The Mises Community
An online community for fans of Austrian economics and libertarianism, featuring forums, user blogs, and more.

The Slave Trade?

rated by 0 users
Not Answered This post has 0 verified answers | 107 Replies | 11 Followers

Top 150 Contributor
Male
69 Posts
Points 1,410
gethky posted on Sat, Dec 8 2007 10:26 PM

During the period of slavery in North America, the "savages" shipped over from Africa were conveniently considered to be less than human and therefore were sold as comodities in public auctions, rented as laborers, inherited as parts of estates, etc. Government certainly didn't prevent the onset of slavery in North America, but what does this say about the moral principles of free trade in actual practice?

All Replies

Top 150 Contributor
Male
75 Posts
Points 1,330

Grant:
gethky:
If free trade per se is amoral, then is free trade in slaves immoral?
That is a good question. Obviously the appropriation of slaves is immoral. But what about the trader who simply buys and sells them?

The trader could free the slaves he buys. But then he would quickly run out of money, and not be able to buy any more. In short, he'd leave the business. The slaves he did not end up buying would stay slaves.

It would be silly for Frank to pay Jim so as to buy from Jim an entity Jim does not own and cannot own, namely, Sue.  Since Sue is the rightful owner of Sue and since Sue cannot sell herself, Jim can never be a rightful owner of Sue.  Assuming Jim enslaved Sue, Jim would be guilty of stealing Sue's body from Sue.  For Frank to buy Sue from Jim for any purpose other than freeing Sue, Frank would be just as culpable in the crime of enslavement.  If Frank purchases Sue from someone who does not own Sue (i.e. Jim), Frank is just giving money away to a criminal.  All that is needed to free Sue from Jim is for Frank and everyone else to acknowledge that Sue and only Sue owns Sue, and to recognise that Jim has no rightful control or ownership over Sue whatsoever.

My apologies if I failed to make this as clear as I could have.

You claim:

Grant:
The trader is not an enabler of slavery.
Alas, the slave-trader absolutely is an enabler of slavery, for its the trader's recognition of the slave as somehow justly owned by the slave-master that enables the slave-master to continue his/her authoritarianism over the slave.

If I say that I own my neighbour, it changes nothing.  I can't actually control my neighbour in any way because everyone around me refuses to recognise my supposed ownership over him.  If everyone, or at least a very powerful organisation calling itself "government," recognises me as the actual and just owner of my neighbour, then and only then can I pose any contol over my neighbour.

Yours, Alex Peak “I’m very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of stat[ist] capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.” – Murray N. Rothbard, “A Future of Peace and Capitalism,” 1973
Top 150 Contributor
Male
75 Posts
Points 1,330

Nathyn:
If I'm a slave-by-contract, I'm going to do my job, but I'm still going to think, "This is b******t!"
You can't be a slave by contract.  If you don't like your employer, quit.  Likewise, if you don't like having consensual sex with Sally, stop having sex with Sally.

Yours, Alex Peak “I’m very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of stat[ist] capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.” – Murray N. Rothbard, “A Future of Peace and Capitalism,” 1973
Top 150 Contributor
Male
75 Posts
Points 1,330

