83, 863; inflationist view of, 466-471; judgments of relevance, 57-58, 88; natural and human, 58-59; origin of socialist idea and, 689-693; praxeology and, 28-29, 30-32, 41, 59; understanding and, 50-51, 51-58, 87-88, 115; value free, 47-51; war, conquest and, 649-651
• Hitler, Adolf, 76, 83, 649, 800n.
• Hoarding, 381n., 402-403, 521-523
• Hoff, Trygve J. B., 709n.
• Hogben, Lancelot, 77n.
• Holism, 1, 145-157, 400
• Homme, moyen, 651
• Homo: agens, 14; oeconomicus, 62-64, 240, 65 1; sapiens, 14, 25, 33
• Hot money, 464-466
• Human action: economics and, 1-10, 22-23, 881-885. See also Action, human; Conscious/purposive behavior; Cooperation; Interconnectedness; Market economy/process
• Hume, David, 3, 73, 147, 203, 416-419, 666
• Husserl, Edmund, 100n.
• Hutt, William Harold, 594n., 596n., 770n.

• Id, 12, 882
• Ideal types, 59-64, 251-255
• Ideas: innovation/invention, 139-140, 314, 510-512, 661-662; role of, 46-47, 177-193
• Ideology: influence of, 8, 184-187, 648; Realpolitik and, 189; traditionalism and, 19 1; world view and, 178-191. See also Ideas, Marx, Karl; Might; Polylogism
• Idle resources (unused capacity): See Malinvestment
• Imaginary constructions, 201-205, 236, 256; autistic (isolated/self-contained), 205, 243-244; evenly rotating economy, 244-255, 329; money and, 201-205, 416-419; socialism and, 689-697; socialist society and, 689-697; state of rest and, 244-250; stationary economy and, 250-251, 255-256, 294-295
• Imputation, physical, 494
• Income: capital and, 260-261, 485; distribution and, 254n., 738-739; inequality of wealth and, 287-289, 840-85 1; national, 217, 294n.; prices and, 393-394; "unearned," 300
• Index numbers, 220-223, 442-443. See also Measurement
• India, 29, 290-291
• Indirect exchange, 398-478. See also Money
• Individualism: collectivism vs., 152, 730-732; methodological, 41-43, 44; "rugged," 284, 726
• Individual: change and, 46-47; freedom and, 279-287; market and, 315-19; society and, 143-145, 165-166, 178-184. See also Action, human; Cooperation
• Industrial Revolution, 8, 609, 617-623. See also Economic development/progress
• Inequality, 89, 134, 157-159, 174-176, 840-851; wealth, income and, 287-289, 737-739. See also Cooperation; Ricardian law of association; Equality under law
• Infant industries, 509-510
• Inflation/inflationism, course of, 427-428; credit expansion and, 570-571; debt abatement/aggravation and, 783-785; defined, 422-424; effects of, 408-419, 466-471, 548-566, 826; exchange rates and, 457-458; Germany and, 552, 570; interest rate and, 550-565. See also Money
• Inflationist view of history, 466-471
• Insecurity, 851-853
• Instincts and impulses, 12, 15-17, 27-28, 170-176, 882
• Institutionalism, 4, 205, 647, 701, 761
• Insurance, 109, 112n. See also Probability
• Interconnectedness (concatenation) of the market, 1-2, 231, 391-392, 648, 652, 761, 770, 874, 885
• Interest rate, theory of: abstinence and, 846; computation of, 536-37; credit expansion, trade cycle and, 538-586; defined, 524-537, 539-545, 548-562; deflation, credit contraction and, 566-571; depressions, totalitarianism and, 565-566; entrepreneur and, 539-541; gross market, 539-545, 550-565, inflation, credit expansion and, 550-565; market and, 532-534, 539-548, 575-580; money relation and, 458-462; originary, 526-532, 534-536, 548-556; price premium and, 541-545. See also Time preference
• Interests: harmony and conflict of, 664-688, 724-730, "rightly understood," 673-682; short run vs. long run, 82, 296, 652-654, 750-751, 792-793, 847-848; vested, 268, 276, 337, 852
• Intergovernmental commodity control agreements, 368n.
• International monetary cooperation, 476-478
• International Monetary Fund, 478, 791
• International organizations, 368, 685-688, 825
• International trade: balance of payments, 451, 478, 791; bilateral exchange agreements, 800-803; British, 80-82; capital market 500-503; money, foreign exchange and, 448-458. See also Foreign exchange; Trade, domestic and foreign; Protectionism
• Intervention, governmental: consumption and, 732-734; corruption and, 734-736; crisis of, 855-861; labor, wages and, 614-617; market and, 315-319, 716-811; money, banking and, 376-378, 538-586, 780-803; New Deal and, 315, 368, 819; prices and, 357-379, 758-779; savings, private property and, 855-858. See also Taxation
• Intolerance, 148
• Investments: convertibility/inconvertibility and, 346, 394, 503-505, 507, 513-514, 578-579; foreign, 495-498, 500-503, 508-510, 513; speculation and, 517. See also Malinvestment; Savings
• Investor, mobility of, 517-520
• Iron law of wages, 20n., 603-604, 667, 746
• Irrationality, 19-22, 102-104, 884. See also Rationality; Ultimate given; Value/values