Nathyn:
To respond: I disagree. I could dig up some photos of child slaves in India or elsewhere, today. You have absolutely no idea of telling whether they're slaves-by-contract or not.
If they're slaves, they're slaves.  There is no such thing as a slave by contract, for contracts are only valid when exchanging a claim to an alienable property.  My will and my body are inalienable.  This is the Rothbardian position I am espousing.
Nathyn:
That's what makes slavery so barbaric, not because it violates some silly, abstract theory of "self-ownership."
It is this "silly theory" that makes slavery innately unjust.  If you didn't have innate self-ownership, then I could come across you at any time and "appropriate your body from the state of nature," thereby making myself the rightful owner of your body.  It is only the axiom of self-ownership that makes such an occurrence a form of theft, a barbaric violation of natural Liberty.
Nathyn:
I.E., if I promise to have sex with you, signing a contract, and I don't deliver, what are you going to take? It's totally arbitrary, if you believe in subjective value.
The Rothbardian position is simply: your "promise" to have sex is meaningless.  "Promisory contracts" are invalid.  The only valid contracts are those that transfer property, and I obviously can't own your sex.  If you fail to have sex with me, then all you have to do is give back to me what I gave you--and if neither of us gave the other anything, then neither of us owe the other anything.
Nathyn:
Even if I owe you $10, if I don't pay up, you can't just seize $10. You should have some right to seize more than that, because your time-preference dictated that when you lent me money, you wanted it back at a certain time for a certain interest rate. If you have to wait even longer, who's to say your time-preference, at that point, doesn't dictate a gazillion rate of interest increase?
Your question here is valid.  Block came up with an idea which Rothbard adopted, the notion of "two teeth for a tooth."  Something similar could be used here.

As for the exact just amount, that could be decided by the market through privately-hired arbitors.  Any arbitor who decreed that you owe me a quadrillion dollars simply since you didn't pay me my $10 for, say, a decade would surely lose credibility and customers.  Further, you would have the right to appeal that decision.  Good question.

Yours, Alex Peak “I’m very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of stat[ist] capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.” – Murray N. Rothbard, “A Future of Peace and Capitalism,” 1973
Top 150 Contributor
Male
75 Posts
Points 1,330

Nathyn:
If Rothbard, through his sophistry, happens to come to the conclusion that a holocaust is justified for his own liberty's sake, his entire argument falls apart because his basic assumptions about the value of humanity contradict that of just about everyone.
Wow.

Just wow.

I don't know what to say.  I'm dumbfounded how you could possibly make such a statement.

A) Rothbard would not and could not "come to the conclusion that a holocaust is justified for his own liberty's sake."

B) If Rothbard did come up with such a conclusion, it would be in total and complete contradiction with any and all other conclusions he ever came up with, and in complete defiance of his understanding of human nature.

C) If someone comes up with a "conclusion that a holocaust is justified for his own liberty's sake," the person is wrong because of the innate self-ownership that Spooner, Rothbard, Long, and others have championed.

D) Value?  Value is subjective, and not a basis of ethics which, by its very nature, must be objective, as it regards the treatment of entities external to the self based on the innate nature of those entites.  (Morality, conversely, is subjective, as it deals with the conduct of the self as subject.)

E) Humans have certain inalienable rights, such as self-ownership, because it is in the objective nature of humanity that humans possess this equal right.  Subsequently, any argument "that a holocaust is justified for his own liberty's sake" is obviously invalid.

Nathyn:
If "human life" isn't important to you, if you're not a Humanist but look at other human beings as insects to be limitlessly bought, sold, and used for our own freedom's sake, then we have no grounds to discuss ethics at all.
Anarchism is not the same thing as nihilism.
Nathyn:
Rothbard seems to not make any assumption of humanity's value at all, but takes simply his own life to be valuable and tries to convince the world to capitulate to his idea of freedom, for his own sake.
Had you read The Ethics of Liberty, you would see that the very opposite is true.  He explicitely argues AGAINST egoists who claim that it's okay to sacrifice the lives of others so as to save one's own.  His arguments aren't based upon the assumption that his own life is objectively valuable, but rather on the importance of human Liberty as expressed by our equal natural rights.
Nathyn:
Had you been born a sickly child in Sparta and tossed away or a neglected child in an American ghetto, Rothbard sees nothing wrong with this.
Had you read The Ethics of Liberty, you would see that Rothbard makes the clear distinction between ethics and morals.  "Right" and "wrong" are moral terms, while "just" and "unjust" are ethical terms.  It seems highly probable that he would find this to be "wrong," but not unjust unless coersion were applied.  But, further, had you read The Ethics of Liberty, you would see that Rothbard makes the argument that this sort of act would be extremely rare, even rarer than it is now.
Nathyn:
If you see nothing wrong with it either, simply because you and Rothbard, by chance alone, were not born in Sparta or an American ghetto, then we have no way of discussing what's "right" at all. But you certainly have no claim to be an individualist, unless by "individualist," you mean psychotically narcissistic, which Rothbard seems to be.
Rothbard was not the nihilist you wish to make him out to be.  Read his work, see for yourself.
Nathyn:
Murray fancifully saw himself as something of a libertarian Lenin. While his dogmatic invective and propensity to conspire may sometimes have seemed reminiscent of the founder of Bolshevism, Rothbard was too playful, too volatile, and too much smitten by the allure of pure ideas to build or to lead a vanguard party.