• James, William, 156
• Jefferson, Thomas, 61-62
• Jevons, William Stanley, 121, 482, 488, 497n., 582, 798
• Just price, 727, 728
• Justice, 147, 720-721, 724-730. See also Morality/ethics; Social justice/reform

• Kant, Emanuel, 37
• Kaufmann, Felix, 39n., 103n.
• Kautsky, Karl, 137
• Kempis, Thomas A, 216
• Kepler, Johannes, 59
• Keynes, John Maynard: money, gold standard and, 471n., 791; inflation and, 466, 471; unemployment, labor and, 549n., 777, 792-793; spending and, 432, 744, 800n., 850
• Knight, Frank H., 66n., 292n., 492n., 848n.
• Knowledge, pursuit of, 5, 32-36, 587
• Ku Klux Klan, 779

• Labor, 131-138, 141-142, 587-634; backward countries, and, 608-609, 747-748; child, 614-616, 619-620, 747; defined, 588, 592-593; disutility of, 65, 130-138, 587-592, 61 1-617, division of, cooperation and, 143-145, 146-147, 157-165, 624-625, 664-666, 673-682; entrepreneurs and, 289-300; extroversive, 137-138, 587-592, government interference and, 315-319, 367-368, 377, 614-617, 744-748, 755-757, 769-779; international division of, 626, 627, 828, 830, 831-832; introversive, 137-138, 139-140, 587-592; Marxian theory of, 602-608; migration/mobility of, 135n., 626-628, 633-634; production and, 592-598, 615-623, 625-634; reason and, 131, 138, 141-142, 491-493; slave, 628-634, socialism and, 137, 675-682; strikes and, 779; subsistence and, 487, 602-610, syndicalism and, 812-816, unemployment and, 770-774, 792-793; unions and, 376-377, 594-596, 608, 777-779, 790, 815-816; wages and, 392, 592-598, 607-610, 619-620, 624-625, 625-628, 676-677, 777-779; work and wages, 131-138, 587-634; worker, defined, 254, 633-634
• Laissez faire: Industrial Revolution and, 618-621; meaning of, 730-732; peace and, 823-825, 828, 831; production and, 8-9, 619-621, 748, 840-842
• Land: capital accounting and, 260-263; conservation and, 656-658; external costs/economies and, 654-661; myth of the soil, 644-645; owner/owner-ship of, 81, 311-312; prices and, 393-394, 624, 643-644; reform, 805; rent, theory of, 524-525, 635-637, 640-642, 643-644; submarginal, 640-642; tax, 643-644; time and, 637-640. See also factors of production, original; Property
• Landauer, Carl, 703n.
• Lange, Oskar, 706n.
• Langlois, Charles Victor, 50n.
• Laski, Harold, 731
• Lassalle, Ferdinand, 846n., 850
• Latin Monetary Union, 472
• Laum, Bernard, 267n.
• Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 186
• Laws of. association (Ricardian), 159-164, 168-169, 175; comparative cost, 75, 159-164; marginal utility, 119-127; population (Malthusian), 20n., 129, 175, 667-672; praxeology, 761-762; price, 331-339, 339-350; regularity (Gregory King), 231, returns, 127-131, 341-350. See also Gresham's Law; Market economy/process
• League of Nations, 686-688, 825
• Legal tender, 435n., 448, 450, 472, 780, 782, 783-785. See also Money, kinds of
• Leibniz, Gottfiied Wilhelm, 13n.
• Lend-lease, 477
• Lenin, Nikolai, 83, 649, 859
• Lerner, Abba, 807n.
• "Level of prices," 222, 398-399, 413
• L?vy-Bruhl, Lucien, 36-37
• Liberalism: banking and, 440-448; defined, vii, 146-147, 153-157, 841-842; economic improvement and, 9, 153-155; freedom and, 284-287; philosophy of, 174, 689-690, 841-842, 864-866; praxeology and, 153-155; religion and, 147-148, 155-157, 183-184; social cooperation and, 145-153, 724-730. See also Laissez faire
• Licenses, 369, 662-663
• Lincoln, Abraham, 55
• List, Frederick, 80
• Loan market, 403, 527, 538, 545-548, 570-574, 581
• Locke, John, 13n.
• Logic, 24-25, 33-36, 36-38, 84-86, 99, 184-187
• Logical positivists, 703n. See also Positivism
• Lorenz, Max Otto, 526n., 741n. Losses. See Profits/losses
• Lozovsky, A., 771n.
• Lutz, Harley, 739n.
• Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 499n.

• Machlup, Fritz, 520n., 573n., 796n.
• Maclver, Robert Morrison, 144n.
• Maistre, Joseph, 864
• Majority rule, 76, 149, 153, 193, 652n. See also Democracy, political; Minority rule
• Malinvestment, 394-395, 559-561, 564, 575-578, 584. See also Credit expansion; Economic booms/busts
• Malthus, Thomas Robert, 20n., 129, 175, 667-672
• Man: acting, 11-29, 651-652; economic, 62-64, 240, 651; primitive, 33-34, 36-38, 145-146, 602. See also Action, human; Inequality
• Management, bureaucratic vs. profit/loss, 303-311, 707-711, 814, 858-860. See also Economic calculation; Profits/losses
• Manchesterism, 723, 823, 828, 831
• Mangoldt, Hans Karl Emil, 291n.
• Marginal productivity, 296-298, 597-598. See also Competition; Prices/pricing, Profits/losses
• Marginal utility, 119-127, 404, 448, 635. See also Value/values
• Market economy/process, 232-256, 257-326, 311-315, 646-663; autonomy of, 758; capitalism and, 264-269; case against, 833-835; catallactics and, 232-256, 598-600; change, adjustment to, 117, 311-315, 652-654; consumers and, 269-272, 299-300, 311-315, 610, 649, 724-730; democracy of, 271, 387, 652n., 682; government and, 716-736, 758-767, 855-861; inequality and, 840-851; private property and, 650-651, 654-661, 682-684; production and, 257-259, 289-300; trade cycle and, 575-578; war and, 825-828; welfare principle and, 833-854. See also Competition; Money; Prices/pricing; Profit/losses; Value/values
• Marshall, Alfred, 388n. Marshall, John, 740
• Marx, Karl, ideas of (Marxism): "anarchy of production," 582; capitalism and, 152, 265, 267-269, 616; class interests, 674-675, 675n.; communism and, 648n.; economic crises, inherent in capitalism, 582; exploitation doctrine, 301, 604-608, 772; ideology doctrine, 5, 9, 29, 76-84, 206, 235, 259, 693-695, 877; labor, wages and, 604-608, 610-611, 612, 865; polylogism, 75-84, 693; production and, 142; production for use/profits, 299; proletarians and, 74, 83, 87; property and, 267, 500, 694; reason attacked, 5, 72-89; religion, "opium of the masses," 82; socialism and, 259, 265, 267, 674, 679, 693-697
• Mass Production, 590, 620-621. See also Capitalism; Factory system
• Materialism vs. "higher values:" 7-8, 17, 23-27, 154, 155, 193, 214-217
• Mathematical/quantitative economics: differential equations, 354, 357, 710-715; equation of exchange, 250, 413; equilibrium, 250, 356; method of, 118, 250, 329-331, 350-357, 377-379, 701-702, 710-715; "velocity of circulation," 399, 427. See also Measurement; Statistics
• Maupassant, Guy de, 267n.
• Maximization of profits, 128, 239-243
• Maxwell, James Clark, 77
• McDougall, William, 16n.
• Means and ends of action. See Ends and means
• Measurement, economic, 55-56, 122, 204, 209-211, 219-223; national income/wealth, 217. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics; Statistics
• Medium of exchange, 40, 208, 398. See also Money
• Meliorism, 191.-193, 693-694
• Menger, Carl, 121, 123, 334, 405-408
• Mercantilism, 53, 452, 456, 637, 664
• Metaphors, use of, 114, 117, 272-273, 460, 730-731
• Metaphysics, 17, 25, 31, 32, 145-157
• Methodenstreit (struggle over method), 4
• Methodology: dualism, 18; economic, 4-7, 19-22, 51; individualism, 41-43; monism, 17, 25, 716; singularism, 44-46
• Meyers, Albert, 651n.
• Meyerson, Emile, 38n.
• Middle-of-the-road policy, 723, 859. See also Welfare principle
• Might, 187-191. See also Ideology
• Mill, John Stuart, 3, 107, 203, 416-419, 496n., 678n.
• Minority rule, 190, 191n. See also Majority rule
• Mises, Ludwig, 16n., 29n., 187n., 204n., 264n., 311n., 401n., 416n., 488n., 502n., 678n., 709n.
• Mitchell, Billy, 512
• Mitchell, Margaret, 630n.
• Mixed economy, impossibility of 258-259, 716. See also Hampered market economy; Intervention; Middle-of-the-road policy
• Mobility/migration of workers, 135n., 377, 627-628, 824-825
• Mobility of investments, 498, 502, 503-509, 513
• Moloch, 160, 724
• Monetary calculation, 229-231, 398n., 424-426, 461, 520-521. See also Capital accounting; Economic calculation
• "Monetary cranks," 186
• Monetary or circulation credit theory of the trade cycle. See Cycle theories
• Monetary standards: bimetallic/double/alternating, 781-782; de facto, 472, 783; de jure, 783; flexible/gold ex-change, 786-789, 790; gold, 471-476, 792; monometallic, 472.
• Money (indirect exchange), 65-66, 202, 398-478; capital and, 520-523; cash holdings, 402-404, 412, 415-416, 436-438; currency and credit manipulation, 780-883; defined, 401-405; demand for, 401-408, 408-412; devaluation, 465 (Swiss, 1936), 466 (British, 1939), 783-785, 789-793 (Keynes and); driving force of, 416-419; economic calculation and, 214-217, 223-228; government and, 412-414, 472-476, 572; hoards, 402; interlocal exchange rates, 452-458; money relation, 411, 417, 432, 458-462, 547-550; origin of, 405-408; purchasing power and, 220-221, 411, 419-422, 455-458, 787; quantity theory of, 38, 231, 405, 411-416; regression theorem, 409-410, 610-61 1; supply of, 401-408. See also Inflation/inflationism
• Money, kinds of banknote, 438-440, 445-447, 450n.; certificate, 433, 435, 439; checkbook, 445-446, commodity, 428-429, 433; credit, 429; defined, 202, 208-209, 398, 401; fiat, 429, 570; fiduciary media, 433, 434-444; gold/specie/bullion, export/import, 448-458, 478; hot, 464-466; legal tender, 435n., 448, 450, 780-785; neutral, inconceivability of, 202, 249, 398-399, 416-419, 422, 440; paper, 422, 786; precious metals (gold/silver), 428; secondary media of exchange, 462-466, 780; substitutes, 432-434, 435n., 445; token coins, 433. See also Credit expansion
• Moneylending: banks and, 458-466; government and, 225-228, 502; risk and, 539-545, 783-785, 792-793; war and, 826. See also Credit expansion; Interest rate, theory of; Time preference
• Monopoly: agriculture and, 361, 368; cartels, 365-368, 447, 596; copyrights, 364, 385-386, 661-662, 680-681; defined, 277-278, 358-379; demand arid, 383-384; failure, 371-373; gain vs. entrepreneurial profit, 360, 372, 378, 383; government and, 361-362, 364-370, 386-387, 681; incomplete, 362-363; licenses, 369, 662-663; limited space, 375-376; margin, 365, 369-370, 373-374; patents, 364-366, 386, 510-512, 661-662; prices, 278, 357-379, 384, 387, 397, 680-682, 766-767; world-wide socialism, 277. See also Competition
• Montaigne, Michel, 664, 686
• Morality/ethics: human action and, 13-15, 95, 174-176; inequality and, 840-847; profits and, 299, 300-301; righteousness, justice and, 147, 719-724, 724-730, 769; social cooperation and, 145-153, 173-174. See also God/Creator; Religion; Social justice/reform
• Morgenstern, Oskar, 116n.
• M?gge, M. A., 139n.
• Mussolini, Benito, 83, 649, 818n.
• Mysticism, 36-37, 80, 166-169