His political life became an erratic succession of alliances, each one enthusiastically pursued for a few years, then angrily abandoned, with his erstwhile confederates anathematized, though unlike Rand he would sometimes team up with them again later, old differences forgiven if not forgotten.

I noticed this while reading about his life.  If you are trying to use this as an example of why Rothbard was not concerned with human ethics, it fails, as this simply describes his silly habit of burning bridges.

Yours, Alex Peak “I’m very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of stat[ist] capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.” – Murray N. Rothbard, “A Future of Peace and Capitalism,” 1973
Top 150 Contributor
Male
75 Posts
Points 1,330

gethky:
2. Keepng or selling slaves does indeed involve coercion and is therefore immoral, but not necessarily criminal sans government.
If something is a violation of natural law, then it's naturally criminal, government or sans government.  Slavery is the theft of one's body from the rightful owner of said body (i.e. the self), and is therefore a violation of the natural law of self-ownership.  It is therefore criminal, by its very nature.
gethky:
4. I'd venture a guess that most parents would claim ownership of their young children.
They would be wrong to do so.  Children, by their nature as human beings, are equal to their parents, and are therefore free to secede from their parents' household any time they wish.  Any establishment of rules made by the parent are to be made under the assumption that it's "their way or the highway," not under the assumption that children are not inherently sovereign and free individuals possessing all the same, equal rights as other humans.

Yours, Alex Peak “I’m very optimistic about the future of free-market capitalism. I’m not optimistic about the future of stat[ist] capitalism—or rather, I am optimistic, because I think it will eventually come to an end.” – Murray N. Rothbard, “A Future of Peace and Capitalism,” 1973
Top 10 Contributor
Male
1,175 Posts
Points 18,875

https://www.mises.org/story/2291

 This is an instructive article on the matter, and one that bolsters Alex's points.

 

  • | Post Points: 5
Top 150 Contributor
Male
65 Posts
Points 980

allixpeeke:

Nathyn:
Yan Grenier:
You are probably childishly refering to the fact that people can physically write on a piece of paper that they are selling away their body and volition, thus completely walking around and avoiding the fact that writing words on a sheet of paper does not change the laws of reality.
This is a strictly metaphysical objection!

What you're saying is, "You can't sell your self or your body," but you can sell the permanent, unhindered use of your body.

Nathyn,

No, no, no.  At the risk of sounding angry or aggravated, allow me to say that Yan Grenier is not saying that you can "sell the permanent, unhindered use of your body"; rather, he/she is saying you CANNOT "sell the permanent, unhindered use of your body."

That is correct, Allixpeeke. That will be a he by the way, although I won't hold you accountable (lol). My name can lead to confusion :) . I'll update my profile.

  • | Post Points: 5
Not Ranked
2 Posts
Points 25
Brutus replied on Tue, Dec 11 2007 11:39 PM

(I don’t know your philosophy here but I found this a curious place.)

 

Let’s say I am a very wealthy capitalist. And I find a new way to undercut labor cost in our future world market.  I ran the numbers and found that I could create my widget with a new labor methodology.