• Nagel, Ernest, 647n.
• Napoleon I., 512
• Narcotics, 733-734
• National debt, 847-849. See also Government.
• National/social income/wealth (Volkswirtschaft), 217, 294n., 323-326, 399, 516, 521, 637
• National sovereignty, 685-687, 821-825, 831-832
• Nationalism, economic; 183, 187, 685-686, 753-755, 823-824. See also Interventionism; Mercantilism; Nazism
• Natural resources, 135n., 367, 386, 648, 657-658, 685
• Natural/physical sciences, 4, 31-32, 41, 58-59, 68-69, 96, 107, 174-176, 209-210, 638-639, 668n.
• Natural rights, 175, 285
• Nature, natural law, 1-3, 174, 176, 238-239, 673-674, 720-722, 761-762, 841
• Nazism, 6, 76, 187, 268n., 323, 675, 702-703
• Needs/values, scale of, 94-97
• Neumann, John, 116n.
• Neurath, Otto, 703n.
• New Deal, 368, 387, 555, 779, 819
• Newton, Isaac, 37
• Nietzsche, Friedrich Wihelm, 139, 172, 649
• Nonmarket prices, chimera of, 395-397

• Offspring, limitation of, 667-672
• Oligopoly, 363-364. See also Monopoly
• Omniscience and omnipotence, 69-71
• Oncken, August, 664n.
• Oppenheimer, Franz, 76
• Originary interest, 526-532, 551
• Overconsumption, 575. See also Malinvestment
• Overinvestment, 559-561. See also Malinvestment

• Palmer, Robert, 823n.
• Panics. See Trade cycle
• Papi, Ugo, 818n.
• Paradox of value, 64, 121. See also Value/values
• Paraguay, 835
• Pareto, Vilfredo, 701, 715n.
• Pascal, Blaise, 106
• Passfield, Lady. See Webb, Beatrice
• Past, influence of, 100-101, 505-514
• Patents, 364-366, 386, 510-512, 661-662, 680
• Paul, Tsar of Russia, 115
• Peace, 146-148, 280, 684-688. See also Cooperation; Liberalism; War
• Peter III, Tsar of Russia, 115
• Petro, Sylvester, 778n.
• Physical sciences. See Natural/physical sciences
• Physiocracy, French, 9
• Pierson, Nikolaas Gerard, 701
• Pigou, Arthur Cecil, 848n.
• Plain state of rest, 244-245
• Planning: economic, 258-259, 282-287, 676, 730-732; bureaucracy and, 308-311, 315-319; welfare principle and, 833-854. See also Dictatorship; Intervention; Socialism; Totalitarianism
• Poincar?, Henri, 39
• Political programs, 182-183
• Polylogism, 5, 6, 7, 75-89
• Pompadour, Madame de, 654
• Population, 20n., 129, 175, 627-628
• Positivism, 4, 18, 24, 26, 31, 56, 703n.
• Pound, Roscoe, 778n.
• Poverty, 602-604, 623, 747-748, 835-840
• Power: ideology and, 189-191; market and, 279-289, 647-649
• Pragmatism, 24, 32, 73, 126n.
• Praxeology: apriorism and, 32-36, 410; attack upon, 5-7; defined, 1-3, 12, 21, 28-29, 32-41, 92, 95, 142, 232-234, 646-647, 883-885; economics and, 1-3, 92, 95, 355, 485, 500, 515, 883; freedom and, 279-287; history and, 28, 30-32; human action and, 34-41, 69-71; laws of, 761-762; liberalism and, 153-155; method of, 19-22, 39-41, 92-93, 174, 236-237, 405-408, 646; objective of, 185; polylogism and, 76-84; prediction and, 117-118; psychology and, 12, 123-127, 486-488; time and, 64-65, 99-104
• Precapitalistic era, 620, 767-769, 838-839, 840. See also Feudalism
• Predetermined, "natural," harmony, doctrine of, 239n., 673-674
• Prediction: business forecasting, 870-872; economic, 105-115, 335-339, 652-654; entrepreneurial, 206-207, 306-307, 649; praxeological, 117-118. See also Economic calculation; Uncertainty
• Present, past and future, 100-100
• Pressure groups, 318-319, 859, 869-870, 874. See also Interests, vested; Intervention; Privileges
• Price controls: 395-397, 758-769
• Prices/pricing, 327-397: appraisement and, 331-333; barter and, 201-206; change and, 217-219, 652-654; competition and, 278, 357-358; cost accounting and, 212-214, 339-350; costs and, 97-98, 352-353; discrimination, 388-391; entrepreneurs and, 296-297, 329, 333-338; factors of production and, 333-339, 643-644; final (hypothetical), 245-246; good will, 379-383; government interference and, 397, 744-748, 758-779; income and, 393-394; inflation, credit expansion and, 411-416, 422-423, 426-428, 550-565; interconnectedness and, 391-392; just, 727-730; "level" (inappropriate term), 222, 398-399, 413; money relation and, 411-416, 430-432; monopoly and, 277-278, 357-379, 382, 383-387, 397, 680-682, 766-767; non-market, 395-397; premium, 541-545; production and, 394-395; profits and, 97-98; purchasing power and, 424-428, 468-470; static or equilibrium (imaginary constructs), 245-247, 350-357, 710; statistics and, 329-331, 350-357, 652. See also Consumers, sovereignty of; Labor, wages and; Market economy/process; Value/values
• Primitive man, 32-36, 36-37, 146, 602
• Private property: See Property
• Privileges/pressure groups, 268-269, 315-319, 337, 662-663, 852. See also Producers policy; Protectionism
• Probability, 106-115
• Producers goods. See Capital goods; Factors of production
• Producers' policy, 315-319, 813
• Production: "anarchy" of, 239, 257, 582, 692; capital goods and, 259-264, 490-493, 503-505; cost accounting and, 303-308, 339-350, 370-371; defined, 140-142; entrepreneur and, 289-300; government interference and, 743-757, 762-767; government ownership and, 258-259, 659; interest rates and, 545-570; land and, 635-645; malinvestment and, 575-580; money changes and, 545-570; personal services and, 140-142, 232-234; prices and, 333-338, 394-395; reason and, 141-142; savings and, 260, 490-499, 520-522; spiritual/intellectual, 141-142; time and, 479-488, 493-499, 532-537; war and, 825. See also Consumers, sovereignty of; Cooperation; Labor; Market economy/process; Profits/losses
• Profit sharing, 815
• Profits/losses: accounting and, 212-214, 637; condemnation of, 300-301; entrepreneurial, 289-303, 335-338, 396, 664-666, 746n., 871-872; illusory/imaginative, 424-426; market and, 664-666; money changes and, 424-426, 548-550, 570-571; monopoly gain vs., 360-361; psychic, 97-98, 205, 239-243, 289; taxation and, 241n., 809-811; war and, 827-828. See also Entrepreneurs/promoters
• Progress: inflation not necessary, 466-471; meliorism, 191-193; savings and, 294-300, 490-503; trade cycle and, 575-580, 585. See also Economic development/progress; Saving
• Promoters: See Entrepreneurs/promoters
• Propaganda: anticapitalist, 265, 300-301; 590-592; business, 320-322
• Property: government ownership and operation of, 258-259, 376; legal definition of, 654-656, 682; private, 264, 311-312, 682-684; rights, 654-661; social reform and, 724-726
• Protectionism, 81, 315-317, 687, 744, 748-755
• Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 186, 235
• Psychiatry, 12, 185-187, 319
• Psychology, praxeology and, 12, 123-127, 319, 486-488
• Public debt, 225-228, 847-849. See also Government
• Public finance: See Spending, public; Taxation
• Public opinion, economics and, 540-541, 863-864. See also Anticapitalistic mentality
• Public spending: contracyclical, 798-800; effects of, 226-227, 741, 744, 776-777, 850, 855-856. See also Government debt/bonds/lending; Taxation
• Public utilities, 375-376, 767
• Public works, 798
• Purchasing power: changes, cash-and-goods-induced, 419-428, 521n.; foreign exchange and, 455; money relation and, 401-405, 408-416, 419-428, 430-432; measurement of, 219-220, regression theorem and, 610-611
• Pythagoras, 38, 79