 

I create a genetic engineering program and grow children in artificial wombs.  I take the child after they are born and I educate and train them for very specific roles.  I give them the most basic needs necessary to complete the labor I need done.  They are never taken outside, know nothing of the outside world and are educated to respect my staff, my rules and myself.  Those that cause trouble are allowed to leave.  Those that remain continue to receive the benefits of my system.

 

Overtime I weed out those that desire to leave.  I continue to use this genetic program to adapt and make this work force more efficient.  They receive a fairly boring existence but they make widgets that benefit the entire free market cutting prices dramatically. 

 

They can leave anytime they want if they really want to.  But they can never return if they choose to leave.  Neither my staff nor I ever tell them that they can leave.

 

---

 

I have a question. Do children even have the capacity for free will to make a rational choice of value in a free market?  If a child is willing to sign a contract at the age of 12 who can stop them and should that contract be upheld?  Or does the contract end as soon as someone says, “Stop” even if the obligations in the contract have not been met?

 

Obviously the greatest fault I see here is that there is a belief that a free market will operate without coercion.  And if serious coercion does occur who will step in?  Or is it up to the party that was coerced to deal with the problem?  And who will step in if the local people get together who are sick of my slave shop and remove me from the community?  That is a government of people who made a choice, why should they be allowed to interfere in the free market?  Would you stand up and fight those people from interfering in my free trade or simply see it as proper justice? 

 

To assume that current humans would operate a market without any coercion is dangerously foolish.  Like most philosophy, especially regarding that of liberty, it only works when both parties agree and uphold the philosophical social contract. And when it comes to profits and power many people will use coercion to achieve their goals.  In fact if there is profit to be made while trampling a contract, the contract will not be upheld but dumped for more lucrative profits.  At the same time the other party will want to uphold the contract but the other party won't. 

 

It seems guaranteed there will be a lot of people out there using coercion to achieve their goals in a free for all market.  If the coercive business is predominately successful they will undermine the non-coercive business and in time eliminate them from existence.  Then the free market would likely be changed into a regulated market and then back into some form of oligarchy.  That seems to be the way of those who attain power from wealth through out our history.

 

---

 

What about coercive elements of the market itself such that economic situations thrust people into situations that they would not agree to normally.  They can choose to starve or submit to a slave contract for life?  Of course the economy picks up and the person leaves, the owner wants to keep his other slaves and kills the person that left making an example of them.  Let’s even say it was written into the contract that life was forfeit upon leaving without permission.
  • | Post Points: 20
Top 150 Contributor
Male
69 Posts
Points 1,410
gethky replied on Wed, Dec 12 2007 12:30 AM

allixpeeke:

gethky:
2. Keepng or selling slaves does indeed involve coercion and is therefore immoral, but not necessarily criminal sans government.
If something is a violation of natural law, then it's naturally criminal, government or sans government.  Slavery is the theft of one's body from the rightful owner of said body (i.e. the self), and is therefore a violation of the natural law of self-ownership.  It is therefore criminal, by its very nature.
gethky:
4. I'd venture a guess that most parents would claim ownership of their young children.
They would be wrong to do so.  Children, by their nature as human beings, are equal to their parents, and are therefore free to secede from their parents' household any time they wish.  Any establishment of rules made by the parent are to be made under the assumption that it's "their way or the highway," not under the assumption that children are not inherently sovereign and free individuals possessing all the same, equal rights as other humans.

 

2. A criminal act is defined in law. There was such a thing as unwritten common law way-back-when, but nowadays all laws are written (with the probable exception of the so-called "income tax law"). Coercion is understood to be theoretically illegitimate in a theoretical libertarian markekplace. Actual coercion is prevalent in the present-day marketplace because government control is ubiquitous. Your discussion of "a natural law" in such abstract terms as "slavery is the theft of one's body from the rightful owner (i.e., the self)" & "self-ownership" & "criminal by its very nature"  may be interesting albeit not very enlightening.

4. Ownership is an interesting concept. Whether or not claims to ownership are valid is beyond my purview. I can only guess as to who claims owership to what.