• Quantitative economics: See Mathematical/quantitative economics; Measurement
• Quasi-market, 705-710
• Quasi-privileges, 662-663. See also Privileges

• Racism, 5-6, 89. See also Polylogism
• Rae, John, 496n.
• Rappard, William E., 687n.
• Rationality, 19-22, 102-104, 176, 884; irrationality and, 19-22, 89, 174-175; liberalism and, 157. See also Action, human
• Rationing: See Price controls
• Reality, a priori and, 38-41
• Reason: Age of, 69; aprioristic, 32-36, 38-41, 64-69; case for, 89-91, 177-178, 882; human action and, 18-19, 26-27, 39, 64-69, 172-174, 175-176; Marx and, 5; revolt against, 5, 72-91
• Regression theorem, 408-410, 610-611. See also Money
• Regularity/interconnectedness, 1-2, 4-7, 22-23, 231, 392, 648, 652, 761, 770, 874, 885
• Relevance: judgments of, 50, 57-58, 86-87. See also Value/values
• Religion, 1-2, 69-71, 143, 145-146; conflicts among, 145-153, 178-184; economics and, 147n., 237-239; just price doctrine, 724-730; liberalism and, 155-157; Marxism and, 82; mysticism and, 37, 166-169; primitive, 23-24, 69; Protestantism, 675n.; Roman Catholicism, 675n. See also Cooperation; God/Creator; Harmony of interests; Morality
• Rent, 524, 635-637, 765-767
• Research, physical sciences vs. economics, 867-869
• Restriction: competition and, 278-279; economic system of, 755-757; privilege of, 749-755; price of, 744-748. See also Government; Intervention
• Retrogression, economic, vs. economic development: 191-192, 251, 298-299
• Retums, law of, 127-131, 341-350
• Revolution, 649; American, 428; communist, 736n.; French, 286n., 428, 822-823; political, 286n.; Russian, 83, 88, 115, 152. See also Industrial Revolution; Reason, revolt against
• Ricardo, David, 75, 79, 496n., 604; money and, 422, 786; law of association/cooperation, 89, 147, 159-164, 168-169, 175; rent, 635-637, 640; the
• Ricardo effect, 757n., 773-776; trade and, 666, 744
• Righteousness: See Justice; Morality
• Risk-taking, 809-811. See also Gambling; Probability; Speculation; Uncertainty
• Robbins, Lionel Charles, 103n., 532n.
• Robinson Crusoe economy, 205, 243, 261, 335
• Rome, fall of, 767-769
• Rostovtzeff (Rostovtsev), Mikhail Ivanovich, 768n.
• Rougier, Louis, 73n.
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 165
• "Rugged" individualism, 284, 726
• Rumania, 19th century, 496
• Ruml, Beardsley, 572n.
• Ruskin, John, 649
• Russia, 7
• In., 85, 88, 115, 152; economy of, 259, 702; laborers of, 679n.; revolution, 83, 88, 115; socialism, 717; socialist experiment, 264n.; technology of, 5-6. See also Economic calculation; Marxism; Socialism

• Salvioli, Guiseppe, 631n.
• Samuelson, Paul Anthony, 793n.
• Santa Claus (welfare state), fable, 744, 848, 850, 858
• Santayana, George, 872n.
• Satisfaction of wants. See Action, human; Value/values
• Saving, 493-503, 520-523; abstinence and, 846n; advantage of, 490-493, 514-523, 609-610, 844; capital goods and, 260-263, 490-493, 774; forced, 548-550, 556-558, 575-576; plain (rainy-day), 486, 491, 492, 515-516, 532, 774-775. See also investments; Time preference
• Scale of needs/values, 94-97
• Sch?ffle, Albert, 701
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm, 721
• Scholasticism, medieval, 721, 851
• Schopenhauer, Arthur, 29
• Schultz, Henry, 352
• Schumpeter, Joseph, 357, 530n., 531
• Sch?ltz, Alfred, 24n., 100n.
• Science: economic vs. physical, 7-8, 10, 21, 24, 48, 55, 64-69, 206, 219, 881-882; history and, 48, 66-69; natural, 31, 58-59, 174-176, 638, 668n. See also Action, human; Economics; Praxeology; Research
• Seignobos, Charles, 50n.
• Semantic confusion, 268-269, 287, 361-362, 423-424, 842
• Silver standard, 471-472, 781-782
• Sismondi, Jean Charles, 268
• Slaves/slavery/serfdom, 196, 282, 629-634, 821, 834
• Smith, Adam, 3, 147n., 594, 666; on money, 422, 786
• Social cooperation; See Cooperation, social
• Social engineering, 112-113, 323-326, 367-368, 601-602, 612-617, 744-748, 789, 833-854, 855-858. See also Dictatorship; Planning, economic; Totalitarianism
• Social justice/reform, 723-724, 724-730, 738, 853-854
• Social sciences: See Action, human; Economics; Praxeology
• Social security, 602, 617, 839, 845, 847-848
• Socialism, socialist society, 259, 689-697, 698-715; agrarian, 805; British, 816; capitalism vs., 258-259, 282-287, 338, 673-682, 704-705, 716-717; depressions under, 565-566; economic calculation under, 698-715; German pattern of, 323-326, 474, 691, 717-719, 758-759, 765, 859-860; guild, 816-820; historical origin of, 72-75, 689-693, 812; imaginary construction of, 689-693; labor and, 137-138; Marxians and, 72-75, 259, 265, 267, 674-679, 693-695; mathematical economics and, 710-715; value theory and, 205-206; praxeological character of, 695-697; Russian pattern of, 717, 858-859; worldwide, 277. See also Marxism
• Society, 143-176, 279-287; exchange and, 194-199. See also Cooperation, social
• Sociology, defined, 30n.
• Sociology of knowledge, 5, 84, 206
• Solon of Athens, 540
• Solvay, Ernest, 186, 235
• Sombart, Wemer, 197, 751n., 841
• Sophocles, 621
• Sorel, Georges, 172, 649, 812
• Sound money. See Money, purchasing power and
• Sovereignty of consumers. See Consumers, sovereignty of
• Sovereignty, national, 685-688
• Sozialpolitik. See Social engineering
• Spann, Othmar, 683
• Special interests. See Interests, vested; Privileges
• Specialization. See Labor, division of
• Speculation, 250, 252-253, 303, 327-328, 336, 585; change and, 652-654; socialism and, 676, 707-710; stock exchange and, 517-520; uncertainty and, 105-106, 112-113, 517. See also Action, human; Entrepreneurs/promoters
• Speenhamland system, 602n.
• Spencer, Herbert, 197
• Spengler, Oswald, 649
• Spinoza, Benedictus, 5
• Stabilization/security vs. change, 219-228, 419, 851-853
• Stalin, Josef, 83, 649
• Standard of living, 165-166, 602-605, 609-610, 835-840
• State of rest, 244-250
• Static method, 247-248, 356. See also Equilibrium
• Stationary economy, 247, 250-251, 255-256, 294-295
• Statism, 181, 692, 696, 721
• Statistics: 30n., 60, 329-331, 335, 345-346, 350-357; index numbers, 220-223; prices and, 329-331, 350-352, 652. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Statolatry, 225, 831-832. See also Government; Nationalism
• Stirner, Max, 151
• Stock exchange: credit expansion and, 793-798; speculation and, 517-520
• Strigl, Richard, 261n., 646n.
• Subconscious vs. conscious, 11-13
• Subjectivism, 3, 21-22, 57, 64, 94-96, 239-243, 395. See also Value/values
• Subsidies, 602n., 659-661, 744, 745. See also Public spending; Social engineering
• Sulzbach, Walter, 839n.
• Sweden's prosperity, 800n.
• Switzerland: currency crisis (1936), 465-466; government cereal monopoly, 391
• Syndicalism, 608, 812-816

• Tariffs: cartels and, 365-368; effects of, 744, 748-755; infant industries and, 509-510; monopoly prices and, 365-368. See also Protectionism
• Taxation/taxes: 737-742; confiscatory, 800-811; effects of, 213, 241n., 282, 740-741, 856-858; interference by, 737-742, 806-881, 855-861; land and, 643-644, 739; neutral, 737-738; progressive (ability to pay), 738-739; total, 738-739. See also Government; Public spending
• Technology: economic calculation and, 206-209, 348, 529; economics and, 394-395, 505-514; improvement in, 8, 394, 468, 507, 512, 620; investment and, 295-297, 394-395, 713-714; labor and, 136-137, 774; role of, 93, 303. See also Industrial Revolution
• Teleology, 25-26, 27-28, 107. See also Causality
• Temple, William, 675n.
• Theocracy, 151-157
• Time, 99-104, action and, 102-104, 479-523; capital goods and, 490-493, 493-499, 503-505; land and, 637-640
• Time preference, 483-490, 488n., 492n., 493, 499-503. See also Interest rate, theory of
• Tirala, Lothar Gottlieb, 85n.
• Tolstoy, Leo, 87
• Tooke, Thomas, 446
• Torrens, Robert, 604
• Totalitarianism, 9, 150-153, 277, 282; depressions under, 565-566. See also Collectivism; Socialism
• Trade, domestic and foreign: ancient, 767-768; cartels and, 361, 365-368, 447, 596; free, 81-84, 159-164; Ricardian law of association, 161-164. See also Foreign exchange; International trade; Market economy/process; Protectionism
• Trade cycle, 203, 538-586, 576, 794, 797. See also Credit expansion; Cycle theories; Economic booms/busts; Malinvestment
• Trotsky, Leon, 71n., 83, 88, 277n.
• Truman, Harry S., 816

• Ultimate given: animal instincts and, 28; history and, 59-50; human action and, 17-19, 21, 28, 95. See also Causality; Teleology
• Uncertainty, 100-101, 105-118, 293-294, 870-872
• Unconscious vs. subconscious, 11-13
• Underconsumption myth, 301-303
• Understanding, historical: 49-58, 68, 86-89, 112, 115, 118
• Unemployment: catallactic, 578-580, 598-600; frictional, 600; institutional, 600, 615-617, 770, 775-776, 778-779, 789-790, 792-793; technological, 136-137, 773-774; wages and, 367-368, 609-610, 770-771
• Unions. See Labor, unions
• United Nations, 368, 686-688, 825
• United States: labor unions and, 779, 815-816; money, credit and, 372, 478, 555, 561, 568; New Deal, 368, 387, 555, 779, 819; taxes and, 572, 856-857; World War II and foreign aid, 477-478, 825
• Universalism vs. methodological individualism, 41-42, 44-45, 145-153
• Universities, economics and, 872-876
• Use-value, subjective vs. objective, 120
• Utilitarianism, 15, 21, 73, 148-149, 175-176
• Utility, marginal, 119-127, 404-448, 635. See also Value/values
• "Utopian" idealism, 2, 70, 72, 835. See also Social justice/reform

• Value/values, 14-15, 18, 97-98, 119-127, 200, 204-205, 331-333, 333-338; classical theory of, 3, 62, 121-122, 203-204, 488; economic calculation and, 97-98, 198-199, 200-211; economics and, 10, 21-22, 881-885; labor theory of, 205-206; marginal utility and, 118-127; money and, 408-416, 428-432; objective vs. subjective use, 120, 127; prices and, 97-98, 201-205, 219-223, 331-333, 333-338, 393-397, 635-637; scales of, 94-96, 102-104, 119-127, 239-243; socialistic theory of, 205-206; time preference and, 479-483, 486-487, 532-534
• Value paradox, 62, 121-122
• "Velocity" of circulation, 399, 427. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Vested interest. See Interests, vested; Privileges
• Violence, 170-174, 589-590, 648, 649-651. See also Coercion, governmental; War
• Volkswirtschaft. See National/social income/wealth
• Voltaire, Francois-Marie, 666
• Wages: 587-634; consumer sovereignty and, 271, 610; iron law of, 20n., 603-604, 667, 746; just prices and, 727-728; labor legislation and, 745-748, 769, 777; labor unions and, 376-377, 777-779; Marxian doctrine of, 604-605, 610-611, 616; minimum wage rates, 769-779; monetary manipulation and, 789-793; purchasing power argument and, 301-303; socialism and, 676-677; technology and, 136-137, 773-774. See also Labor
• Walras, Leon, 121
• War: 821-832; autarky and, 828-830; conscription, 282; defensive, 282-283; economics of, 821-832; financing of, 227-228, 282, 825-828; free trade vs. nationalism and, 501-503, 666, 684-688, 823-825, 831-832; futility of, 831-832; history of, 649-651; socialism and, 825-828; technology and, 512; total, 169-170, 821-825
• Wars/conflicts: American Civil War, 829; American Revolution, 428; French Revolution, 286n., 428, 822-823; Napoleonic Wars, 512, 823-824; Seven Years War (1756-1763), 619n.; World Wars I & 11, 466, 512, 552, 570, 816, 824, 827-828, 829-830
• Wealth, inequality of, 287-289, 521n., 840-851. See also Consumers, sovereignty of; Profit/losses; Saving
• Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 272n., 623, 818n.
• Weber, Max, 30n., 126
• Weber-Fechner law of psychophysics, 125-127
• Welfare principle vs. market principle, 833-854. See also Social engineering; Social justice/reform
• Wells, Herbert George, 666n.
• Wertfreiheit, (neutrality with respect to values, value free), 47-48, 881-885
• Whately, Richard, 3n., 535n.
• Wicksell, Knut, 489
• Wicksteed, Philip Henry, 103n.
• Wiese, Leopold, 170n.
• Wieser, Friedrich, 204, 206n.
• William 11, Emperor (Germany) 62
• Wilson, Woodrow, 824
• World Council of Churches, 675n.
• World government, 227, 687, 825. See also International organizations
• World view: ideology and, 178-187, 192. See also Ideas; Ideology
• World Wars I & II, 370, 466, 512, 552, 570, 800n, 816, 824, 827-828, 829-830
• Wren, Sir Christopher, 854

• Yates, Douglas, 139n.
• Young, Allyn, 526n., 741n.
• Young, Arthur, 621